Tia Laser.thuvienvatly.com.d5fcb.17315

8/2/2019 Tia Laser.thuvienvatly.com.d5fcb.17315

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Gio vin: Nguyn Minh Thy

Sinh vin: Trnh Th L K60TN

Trn Th Cc K60TN


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MC LC

I. MuII. Lch sra i

III. L thuyt laser1. nh sng laser v c im ca n2. Hp th ,bc x t pht x v bc x cm ng3. Trng thi phn b nghch obm quang hc4. Phn loi5. Cu ty my laser6. Ch hot ng

IV. ng dng1.Ngnh vi in t2. Y hc3. Xy dng phn v o lng4. Trc a v bn5. Lu tr thng tin6. Lin lc,vin thng

V. Mrng1. An ton2. Sai lm


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I. MUVo thi im c pht minh nm 1960, laser c gi l "gii php tm kim ccng dng". T, chng trnn ph bin, tm thy hng ngn tin ch trong cc ngdng khc nhau trn mi lnh vc ca x hi hin i, nh phu thut mt, hng dn

phng tin trong tu khng gian, trong cc phn ng hp nht ht nhn... Laser ccho l mt trong nhng pht minh nh hng nht trong th k 20.

ch li ca laser i vi cc ng dng trong khoa hc, cng nghip, kinh doanh nm tnh ng pha, ng mu cao, khnng t c cng sng cc k cao, hay s hpnht ca cc yu t trn. V d, sng pha ca tia laser cho php n hi t ti mt imc kch thc nh nht cho php bi gii hn nhiu x, ch rng vi nanmt i vilaser dng nh sng. Tnh cht ny cho php laser c thlu tr vi gigabyte thng tin

trn cc rnh ca DVD. Cngl iu kin cho php laser vi cng sut nh vn c thtp trung cng sng cao v dng ct, t v c th lm bc hi vt liu trong kthut ct bng laser. V d, mt laser Nd:YAG, sau qu trnh nhn i tn s, phng ra tiasng xanh ti bc sng 523 nm vi cng sut 10 W c khnng, trn l thuyt, t ncng sng hng triu W trn mt cm vung. Trong thc t, th s tp trung hon tonca tia laser trong gii hn nhiu x l rt kh. Xem thm ng dng ca laser thm chitit.

II. LCH SRA ILaser c phng theo maser, mt thit bc c chtng tnhng to ra tia vi snghn l cc bc xnh sng. Maser u tin c to ra bi Charles H. Townes v sinhvin tt nghip J.P. Gordon v H.J. Zeiger vo nm 1953. Maser u tin khng to ratia sng mt cch lin tc. Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov v Aleksandr MikhailovichProkhorov ca Lin bang X vit lm vic c lp trn lnh vc lng tdao ng vto ra h thng phng tia lin tc bng cch dng nhiu hn 2 mc nng lng. H thng c th phng ra tia lin tc m khng cho cc ht xung mc nng lng bnh thng,

v th vn gi tn sut. Nm 1964, Charles Townes, Nikolai Basov v AleksandrProkhorov cng nhn gii thng Nobel vt l v nn tng cho lnh vc in tlng t,dn n vic to ra my dao ng v phng i da trn thuyt maser-laser.

Laser hng ngc, mt laser cht rn, c to ra ln u tin vo nm 1960, binh vtl Theodore Maiman ti phng th nghim Hughes Laboratory
http://d/link/1.maser.docxhttp://c/Users/MAP/Desktop/New%20folder%20(2)/l%E1%BB%8Bch%20s%E1%BB%AD%20ra%20%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di/charles%20townes.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Gennadiyevich_Basovhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Townes&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_h%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Maiman&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Maiman&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_h%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Nobel_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Townes&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Gennadiyevich_Basovhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953http://c/Users/MAP/Desktop/New%20folder%20(2)/l%E1%BB%8Bch%20s%E1%BB%AD%20ra%20%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di/charles%20townes.jpghttp://d/link/1.maser.docx


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Malibu, California.Hng ngcl xt nhmpha lncrm. Crm hp th tia sng muxanh l cy v xanh lc, li duy nht tia sng mu hng pht ra.

Robert N. Hallpht trin laser bn dn u tin, hay laser diod, nm 1962. Thit b caHall xy dng trn h thng vt liu gali-aseni v to ra tia c bc sng 850 nanmt,

gn vng quang phtia hng ngoi. Laser bn dn u tin vi tia pht ra c th thyc c trng by u tin cng nm . Nm 1970, Zhores Ivanovich Alferov caLin X v Hayashi v Panish caPhng th nghim Bell c lp pht trin laserdiode hot ng lin tc nhit trong phng, s dng cu trc a kt ni.

III. L THUYT LASER1. nh sng laser v cc c im ca n

nh sng laser: Nm 1960 Laser ( Light Amplification by SimulatedEmission of Radiation-khuch i nh sng bi bc x cm ng) rai mng vo lnh vc tng tc gia cc photon vi cc khivt chtthng gi l photonics.Nhnhng tnh cht c bit m tialaser c nhng ng dng c bit quan trng.Cc c im ca tia laser: nh hng cao: tia laser pht ra hu nh l chm song song do khnng chiu xa hng nghn km m khng b phn tn.

Tnh n sc rt cao: chm sng ch c mt mu (hay mt bc sng) duynht. Do vy chm laser khng b tn x khi i qua mt phn cch ca haimi trng c chit sut khc nhau. y l tnh cht c bit nht mkhng ngun sng no c.

