vii  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

“I  can  do  all  things,  through  Christ  who  strengthens  me.”  

-­‐  Philippians  4:13    

 

The verse above came through the author from his friend during the peak

struggle in creating this research thesis. At that time, the author almost gave up in

creating this thesis, remembering that the burden of undergoing a double degree

study and also personal family matters. Through this verse the author find strength

to carry on and always have faith that in the end, all things are possible through

Christ, Lord Almighty. To God Be The Glory!

This Research Thesis is made in order to fulfill the final assignment of the

Universitas Pelita Harapan Interational Relations Bachelor’s degree. This thesis

contains the author’s personal thesis statement and arguments that supports it.

This thesis was made in a way that it will not only proves the author’s theory but

also enlighten the people who will read it. The author have the purpose to share

his knowledge to others through this thesis, how his own opinion and perspective

can help others in understanding international relations and its field of study.

Author’s interest in International Relations makes the curiosity about how

states interact in international level grows even more. Particularly, author wants to

know about Indonesia’s position and foreign policy towards its external

environment. All the knowledge that the author’s get during his entire study time

in Universitas Pelita Harpan is because of the support and guidance of the people

around him.

  viii  

Acknowledgements

Praises the Lord, God Almighty for his abundant blessings, for without

Him the author would not be able to do everything she has done, is doing, and

will do. The author is very grateful and thankful to God, because by his Grace

alone that this thesis can be completed in time.

Through many people, God helps the author to complete this report;

therefore the author would like to thank those people for the support and prayer

that were given for the author during the making of this report.

First, the author would like to thank Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, as the lecture

and advisor for this Bachelor’s Thesis, for the advice, guide, and help in the

process of making this thesis.

The author would also like to thank Ms. Suzy Tekunan as the Head of

International Relations Department, and also Mr. Aleksius Jemadu, as the Dean of

International Relations Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,

Universitas Pelita Harapan, for their support for the author not only during the

making of the report but also in everyday activity of the author.

Lastly, author would also like to extend his gratitude and appreciation for

the people who have been there, supporting and helping the author throughout the

making of this report. They are:

1. Author’s father Sahala Pangaribuan for the unconditional love and

Support, there is not enough gratitude the author could say to him.

  ix  

2. Author’s brothers, Yeremia Pangaribuan and Amos Pangaribuan, thank

you for always cheering me up with your antics.

3. Mr. Indra Khrisnamukti, the author’s academic advisors, thank you for all

the time that he spent on guiding and advising the author’s progress

through his bachelor’s study.

4. Roy Vincentius Pratikno, as the author’s lecturer in Interantional

Relations, thank you for all the knowledge and guidance that you gave

during the author’s whole undergraduate study in UPH.

5. All the lecturers that have thought the authors in International Relations

major.

6. All the staff and employees of the faculty that helped the author in

finishing all administerial matters of this thesis.

7. Staff and employees of the library who helped the author during his

study.

8. Daniel Sadrakh Sihar Marpaung, the Author’s brother from another

mother, a friend in struggle, happyness and sorrow. No matter how far

apart things may be, in the end brothers stay together.

9. Laurenzia Luna, thank you for the help and relentless support you have

given the author, without it, he wouldn’t even possible to finish his thesis.

10. Reney Aditya Mohammad, Author’s friend, an ever present boost of

motivation and encouragement contributes to the finishing of this thesis.

11. Rein Pong Bija and Nathania, my Best Friends; through thick and thin

always support the author.

  x  

12. Vinsensius Dicky Kangen, a positive and sometimes absurd attitude

always keeps the author laughing and brightens the day. This thesis

wouldn’t be finished on time without his support and encouragement.

13. Samuel Christian Hasibuan, for his supportive attitude that always gives

the power for the author to carry on.

14. Dion Haniv, the author’s partner in crime and laugh, thank you for all the

laugh and happiness that are shared from the beginning of this degree

study, may good things continues to come in the future for all of us.

15. The rest of Porseni 86:, Lukman, Ryan, Jamie, Nathan, Ricky, Habibie,

Kevin, and Emil, thank you to all of you who always surrounds the author

with love, friendship and motivation that keeps the author to moving

forward with ease. Take it easy.

16. Christina Eris, Jesica Christina, Yusi Trianawati, Margaretha Tjang and

Nadia Tjokrosoeharto, they always have a positive and supporting

attitude toward the author.

17. “Pasukan Bolang”, Rein, Reney, Nathania, Yusi and Margaretha, thank

you for all the support that they give for the author’s, we must always get

away to for an adventure!.

18. Author’s mentees from HI 3 mentoring groups, as one of the reason for

author to give the best in everything, so that he can give the best example

to them.

  xi  

19. Author’s Project Diplomat colleagues, their effort to keep the author’s

spirit up, with their antics, jokes and support, give extra motivation to

keep working hard.

20. Author’s friends at International Relations major, Universitas Pelita

Harapan, their positive, easygoing and supportive attitude helps the

author to carry on.

21. Fauzan Hanif, even though his antics always annoys the author, but the

cheerful attitude and carefree environment always proves as a mood

booster during tought times.

22. Abram Pambudi, his cheerful and supportive attitude always encourages

the author to finish this thesis.

23. Valensia Edgina and Thalia Kalista, for their carefree spirits and relaxing

attitudes always reminds the author to take it easy and enjoy the process,

in which contributes in easing the burden of finishing of this thesis.

24. Hukum “Moot Court” Companion: Febry Rivisha, Gerardus Aldo, Ettore

Marbun, Fikri Gani, Benedik Kurnia, Batara Pascal, thank you for their

support and motivations that helped the author to worked on his double

degree with ease and positivity. Always remember, “Kurang-kurangin lah

guys!”

