Three Types of Claims and Inferences Normative claims: Claims about how the world SHOULD be...

Lecture 2Introduction to

Problem Structure

Three Types of Claimsand InferencesNormative claims:

Claims about how the world SHOULD beDescriptive claims / inferences:

Claims about how the world ISInferences about the past which can’t observe

Causal claims / inferences:Claims about WHY the world is as it isInferences about causes which we can’t

observe

How environmental problems differ“Problem structures” differDifferences matter for:

Difficulty of resolvingTypes of solutions that are politically possibleTypes of solutions that are effective

Not all problems look alike

Structure vs. AgencyStructural factors impose constraints

Intentions don’t always produce outcomesPolitical, economic, social, technological

factors are “structures” Certain options not available Other options not seriously considered

Agency still mattersWithin constraints, human choices matter

“Free will vs. determinism” revisited

Why environmental problemsmore common at international level?Demand side – need for governance

More types of demands on resourcesLarger amounts of demands on resources

Supply side – supply of governanceAbility to supply rules is more challenging

Interstate rivalry, nationalism, relative gains concerns

Ability to supply enforcement is more challenging

Upstream/Downstream Problemse.g. Rhine.`

Harming/Mitigating Behaviors

Interests


Interests

Interests

Environmental Impacts

Some actors contribute

Downstream State

Upstream States

Upstream/Downstream Problemse.g. Rhine.


Interests


Interests

Interests


Some actors contribute;OTHERS are harmed

Downstream State

Upstream States

Direct Tragedy of the Commonse.g. fisheries.


Interests


Interests


Interests


Everybody contributes

Behaviors that resolve problem are SAME as those that cause it

Direct Tragedy of the Commonse.g. fisheries.


Interests


Interests


Interests


Everybody contributes;Everybodyis harmed

Behaviors that resolve problem are SAME as those that cause it

Indirect Tragedy of the Commons

Mitigating Behaviors

Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests

Everybody contributes;


Indirect Tragedy of the Commons


Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests



Indirect Tragedy of the Commonse.g. climateMitigating Behaviors

Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests


Harming Behaviors

Interests


BUT behaviors that resolve problem DIFFER from those that cause it


Other forms of variationin problem structureTransparency of behaviorsCapacities

To engage in “good” behaviorsTo engage in “bad” behaviors

Degree of value conflictDistribution of power among actorsContextual factors (e.g. Cold War, War on

Terror)

Variation in solutionsHow to address climate changeBroad or deep first?Intergovernmental, unilateral, local, NGO,

MNCStringent with high noncompliance or loose

with high complianceAll gases or just someMechanisms of influence on behavior: sticks,

carrots, locks, opportunities, labels, sermons

Three Types of Claims and Inferences Normative claims: Claims about how the world SHOULD be...

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