Tnh ng b ca cc photon trong chm tia laser: C kh nng pht xung

cc ngn: c mili giy (ms), nano giy, pico giy, cho php tp trung nnglng tia laser cc ln trong thi gian cc ngn.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_N._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aseni&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_h%E1%BB%93ng_ngo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_h%E1%BB%93ng_ngo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Ivanovich_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%B2ng_th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%B2ng_th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%B2ng_th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%B2ng_th%C3%AD_nghi%E1%BB%87m_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Ivanovich_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tia_h%E1%BB%93ng_ngo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aseni&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_N._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_ng%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/California


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2. Hp th, bc x, tpht x v bc x cm ngXt mt nguyn t c th tn ti ch mt trong hai trng thi vi nnglng tng ng l E1 v E2 (E1 < E2)

Lc u h tn ti mc thp nht E1.ta c th kch thch h bngcch chiu vo mt ph lin tc .Photon c nng lng E2ti tng tc vi nguyn t.Photon s bin mt sau khi nhngnng lng ca n cho nguyn t nguyn t chuyn ln trng thic nng lng cao hn E2 .Qu trnh ny gi l s hp th photon canguyn t

hf

hf hf(a) (b) (c)

S h gm hai mc nng lng, trc v sau qu trnh(a):hp th(b):bc x t pht x(c):bc x cm ng

Mc nng lng cao hn m h va chuyn ln gi l mc nng lng kchthch.Mc ny khng bn vng ch tn ti trong s l h chuyn vmc nng lng thp hn cui cng chuyn v mc c bn- mc bn vngnht-mc c nng lng cc tiu.Khi chuyn t mc nng lng cao vmc nng lng thp spht ra photon c nng lng ng bng hiu nnglng hai mc ny.Qu trnh trn gi l bc x t pht

Theo vt l nguyn t ,nguyn ttng tc vi sng in t,s chuyn mc:

+Cao v thp:bc x t pht

+Thp n cao:hp th

hf

hf


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Einstein nm 1916 ch ra rng vi hai dng trn khng gii thch c s tnti trng thi cn bng gia s chiu x v vt b chiu x=>phi tn ti mtloi bc xkhc chnh l bc x cm ng

Bc x cm ng chnh l khi nguyn ttrng thi kch thch cao hn trvtrng thi thp hn nhng khng phi do bc x t pht m do tc dng cain ttrng c tn s thch hp (xc xut chuyn mc do bc x cm ngbng xc xut do hp th).C ngha l xc xut chuyn ln v xung dochiu x l bng nhau.

Trong trng hp pht x cm ng ,tia ti bc x cm ng c hngtruyn,tn s,pha v phn cc hon ton nhnhau.Nh vy hai tia ny honton ng b

3. Trng thi phn b nghch oBm quang hcNm 1939 nh vt l ngi Lin x ch ra rng c th nhn c mt mitrng m trong cng nh sng sc tng cng nhvo bc xcm ngBc x cm ng chnh l khi chiu xbn ngoi tc ng ln h ,gy ra s

chuyn mc ca ht khng ch t mc thp ti mc cao m cn t mc caoxung mc thpXt mt hn gin gm 2 mc mi mc c nng lng tun theo phn bBoltzmam

,i=1,2 (1)

(2)

Trong = 1,38

J/K = 8.617.

eV/K


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(1)(2)=> nng lng ln hn s c s ht t hn E2 > E1 th n1>n2

E2 E2

E1 E1(a)T>0 (b) T


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Trong trng hp mi trng c bc x cm ng th ngc li:nh sng iqua mi trng pht sinh ra photon mi ging ht photon trong chm sngti,kt qu l chng s pht sng mnh ln.

T biu thc (3) nu nh sng i qua ,mi trng m c tng cng th hs hp th k c gi tr m.Ta c s ph thuc ca cng nh sng voqung ng i mi trng c bc x cm ng nh sau:

(4)

>0 gi l h s khuch i mi trngV thc nghim 2 nh vt l Lin x v M to ra my pht phn t,cdi bc sng ccm gi l maser(Microwave Amplification by Stimulated

Radiation) .Nm 1960 T.Mayman (M) to ra dng c vi nguyn tc tngtnhng lm vic vng sogns quang hc,c gi l Laser((LightAmplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation)

4. Phn loi laser .Laser rn rubi

Vt liu u tin c c trng thi phn bo nh vy c pht hin l

tinh th rubi (hng ngc) c pha crom.


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Laser u tin c lm t mt hnh tr bng tinh thrubi,ng knh1cm,di 5cm.Hai u ca hnh trc mi rt cn thn sao cho to thnh

hai gng hon ton song song vi nhau.Mt u c trng bc khng chonh sng i qua,u kia trng bc cho 8% nh sng i qua,nh hnh 6.4a.

V thnh phn,rubi l tinh thin mi oxit nhm Al2 O3,trong mt vich,nguyn tAl c thay th bng nguyn t Crom Cr(dngCr+3),khong 0,05% tc l khong 1,6.109 ion Cr+3 trong 1cm3.S mcnng lng ca cc ion crom trong tinh thrubi nh trong hnh,trong E3v E4 l cc trng thi c kch ln t mc E1 nhbm quang hc.

Khi chiu nh sng trng vo rubi,ion Cr t trng thi c bn E1 chuyn sangtrng thi kch thch E3 v E4.Nhng chuyn mc,t mc E1 chuyn sangmc E3 v E4c nng lng ng vi nh sng xanh l cy v xanh da tri.Vvy,khi ri nh sng trng vo rubi,cc di mu ny b hp th mnh,cho nnch cn li mu hng ti mt ta,do vy ta thy rubi c mu hng.

E4

E3

E2

bm bc

x

cm

E1 ng

S cc mc nng lng-c shot ng ca laser rubi.

Trong laser rubi,ngi ta dng n xenon cp nhng xung nh sng bmkch thch cc ion Cr+3 ln cc mc E3 v E4 (xem hnh ).Cc mc E3 v E4khng bn,s chuyn di t v cc mc thp hn c tin hnh theotheohai bc:


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Bc 1:chuyn v trng thais trung gian E2 khng km theo bc x.Cc ionmc E3,E4 truyn mt phn nng lng ca mnh cho dao ng mng(photon) v chuyn vo trng thi trung gian l mc E2.iu c bit yl trng thi trung gian E2 l trng thi gi bn,c thi gian sng trung bnh

c10-2 s,ln chng 105 ln thi gian sng trng thi kch thch thngthng,cho nn mt ht mc ny c tht c rt ln,ln hn hnmc E1, ta c phn b nghch o l iu kin cn cho bc x cm ng.