25. To the author’s friends in Law international class batch 2014, to all of

them, thank you for the positivity and motivation that keeps the author to

carry on.  

  xii  

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  

 

COVER………………………………………………………………………………………..………….            i  

STATEMENT  OF  THESIS  ORIGINALITY…………………………………………...............            ii  

THESIS  ADVISOR  APPROVAL……………………………….................................................            iii  

EXAMINATION  BOARD  APPROVAL…………...……………………………….…………....          iv  

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….…………………..          v  

ABSTRAK………………………………………………………………………………………….........          vi  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………................................................          vii  

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS……………………………………………...............................................        xii  

LIST  OF  FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………..…        xv  

LIST  OF  TABLES……………………………………………………………...…..............................        xvi  

LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………      xvii  

LIST  OF  APPENDICES……………………………………….…..………………...........................      xviii  

 

CHAPTER  I                     1  

 

1.1.Background                   1  

1.2.Research  Questions                 7  

1.3.Theoretical  purpose  of  Thesis               7  

1.4.Practical  Benefit  of  Thesis               8  

1.5.Framework  of  Research                 8  

 

CHAPTER  II                     11  

 

2.1.  Review  of  the  Literatures               12  

2.1.  Theories  and  Concept                 21  

2.1.1.  Constructivism  Theory               22  

2.1.1.1.  Basic  Assumptions  of  Constructivism           23  

  xiii  

2.2.1.  Realism  Theory                 25  

2.2.1.1.Basic  Assumptions  of  Realism             26  

2.2.3.Theory  of  Foreign  Policy               28  

2.2.3.1.  Constructivism  Perspective  of  Foreign  Policy         29  

2.2.3.2.  Realism  Perspective  of  Foreign  Policy           31  

2.2.4.Material  and  Immaterial  Power             32  

2.2.4.1.  Realist  Perspective                 33  

2.2.4.2.  Constructivist  Perspective               33  

 

CHAPTER  III                     35  

 

3.1.  Scope  of  Study                   35  

3.2.  Type  of  Research  Method               36  

3.3.  Type  and  Sources  of  Data               38  

3.3.1.  Data  Collection                   39  

3.4.  Data  Analysis  Techniques               40  

 

CHAPTER  IV                     41  

 

4.1.  Background  of  Indonesia’s  National  Identity           43  

4.1.1.  Indonesia’s  National  Image  before    

President  Susilo  Bambang  Yudhoyono           45  

4.1.2.  New  National  Image  under    

President  Susilo  Bambang  Yudhoyono           48  

4.2.  Analysis  of  Indonesia’s  Foreign  Policy  Identity  under    

President  Susilo  Bambang  Yudhoyono  second  term.  (2009  –  2014)     51  

4.2.1.  Indonesia’s  Foreign  Policy  Identity  as  it  is  promoted    

through  Bali  Democracy  Forum             55  

                                                   4.2.1.1.  The  Application  of  Constructivism  key  assumptions  with  

  xiv  

Indonesia’s  National  Identity  foreign  Policies  in  Bali  Democracy  Forum                   57  

4.2.2.  Analysis  of  Indonesia’s  Foreign  Policy  Identity  in  ASEAN     60  

4.2.2.1.  Indonesia  influence  in  ASEAN  Regional  Forum                         66  

4.2.2.2.  The  relations  between  Constructivism  perspectives  of    

Foreign  policy  with  Indonesia’s  National  Identity  in  ASEAN   67  

4.2.3.  Motivation  behind  Foreign  Policy  Identity  in    

setting  the  norms  in  South  China  Sea           69  

4.3.  Realist  criticisms  toward  Indonesia’s  foreign  policy  under    

President  Susilo  Bambang  Yudhono             71  

4.3.1.  China’s  response  to  the  Code  of  Conduct  in  the  South  China  Sea   73  

4.3.2.  Indonesia’s  failure  in  influencing  ASEAN  Ministerial  Meeting    

2013  of  establishing  a  joint-­‐communiqué  regarding  territorial  dispute    

in  the  South  China  Sea               75  

4.3.2.  Indonesia’s  Military  Spending  in  determining  the  capability  to    

influence  its  external  environment             77  

4.3.3.  Criticism  of  Indonesia’s  Foreign  Policy  Identity    

through  Realism  theory  of  international  relations         79  

4.4.  Conclusions  of  the  findings  and  analysis           80  

 

CHAPTER  V                     84  

 

5.1.  Conclusions                   84  

5.2.  Recommendations                 88  

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY                   90  

 

APPENDICES    

 

  xv  

LIST OF FIGURES  

Figure 2.1 Constructivism view of Foreign Policy Process ………........ 30

Figure 2.2 Realism view of Foreign Policy Process …………… 32

  xvi  

LIST OF TABLES  

Table 2.1 comparisons between assumptions of the theories ………..... 28

Table 4.2 Military Budget Allocation of the top 5 economies in

Southeast Asia Region ……………………………………………………

32

   

  xvii  

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  

ASEAN       :Association  of  South  East  Asia  Nations  

ARF       :ASEAN  Regional  Forum  

SBY       :Susilo  Bambang  Yudhoyono  

ZOPFAN     :Zone  of  Peace,  Freedom  and  Neutrality  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

       

 

  xviii  

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

Monitoring Sheet ...……………………………………..............................

Thesis English Proficiency...........................................................................

Proof Reader CV ………...……………………………...............................

A-1

A-1

A-3

APENDIX B

More than walk: Indonesia as a foreign policy actor. Lowry Institute… B-1

Keeping the South China Sea in Perspective ……....………………..…... B-2

APPENDIX C

Curriculum Vitae……..........……………………………………………… C-1