Three Generations of Particles are Necessary in our Universe

Vladimir BurdyuzhaAstro-Space Center, Lebedev Physical Inst.

Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow

In memory of G.M. Vereshkov

Grigoriy Moiseevich Vereshkov(1947-2014)

Physical Department of Rostov/DonState University (Russian Federation )

Our Universe

The Universe time formattingt=0 is a moment of creation (a tunneling process from oscillations to Friedmann);Phys. Rev.D.55 (1997)7340t=10-43 sec - Planck time; r~10-33 cm; T ~ 1032 Kt~10-30 sec - inflation phase;t~10-12 sec - reheating phase;t~ 10-5 sec – baryogenesis, DM genesis; t~200 sec - nucleosynthesis (d, α particles);

The Universe time formatting

t ~ 3x1011 sec ρrad = ρmat ρrad ~ r -4; ρmat ~ r -3 ;t ~ 1.2x1013 sec - epoch of recombination, z~1100;t ~ 3x1015 sec – production of DM LSS z ~ 30-20; t ~ 5x1015 sec – the end of dark age, z ~ 20;t ~ 1016 sec - production of baryonic LSS, z~15-12;t >1016 sec – epoch of reionization, z ~ 10-6;t ~ 3x10 16 sec _ the end of reionization epoch, z ~ 5;t ~ 4x10 17 sec - modern epoch,13.76 x109 years, z=0

The Universe Composition (2014)

Last data: H0 = 69 (km/sec )/Mpc;

Ωb ~ 5% ; ΩDM ~ 26% ; ΩDE ~ 69%

(Planck Results)

DM particle may be an axion

Axion was postulated more than twenty years ago. Global symmetry UPQ(1) was included and axions as Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with spontaneous breaking of CP symmetry.

An axion

Axion has S=0, Q=0, negative internal parity and m ~ 6 x 10-6 eV (1012/fa), fa (a decay constant) must be < 1012 GeV. It may be produced in QCD phase transition. An International axion observatory is under construction; arXiv: 1401.3233In a laboratory in magnetic field A0→2γ

Familons as particles of DM Familons are a sort of axions (pGB).4 sort o these PG-bosons take place (axions, arions, familons and majorons). The small mass of PGB takes place because of a super weak interaction of Goldstone fields with vacuum condensates: mast ~ 10-3 - 10-5 eV

m lab < 10 eVA term “familon” is from the word “family”

Then,DM consists from familons, existence o three generations of particles may understand, existence of distinguished scales in the Universe can be explained Here the fractal distribution of baryon structures is a natural phenomenon

owing to phase transitions

If the next fundamental level is

The preon composition of particles Positron + + + +1Electron - - - - 1 Upper quark + + 0 +2/3Down quark - □ □ -1/3

Upper antiquark - - □ - 2/3 Down antiquark + 0 0 +1/3 Electronic neutrino 0 0 0 0 Electronic antineutrino □ □ □ 0 W+ + + + 0 0 0 +1W- - - - □ □ □ -1

Z0 and γ0 0 0 □ □ □ 0+ + + - - - 0

Z0

+ + - - 0 □ 0+ - 0 0 □ □ 0

γ + - 0preon + has electric charge +1/3preon 0 has not electric chargepreon - has electric charge - 1/3antipreon □ has not electric charge

Composite particles

It is evident that all elementary particles consist of three preons while the interaction carriers (gauge bosons) of six preons, and at that the Z boson can consist of four combinations of preons. The same building blocks can form gluons

Sizes

10-13 cmWhat is the true size of the quarks and leptons we do not know, and if we learn that, it will be possible to directly judge about their internal structure. These are the tasks at the LHC, Fermilab.

Note

A hint that quarks and leptons arecomposite particles can be seen in the radioactivity

Notes2 and 3 generations of particles are

excited states of the first generation. Particles of 2 and 3 generations are unstable, although they consist of combinations of the same preons and antipreons. All preons are fermions.

Preon composition of particles

uiLa = Uα

L φ a+iαa ui

La = (uiL, ci

L, tiL)

diLa = Dα

L φ a+iαa di

La = (diL, si

L, biL)

νiLl = Uα

L χαl νi

Ll = νLe , νLμ, νLτ

liLl = Dα

L χαl li

Ll = (eL , μL , τL)

Preon composition of particles

The simplest boson-fermion preon model ofleft chiral quarks and leptons is considered.Here: Uα

L , DαL - chiral fermion preons; also

scalar preons of quark and lepton type are.Inside quarks and leptons, the metagluonicfields Gω

μν and the scalar preon fields are in the state of confinement.

Which are familons ?

Then, DM is a system of familon collective excitations of the preon vacuum. This system consists of three subsystems: familons of upper-quark type, familons of lower-quark type, and familons of lepton type.

Some notesDuring of evolution, this system has been undergone to three relativistic phase transitions which took place at different temperatures - different z!!!

and different sizes of the UniverseSU(2)L X SU(2)R → U(1)

Preliminary results

Then, DM consisting of familons has a hot component from massless particles and a cold component from massive particles. For structurization of DM 3 generations particles are necessary (hep-ph/0801.2527)also J. Modern Phys. 5 (2014) 1963

Phase Transition (upper quarks)

Some PG modes:m f(u)

2 = - (1/24uf2) <(αs/π)Gμν

m Gμνn >[(mt -

mc)2/mcmt] - the negative squared mass of the complex pseudo scalar field, means tha at low temperatures,

T<Tc (u) ~ I mf I ~ ( Λc2/ Λmc ) √ mt/mc

the vacuum of PG particles is unstable.

Phase transition (lower quarks)In such vacuum, at the temperature T= Tc(u)

a relativistic phase transition must takeplace, resulting a state with spontaneously broken symmetry. The same situation for f.

of low quarks are:m f(d)

2 = - (1/24ud2) <(αs/π)Gμν

m Gμνn > [(mb -

ms)2/mbms] for complex scalar field.

Notes

A numerical simulation of such relativistic phase transitions has shown that a spatial interchange of high-symmetry and low-symmetry phases took place in the Univers with the density contrast ~ 0.1.

A large-scale structure of DM produced

Simulation

Note

To explain the hierarchy of baryonic structures, our model realizes at least three relativistic phase transitions (T < 10-1 eV)

How can check this model?This model can be given an experimental status only after the discovery of familons. Petraki and Volkas discussed already a possible search for composite quarks, leptons and gauge bosons on the basis of studying the dimuon mode in pp collisions at the LHC (the CMS detector)

arXiv: 1305.4939

Conclusion1 generation gives the observable baryon world, the existence of other generations gives all dark matter owing to horizontal transitions amongst generations. The weak place of the preon model is a lepto-boson condensate which is unknown till now.

Thank you very much