Bc 2:chuyn t E2 v trng thi ban u E1 tun theo qui lut t pht vpht ra ph tn c bc sng 694,3nm (mu )Ch y ta ang c iu kin phn b nghch o cho hai mc E1 E2 khi

c s chuyn mc t pht trng thi trung gian E2 v trng thi ban u E1 ,mt ph ton (bc sng 694,3nm) c pht ra.Do s phn b nghch o,photon ny c th gy ra bc x cm ng lm xut hin thm photon miging htphoton ban u .Photon mi ny to ra bc x cm ng mi vqu trnh ny c tip din ...Kt qu l sphoton c nhn thm .Cn nhl mi c hng truyn ,tn s,pha,v phn cc hon ton vi photon tora chng.Do vy cc photon c hng trng vi trc ca hnh tr rubi sc phn x nhiu ln qua hai u hnh tr,trn ng i gp cc ion Cr+3

,lm photon mi c nhn thm ,nn chm sng theo hng trc s mnhln rt nhiu ln .Cc photon theo hng khc cui cng cng si ra khitinh th qua mt bn ca hnh trNgoi tc dng nhn photon ,h thng thanh rubi vi hai mt gng cn ctc dng cng hng cc sng phn xtrong n.thu c cng hng(nh sng dng va hnh thnh trong mi trng hu hn ) th di l cahnh tr (gi l hc cng hng ) phi bng s nguyn ln na bc sng ca bc x

(5)n l sdng nguyn:1,2,...Nhhin tng cng hng ny m tnh n sc ca nh sng laser rt caoLaser rubi lm vic ch xung ,vi xung trong mt pht.Bn trong tinhth ,mooth nhit lng ta ra,v vy phi lun lun lm lnh n bng cccht lng


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Tia laser rubi mang tnh cht c bit: n sc cao(bc sng 694,3 nm,sai lch 0,1 nm) Tnh ng b cao v khng gian v thi gian:cng rt ln v

kch thc chm rt nh

Laser khPhn ln cc laser rn lm vic theo ch xung th cc laser kh c khnng lm vic lin tc.Laser kh gm mt ng cha y nguyn t hocphn tkh,t trong mt hc cng hng quang hc.nng lng bm ccung cp bng dng in cao th ,sphng in qua ng lm cc nguyn tb nng ln mc kch thch

Xt tia laser kh heli-neon , gm mt ng chy mt hn hp kh heli-neontheo t l 80%-20%.Neon l mi trng pht tia laser .Trong tia laser khny,so ngc mt c tao ra nhs truyn nng lng thng qua vachm ca cc nguyn t heli-neon .

21 S 5S

23S 4S

Hp do vaTh chm

Heli Neon

S cc mc nng lng trong hot ng ca laser kh Heli-Neon

Nhbm phng in qua cht kh,cc nguyn t He b kch thch nhy lnmc 21S v 23S.Hai mc ny c nng lng gn vi mc 4S v 5S canguyn t Ne.V vy cc nguyn t He d dng chuyn nng lng cho ccnguyn t Ne khi chng va chm.Cc va chm ny l khng n hi ,ccnguyn tNe lu li trn mc 4S v 5S to thnh trng thi phn b nghcho i vi cc mc 4P v 3P ca nguyn t Ne.Chuyn mc gia 4S v 5S

4p

3p

3s

C bn


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b cm lng t.Cc photon t pht s bt u qu trnh bc x cm ng vs chuyn di gia cc mc 5S v 4S xung 4P,3P cho ta nhng tia bc xcm ng laser.Cc tia bc xc bc sng l:

o 1152,3 nm (ng vi chuyn mc 4S xung 3P) trong vng hng ngoio 3391,2nm( ng vi chuyn mc 5S xung 4P) trong vng hng ngoio 632,8nm(ng vi bc x 5S xung 3P)trong vng kh kin

Ngi ta chn kch thc hp cng hng sao cho laser c bc sng cnghng 632,8 nm ,nn laser He-Ne c nh sng mu

Cui cng ,t cc mc 4P,3P li c chuyn di v mc 2S v t 3S v trngthi c bn khi chng va chm vi thnh ng.c bc x 4S,3P xun 3S ch lbc x t pht.

iu lm cho laser kh c hiu sut cao l do mi trng kh bao gicng cnhiu chuyn di c khnng pht ra tia laser m mc cui l mc kchthch ch khng phi mc ca trng tha c bn.cc nguyn tmc cuiy c th khi nhanh v trv trng thi c bn mt cch tc thi, snsng ti lp mt phn b nghch o muwca kch thch.

Tc gin mt mc cui v s ti mt lin tc mc kch thch lhai nhn t gp phn lm cho laser kh trthnh ngun pht sng lin tc c

hiu sut cao.Laser khu tin l He-Ne pht ra chm tic lin tc nhng cng sut lithp so vi laser rn.Sau ngi ta tm ra laser kh phn t ,v d laser khcacbonic,c khnng to chm tic laser mnh hn (cvi kw).Trong phphn t ,khong cch gia cc mc giao ng v mc quay nhhn hngchc n hng trm ln so vi cc in t trong nguyn t . nh sng laser

pht ra trong trng hp ny l do bc x cm ng gia cc mc quay thuchai m phdao ng cng vi mt cu hnh in t,v vy thng trong

vng hng ngoi .Do cc mc dao ng ny rt bn nn chng c khnngtch trnng lng cao,kt hp vi b phn iu khin bc x,cc laserphn tuer kh c th to ra nhng xung nano giy nhm nng lng tptrung ,cho cng sut ln ln nghn ln.


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Ngoi laser rn v laser kh k trren cn mt s loi laser khc nh laser bndn ,ph bin nh GaAs ,c nhiu tin li v kch thc rt nh m vn chocng sut cao; hay laser thy tinh neeoodym cng sut cao ,to c 16 tot v laser tia X c nhng ng dng c bit,...

5. Cu to my laser

Cu to c bn v c ch hot ng ca laser.

1) Bung cng hng (vng b kch thch)2) Ngun nui (nng lng bm vo vng b kch thch)3)gngphn xton phn4)gng bn m5) tia laser

Nguyn l cu to chung ca mt my laser gm c: bung cng hng cha hotcht laser, ngun nui v h thng dn quang. Trong bung cng hng vi hotcht laser l b phn ch yu.

Bung cng hng cha hot cht laser, l mt cht c bit c kh nng khuychi nh sng bng pht x cng bc to ra laser. Khi 1 photon ti va chm vohot cht ny th ko theo l 1 photon khc bt ra bay theo cng hng vi photonti. Mt khc bung cng hng c 2 mt chn hai u, mt mt phn x ton phncc photon khi bay ti, mt kia cho mt phn photon qua mt phn phn x li lmcho cc ht photon va chm lin tc vo hot cht laser nhiu ln to mt photon
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_b%C3%A1n_m%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_b%C3%A1n_m%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_b%C3%A1n_m%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Laser.svghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_b%C3%A1n_m%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1ng


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ln. V th cng chm laser c khuc i ln nhiu ln. Tnh cht ca laser phthuc vo hotcht , do ngi ta cn c vo hot cht phn loi laser.

6. Ch hot ngLaser c th c cu to hot ng trng thi bc x sng lin tc (hay CW -continuous wave) hay bc x xung (pulsed operation). iu ny dn n nhng khc

bit cbn khi xy dng h laser cho nhng ng dng khc nhau.

+ Ch pht lin tc

Trong ch pht lin tc, cng sut ca mt laser tng i khng i so vi thigian. S o nghch mt (electron) cn thit cho hot ng laser c duy tr lintc bi ngun bm nng lng u n.

+ Ch pht xungTrong ch pht xung, cng sut laser lun thay i so vi thi gian, vi c trngl cc giai on ng v ngt cho php tp trung nng lng cao nht c thtrong mt thi gian ngn nht c th. Ccdao laserl mt v d, vi nng lng cung cp mt nhit lng cn thit, chng c th lm bc hi mt lng nh vtcht trn b mt mu vt trong thi gian rt ngn. Tuy nhin, nu cng nng lngnh vy nhng tip xc vi mu vt trong thi gian di hn th nhit lng s c thigian xuyn su vo trong mu vt do phn vt cht b bc hi st hn. C rtnhiu phng php t c iu ny, nh:

Phng php chuyn mch Q (Q-switching) Phng php kiu kho (modelocking) Phng php bm xung(pulsed pumping)
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dao_laser&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dao_laser&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dao_laser&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BA%A1ch_Q&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BA%A1ch_Q&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BA%A1ch_Q&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BA%A1ch_Q&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_ki%E1%BB%83u_kho%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_ki%E1%BB%83u_kho%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_b%C6%A1m_xung&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_b%C6%A1m_xung&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_b%C6%A1m_xung&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_ki%E1%BB%83u_kho%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ph%C3%A1p_chuy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BA%A1ch_Q&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dao_laser&action=edit&redlink=1


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IV. NG DNGng dng ca laser

1. Trong y tChm laser t tiu tt, vi nhng xung mch ko di cha n 1 miligiay cdung lm cng c phu thut. N c th vch ra cc ng ct nh, chnh xc, vact va t,c thlm ngng chy mu trong mt th tch rt nh, c th lm tanbin mng co tht trong mch mu trong cn try tim ca ngi bnh. C thachum laser vo trong than ngi nhsi quang, dung n cha cc khi u, ctm, trnh c nhim trng v chy mu.

V d:

1.1: Phu thut bng tia lase

Phu thut ni soi

+ Phu thut t bo: Vi chm tia laser cc mnh, ko di trong mt phn triu ca mtphn t giy, cc nh nghin cu Anh cho bc hi cc cu trc nh b bn trong t bom khng lm phng hi n chnh t bo . Tng lai, k thut ny c th c dng thc hin cc cuc vi phu thut siu chnh xc.


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+ Nh vt l Eric Mazur ca i hc Harvard v cng s ph hu mt ty th n (nhmy nng lng) ca t bo, trong khi vn gi cho hng trm cu trc khc cnh cnnguyn vn, v ct mt mi lin kt thn kinh ca t bo m khng lm cht n. K thutny c nhm nghin cu t tn l phu thut nano laser.

Loi dao m laser ny sn sinh ra nng lng tng ng vi nhit lng trong lngmt tri, nhng ch ko di trong mt phn mi lu tha ba mi ca mt giy, v phn

b trn mt din tch rt hp, c ng knh ch vi phn trm triu ca mt milimt,Donald Ingber, mt nh sinh hc t bo ti Harvard, ni. Do s tp trung nng lng cao nh vy, nh sng s ch t chy im m n chiu ti ch khng h ng chm ncc m xung quanh, v t bo d dng chu ng c ca vi phu.

Trong tng lai, cc dao m laser c th ct su vo bn trong cc m m khng mrng vt thng ca bnh nhn, hoc c th dng tiu dit cc khi u ngay khi chng cn giai on trng nc - tc ch c vi t bo. Ngoi ra, k thut ny c th c ch trongvic nghin cu cc qu trnh bn trong t bo, nh s phn chia ca n.

1.2: iu tr tbo ung th

Mi y, cc nh khoa hc Trng i hc Washington cho bit, h va pht trin thnhcng mt chm tia laser c th lm tan cc khi u trong no. y l mt pht minh c thcu sng nhng ngi mc phi cc khi u trong no m cho n tn by gi cc bc svn cha tm ra cch phu thut.


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Cc bc s khoan mt l nh c ng knh bng mt chic bt ch trn hp s cabnh nhn. Bng cch s dng my MRI, cc bc s phu thut cn thn iu chnhcc u d laser nh v linh hot trong b no v hng n khi u.

y l mt phng php mi trong vic s dng cng ngh laser, ng RichardEllenbogen, Gim c phu thut thn kinh cho bit. Trc Ellenbogen s dng

laser iu tr cc khi u tr em. ng ni: "u im ca cng ngh ny l bn c thb cong tia sng v s dng n tip cncc khu vc m bnh thng khng th".

1.3: Dng laser cai nghin ma ty

Qua nghin cu v kh nng ng dng ca laser cng nh thuc gy nghin v c chgy nghin, Vin Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh nhnthy iu tr htr bnh nhn cai nghin bng laser gip tng dng mu cc phn cchiu laser kch thch sinh hng cu ty sng, tng thm thu thnh mch, tnghot ng ca bch cu, i thc bo. iu ny c ngha rt ln vi chc nng chngvim nhim c th, c ch hoc y mnh vic sinh sn t bo, iu chnh tnh min dch


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t bo b tn thng, thay i tnh cht ca mu, phc hi sc khe, tc dng ln h

thn kinh...

1.4: iu tr cc tt vmt

+ Phu thut lo th bng laser Erbium

Chng lo th thng xut hin tui trn 40. Tnh trng suy gim hot ng ca cth mi trong mt v s km n hi ca thy tinh th dn n s suy gim iu tit ca

mt khi nhn gn. V vy, ngi bnh cn s dng knh hi t khi nhn gn (nh csch). c th va nhn xa va nhn gn, ngi bnh phi eo knh hai trng hay knha tiu c. Phng php phu thut Lasik khng iu tr c chng bnh ny.

Thc s Cung Hng Sn, Trung tm iu tr k thut cao (Vin Mt Trung ng), chobit, vi phng php laser Erbium, tia laser s ct gt mt cch chnh xc v an ton tivng cng mc tng ng vi th mi, lm tng hiu qu hot ng ca th mi, ci thin iu tit mt.Phu thut lo th bng laser Erbium l pht minh mi nht ca ngnh nhn khoa th gii

hin nay, c tin hnh ln u tin c ti M v nhanh chng ph bin chu u,chu M. Phng php ny c cc u im:

- Kt qu phu thut n nh.

- Trong v sau m, bnh nhn khng cm thy au.


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- C th phu thut hai mt cng ngy.

- Bnh nhn c th v nh mt gi sau m.

MY VISX STAR S4 IR a chc nng phu thut cnlonvinlo th

1.5:Dng laser a cc gene l vo t bo

Hai nh nghin cu c thnh cng trong mt k thut mi a ADN vo t bo,bng cch dng tia laser khot mt l hng trn lp mng, cho php ADN d dng lt votrong. K thut ny c th s thc y s pht trin ca cc liu php gene.

Uday Tirlapur v Karsten Konig ca i hc Friedrich Schiller Jena s dng mt tialaser hng ngoi to ra l thng trn mng t bo ca ng vt c v, sau a ADNvo trong. ADN ny m ha cho mt protein pht ra nh sng xanh lc, v th nhmnghin cuc th xc nhn s tn ti ca n nh vo hin tng pht sng ca t bo.

2. Trong k thut gia cng:

-My ct , my khoan, my hn(video)


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My hn

My khc


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3 Trong i sng, gii tr

3.1: Trong chng u tin ca mn biu din ngh thut khai mc i hi ththao ngNam , khn gi rt thch th vi nhng hnh nh rng, tin bay ln trn bu tri snvn ng. Nhng hnh nh ny c to ra nhchiu tia laser vo mt mn hnh nc

vi siu khin t my tnh.

Mn nc c to bi mt my bm cng sut ln, c tc dng nh mn nh vi hocgiy. Sau , cc ngun laser c cng khong 10W c chiu vo 2 h thng gng

v phn x nh sng ln mn hnh nc to ra nhng hnh nh nh trong mn trnhdin.

Khi hai tia sng laser t hai h thng gng ni trn gp nhau ti mt im trn mn hnhnc, im s pht sng v mt thng c th nhn thy c. nhng hnh nh chuyn ng, 2 h thng gng ny s xoay theo 2 phng ngang v ng, vung gcvi nhau. Mn hnh nc thc cht l mt mt phng hai chiu, m mi im trn tng ng vi mt im trn mt phng to o trong my tnh. Do , my tnh phic lp trnh iu khin cc gng xoay n nhng v tr nht nh ti cc thi imcho trc.

Ngun laser c iu khin bng my tnh theo nguyn tc ng - m (h m nhphn). iu ng ngha vi vic 2 ngun laser khng chiu lin tc m b ngt qungkhi hnh nh di chuyn t v tr n v tr khc. Tuy nhin, khong ngt qung ny ngnv nhanh n mc mt thng khng cm nhn c, m ch thy hnh nh chuyn nglin tc trn mn hnh. Mt khc, nhng hnh nh ny l hnh phng, nn ch c th nhnthy t mt pha, c th trong l khai mc l t khn i A.

3.2 : Phc hi tranh c3.3 Thm m3.4 Qung co3.5 ng ha nng khng kim sundialVi tng ca mt nhm thit k Hn Quc, ng h khng n thun ch xem gim cn c th thc hin nhiu vic khc na.


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Ngoi vic xem giSundial cn c th truy xutnhiuloi thng tin khc.

Sundial l chic ng ha nng c pht trin theo tng ca nhm thit kngiHn Quc Yonggu Do, Dohyung Kim v Sewon Oh.

y l mt chic ng h khng kim, khng snh cc mu ng hthng thng nnngoi vic xem gichng cn cho php hin th nhiu loi thng tin khc nhau t thitit n t gi tin t, chng khon, biu v hng lot ghi nh, lch hn i thngkhc.

Sundial dn thay th hon ton vic truy xut my tnh, in thoi tm kim thng tinhoc cc phng php ghi chp th cng khc. Tuy nhin Sundial khng c chc nngcp nht d liu trc tip ri hin th ra ngoi m phi thng qua mt my tnh bngng truyn khng dy.


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Giao tipcmng.nh: yankodesignMu concept Sundial c hnh ging mt tri vi 3 ng trn ng tm phn chia rchc nng v c chiu sng bng tia laser. Vng trn nhtrong cng l ni giao tipvi ngi s dng. Ngi dng ch vic chm tay, nhn nt, cc thng tin sc hinthra ngoi tng xung quanh.

Vng trn gia c 3 biu tng ch cc kt ni khng dy m Sundial s dng cpnht thng tin v hin thra ngoi khi c gi n. Sundial c kt ni ng b vimt my tnh qua ng truyn v tuyn nh sng Blu-tooth hoc Wi-Fi v hin ththng tin bng tia laser.


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Hinthngh.nh: yankodesignVng trn ln cui cng c chc nng pht ra cc tia laser sau khi c xl cth hin thdi dng ngn ng la chn. Cc thng tin hin th theo yu cu tm kimca ngi dng v chng sp xp hp l sao cho d nhn nht k clng thng tin tm

kim l rt ln.


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4. Trong qun s

4.1: Sng laser

4.2: Tng quan v YAL-1

YAL-1 l loi v kh laser nng lng cao hay cn c gi l h thng v kh laserng khng (Airborne Laser-ABL)..


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YAL-1 c lp t trn Boeing 747-400F (nh Airforce-technology)My phng ra tia laser c gn trn mt thp pho u my bay, cc thit b hngngoi v thit b laser h tr bn c gn trn lng ca my bay.

YAL-1 c kh nng tiu dit cc tn la n o chin thut, nh loi tn la Scud ngaysau khi chng ri b phng. YAL-1 phng ra mt lung nh sng c nng lng cao(laser) chiu vo tn la ang bay trn khng trung, tia sng ny s t nng tn la vkhin tn la pht n trc khi chng lao vo mc tiu. Ton b qu trnh tiu dit mttn la ch mt khong t 10-12 giy.

Nguyn tc hot ng ca YAL-1

YAL-1 c thit k theo nguyn tc to tia sng ban u (s cp) v khuych i nhsng ln cng cao, qu trnh ny c c thc hin theo nguyn tc "khuch inh sng bng pht x kch thch". Mc d cc nh khoa hc M giu kn nguyn tcchi tit qutrnh ny, nhng vn c th hiu c rng, nhng ht electron tn ti ccmc nng lng ring bit trong mt nguyn t.

Cc mc nng lng c th hiu l tng ng vi cc qu o ring bit ca electronxung quanh ht nhn. Electron bn ngoi s c mc nng lng cao hn nhng electron pha trong. Khi c s tc ng vt l hay ha hc t bn ngoi, cc ht electron nycng c th nhy t mc nng lng thp ln mc nng lng cao hay ngc li. Ccqu trnh ny c th sinh ra hay hp th cc tia sng (photon) theo gi thuyt ca AlbertEinstein. Bc sng (do mu sc) ca tia sng ph thuc vo s chnh lch nnglng gia cc mc.
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Quy trnh khuych i tia laser (nh Airforce-technology)

Khi 1 photon ti va chm vo hot cht laser th ko theo l 1 photon khc bt ra baytheo cng hng vi photon ti. mt khc bung cng hng c 2 mt chn hai u,mt mt phn x ton phn cc photon khi bay ti, mt kia cho mt phn photon qua mt

phn phn x li lm cho cc ht photon va chm lin tc vo hot cht laser nhiu lnto mt photon ln. V th cng chm laser c khuch i ln nhiu ln.

i vi YAL-1, tia laser c to ra t bung cng hng cha hot cht laser v lnlt c khuch i qua 06 bung cng hng (gm 06 modules thng lin tc vinhau) trong mt tim ca h thngCoil. Ngun nh sng c khuych i bng cch

pht x cng bc. Mi modules nng khong 3 tn, khi c khai ha, laser sn xut nng lng trong 5 giy.

Quy trnh tm kim v tiu ditmc tiu

H thng qut hng ngoi bng cc sensor ca YAL-1 lin tc pht ra cc tia tm kim vcnh bo mc tiu. Khi cc sensor pht hin du hiu mc tiu tn la, mt h thngchm tia laser nng lng yu c pht ra theo di hnh trnh ca tnla, o cc sliu v tn la, tc di chuyn v tnh trng chuyn ng ca khng kh.
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Bn tia laser xa hng trm km (nh Airforce-technology)

4.3 Cng ngh laser dng trong vic lin lc vi tu ngm

Vic duy tr lin lc vi cc tu ngm ang hot ng su trong lng bin lun l mttrong nhng thch thc ln nht trong cng ngh quc phng. Gn y, cc nh nghincu ca hi qun M ang hon thin mt pht minh mi, cho php dng tia laser trongvic lin lc vi tu ngm.

Theo , khi tia laser cng sut cao i vo mi trng nc, n s tch 1 s electron khiphn t nc v khin n tr nn rt nng v to thnh 1 v n nh. Hng lot v n mininh vy to thnh mt xung m thanh tng ng 220dB.4.4 Laser d mn

Cc nh khoa hc M ang th nghim mt h thng d mn mi ti cn c qun sWaynesville, Missouri. H thng ny s dng k thut laser hin i, cho php pht hinv ph hy mn, n, pho nm ri rc trn chin trng sau mi trn nh.

H thng d mn mi (Zeus) ca cc nh khoa hc M s gip khc phc tnh trng ny.Cu to ca Zeus rt n gin, ch gm mt my phng laser mnh, t trn mt chic xe

bc thp. Ngi lnh ngi trong khoang li c th dng mt cn iu khin chn imphng ca chm laser. Vi cng sut t 500 n 2.000 Watt, chm laser c th xuyn

thng v thp ca mn, n, pho, khin chng bng n.

Theo cc nh khoa hc, Zeus c th pht hin nhng qu n thi, mn ic vi v nhahoc kim loi khong cch t 25 n 250 mt. Tuy nhin chm laser khng th xuynqua t, nn Zeus ch thch hp cho vic d mn chin trng, ch khng th d mnchn su di t c.
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4.5 Bom nh v bng laser

Loi bom c lit vo hng "thng minh" ny c coi l mt bc ngot trongngh thut tc chin bng ng khng.

Paveway II v III l nhng loi bom nh v bng laser in hnh ca M. N snh thng vo mc tiu no do tia laser chn. Tia sng cc mnh ny c th domt chic my bay khc hoc lnh b binh chiu t khong cch 16 km.My bay s thbom nh v vo khu vc c tn hiu laser v qu bom s tm bttn hiu ny bay ti mc tiu. Bom nh v laser ca M c nng cpnhiu ln. Nh n c th tip nhn tn hiu hng dn ca vtinh v khnng tc chin trong iu kin my v khi dy c.

5. laser trong ngnh vi in t

nh sng laser c thc bt v hi t ti mt cc cao vo mt im rt nh, cvimicromet, do laser c ng dng trong vi in t hc, to cc vi mch tinh xo, hnkt ni cc kim loi nng vi cu trc rt nh

6. Laser trong xy dng v o lng, xc nh khong cch

Nhc tnh nh hng tt v cng cao, tia laser c th c tit din khng i , c

1mm, trn mt khong cch rt ln, tri qua cdy ni, Ngi ta dng laser phc vcc php o trn cc a hnh phc tp v rng ln. Php o di chnh xc cng ctin hnh nhlaser, s dng phng php giao thoa Michelson

Vd:

+ o khong cch tri t - mt trng chnh xc ti milimt !


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Cc nh khoa hc M mun thc hin iu ny bng cch phng nhng chm laser ttri t ln mt trng, ri chng phn hi tr li. Da vo thi gian i - v ca chmlaser, h s tnh ra chiu di qung ng. Th nghim ny c th kim chng l thuytca Einstein v trng hp dn.

Th k trc, ngi ta o c khong cch ny chnh xc ti 2 centimt. Tuy nhin,Tom Murphy v cng s i hc Washington (M) khng mun dng li , mmun c kt qu chnh xc hn na.

Nhm khoa hc tin rng, vi vic o c ny, h c th khm ph nhiu kha cnh calc hp dn. Trong , iu u tin c th c kim nghim l nguyn l ng nht caEinstein. Nguyn l ny ni rng, hai vt th c cu to khc nhau, nhng trong cngmt trng hp dn, n chu tc ng ca mt gia tc ging nhau. Ngoi ra, cc nh khoahc cn mun khm ph xem liu trng lng ca mt vt cgim i khi v tr gin nhay khng?

Gng phn chiu

o khong cch gia tri t v mt trng chnh xc ti tngmilimt, nhm khoa hcs s dng mt k thut mi. T mt ithin vn bang New Mexico (M), ngi ta gn mt my phnglaser vi cng sut cc ln (1 Gigawatt). Mi giy n phng khong20 chm laser ti mt trng. , nh sng c y tr li tri tnh mt gng phn chiu (nh bn). Da vo thi gian i - v cacc ht photon nh sng, cc nh khoa hc tnh ra khong cch giamt trng v tri t.

Tm gng phn x c ghp t hng trm tm knh nh. Ngi ta lp t n trn mt trng t nm 1969 trong chuynthm him ca

phi on Apollo. iu ng ni l, vic bn chm tia laser chnh xcln gng ny khng h n gin. "Kh quyn ca tri t lm chmlaser b nhiu ng k. Khi gp mt trng, chm laser b long ra nni ng knh ca n rng ti 2 kilomt", Murphy ni.

7. Laser trong lin lc, vin thng

Chic gng phnchiu ny c lpt trn mt trngnm 1969, trongchuyn thm himca phi onApollo.


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So vi tn hiu in th truyn thng bng tn hiu quang c u thhn hn do tn scng cao, cc dao ng theo nhau cng nhanh, th sbt c gi vo song mang cngnhiu. trong min kh kin, t 4.1014 Hz n 7.1014Hz, s truyn tin c th mang dunglng ln hn gp hang trc ln. Ngoi ra, laser kh v bn dn cho hng ngoi khi

truyn i s t b tn thng hao trn tri t v c thra c ngoi khng gian v tr.Hn na, do tnh kt hp cao ca laser, tnh n sc cao nn thng tin truyn i bnglaser s t b bin dng nht vi tc cao nht

7.1: Cu ni laser gia cc v tinh


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Hai v tinh khong cch trn 30.000 km trao i thng tin c vi nhau thng quamt chm laser. K thut ny cho php cc v tinh quo thp gi thng tin nhanhchng v n nh xung trm xl di mt t thng qua mt vtinh a tnh quocao hn. S dng cu ni laser, cc nh khoa hc c th rt ngn thi gian truyn tint cc v tinh quo thp xung mt t. ng thi, ng truyn bng laser cng tra n nh hn rt nhiu.

8. Laser trong nghin cu v tr

Laser gip con ngi i su hn vo v tr

8.1: Phng tu v tr bng tia laser

Tu con thoi truyn thng phi mang theo hng tn nhin liu v hai tn la y ln.

tng s dng mt chm tia laser t mt t cung cp nng lng cho tu v trhot ng

Nhng khng lu na, cc con tu v tr s lt vo khng gian trn mt chm tia laser,cn rt t hoc khng cn cht n y v khng h gy nhim.

tng c bn ng sau k thut y bng nh sng l s dng cc tia laser t mt t t nng khng kh n mc lm khng kh n tung, y con tu tin ln pha trc.


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Tu v tr nh c y bng laser

tng c bt u ti Hc vin tng hp Resselaer Troy, bang NewYork, M. Tip , Cng ty Lightcraft Technologies c vi th nghimthnh cng vi loi tu nh ny. Nguyn l rt n gin: con tu s dng cc

tm gng thu nhn v hi t chm laser chiu vo, ri t nng khngkh n khng kh n tung, y con tu i.

Di y l cc thnh phn ca h thng y mang tnh cch mng ny.

Tia laser carbon dioxit: Tia laser xung 10 kW ang c s dng thnghim con tu nh ny l mt trong s nhng tia mnh nht th gii.

Gng parabole: Phn y ca tu v tr l mt gng hi t chm laservo khoang cha khng kh hay cht n y trn tu. Vt truyn th hai, nm trn mt

t, l mt gng ging nh knh vin vng c dng hng chm tia laser ln contu.

Khoang ht thu: Khng kh c hng vo trong khoang ny; ti y khng kh b tnng ln bi chm laser, gin n ra v y con tu i.

Hydro trn tu: Mt lng nh cht n y hydro c s dng y tn la khi khquynqu long khng th cung cp khng kh.

Trc khi bay ln khi mt t, mt lung khng kh nn s y nh con tuln n vntc khong 10.000 vng/pht. Khi n ang ln xoy vi mt tc ti u, tia laser s

c bt ln, thi con tu ln khng trung. Tia laser 10 kW ny rung ng mc t 25-28 ln/giy. Bng cch rung ng, n lin tc y con tu ln pha trn. Chm tia sngc hi t bi gng parabole y ca con tu t nng khng kh ln ti khong t10.000-30.000 C, nng hn b mt ca mt tri vi ln. Khi khng kh b t nng nnhit cao nh vy, n s bin i sang th plasma (loi kh c s lng cc ht mangin m, dng, tng ng nhau trn mt tri v phn ln cc v sao) - th plasma nysau n tung y con tu ln pha trn.

Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng s t cc gng bn trong con tu chiu mt s chm nnglng v pha trc. Sc nng t chm laser s to ra mt cm kh lm chch hng i

ca mt phn lung khng kh i qua con tu, t gip gim bt ma st v gim lngkh nng m con tu hp th.

9. laser trong lu trthng tin

nh sngrc r lkhng khang chydi vnhtu.


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Ngi ta s dng laser lm ngun ghi v c cc thng tin trong cc a quang, nha CD, VCD thay cho cc bng ttrc y. Cc a quang c nhiu u thhn hn

bng t, nh gn nh, b nhln, bn c hc cao, gi thnh thp


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V. MRNG1. An ton

Laser vi cng thp, ch l vi miliwatt, cng c th nguy him vi mt

ngi. Ti bc sng m gic mc mt v thy tinh thc th tp trung tt, nhtnh ng nht v snh hng cao ca laser, mt cng sutnng lng ln cth tp trung vo mt im cc nh trn vng mt. Kt qu l mt vt chy tptrung ph hy cc t bo mt vnh vin trong vi giy, thm ch c thnhanh hn. an ton ca laser c xp tI n IV. Vi I, tia laser tng i an ton.Vi IV, thm ch chm tia phn kc th lm hng mt hay bng da. Cc snphm laser cho dn dng nhmy chi CDv bt laser dng trong lp hcc xp hng an ton t I, II, hay III

2. Sai lm ki hiu v laserS hin din ca laser trong trong cc tc phm khoa hc vin tng, hay phimhnh ng, cng nh li bnh phm ni chung dn n cc suy ngh sai lm. Vd, tri vi nhng g xut hin trn phim nhStar Wars, tia laser khng bao ginhn thy trong chn khng, do chn khng khng ctn xnh sng. Trong khngkh, tia laser c th va chm vibihay vt cn trn ng v b tn x, to ra cctia le sng; tng t nh nh nng mt tri ta sng trong mi trng bi. K xony ng dng cho tia laser c th nhn thy, nh trong mc ch chp nh, bng

cch tng s lng cc ht trong khng kh, nh l dngbnh xt thm.Tia laser vi cng cao c th nhn thy trong khng kh nh votn xRayleigh haytn x Raman. Vi cc tia c cng cao hn, tp trung ti mtim nh, khng kh c th b nung ln ntrng thi plasma, do laser c thcthy nh bc x t plasma ny. Tuy nhin s tng p sut t ngt khi khngkh b nng nhanh c th to ra ting n ln, v to ra s phn hi ca tia laser lmh thit b (ty vo thit k ca laser).

Trong phimkhoa hc vin tng, cchiu ng c bitthng miu t cc v khlaser truyn i vimt trong mt giy, tri vi thc tl tia laser di chuyn vivn

tc nh sng, nhanh n mc khng th thy s di chuyn ca tia laser.Mt vi cnh phim miu t h thng an ton s dng laser , c th c v hiuha bi cc nhn vt bng vic l s dnggng, khi ngi ny nhn thy tia laser

bng cch ri cc bi trng vo khng kh. Thc t th h thngan ton c thdng
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miliwatt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miliwatt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tia_ph%C3%A2n_k%E1%BB%B3&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tia_ph%C3%A2n_k%E1%BB%B3&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tia_ph%C3%A2n_k%E1%BB%B3&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1y_ch%C6%A1i_CD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1y_ch%C6%A1i_CD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1y_ch%C6%A1i_CD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BAt_laser&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_x%E1%BB%8Bt_th%C6%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_x%E1%BB%8Bt_th%C6%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_x%E1%BB%8Bt_th%C6%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Rayleighhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Rayleighhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Rayleighhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Raman&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Raman&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%91c_%C3%A1nh_s%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_vi%E1%BB%85n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A1ng_th%C3%A1i_plasma&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Raman&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Rayleighhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1_Rayleighhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%ACnh_x%E1%BB%8Bt_th%C6%A1m&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1n_x%E1%BA%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BAt_laser&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1y_ch%C6%A1i_CD&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tia_ph%C3%A2n_k%E1%BB%B3&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2yhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_su%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A7y_tinh_th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gi%C3%A1c_m%E1%BA%A1c_m%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%AFt_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miliwatt&action=edit&redlink=1


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