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The RelationshipThe RelationshipThe Relationship The Relationship between MSTATbetween MSTAT--II andII andbetween MSTATbetween MSTAT--II and II and
AttentionAttention functionsfunctionsAttention Attention functionsfunctionsFrom Preliminary Validation of the Japanese Version of the
Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II)Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II)
Yoga Yoga TokuyoshiTokuyoshi, Daisuke Suzuki, Daisuke Suzukiandand SyoichiSyoichi IwasakiIwasakiand and SyoichiSyoichi IwasakiIwasaki
Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku UniversityUniversity
Symposium: Attention and CognitionSymposium: Attention and Cognition September 18September 18thth,2010,2010
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION•• THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSTHE MULTIPLE STIMULUS TYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALETYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐‐IIII
((MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII))is is based on a definition of based on a definition of ambiguity tolerance ambiguity tolerance as an as an (( )) g yg yorientation, ranging from aversion to attractionorientation, ranging from aversion to attraction,,toward stimuli that aretoward stimuli that arecomplex, unfamiliar, and complex, unfamiliar, and insoluble (insoluble (MacLainMacLain, 2009). This scale was , 2009). This scale was alreadyalready translated into Spanish (translated into Spanish (ArqueroArquero and McLain 2010)and McLain 2010)already already translated into Spanish. (translated into Spanish. (ArqueroArquero, and McLain, 2010), and McLain, 2010) ..
The original studies (McLain, 1993, 2008) present a broad array of The original studies (McLain, 1993, 2008) present a broad array of evidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the ATevidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the AT‐‐2020evidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the ATevidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the AT 20 20 (MacDonald, 1970) scale ((MacDonald, 1970) scale (r r =.41, p <.01), internal locus of control(=.41, p <.01), internal locus of control(rr =.18, =.18, p < .05) and proclivity toward risk (p < .05) and proclivity toward risk (rr=.27, p < .01)=.27, p < .01) ((ArqueroArquero, and McLain, , and McLain, 2010)2010)2010)2010) ..
•• AmbiguityAmbiguity tolerancetolerance developed bydeveloped by MacLainMacLain lacks the content andlacks the content and•• Ambiguity Ambiguity tolerancetolerance developed by developed by MacLainMacLain lacks the content and lacks the content and structure needed for the validity of trait ambiguity. The scale we structure needed for the validity of trait ambiguity. The scale we introduce here is comparatively new in the psychological field. We introduce here is comparatively new in the psychological field. We validated its practical effectiveness in the Japanese validated its practical effectiveness in the Japanese version.version.
Purpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchThere are two main purposes.p p• 1:To develop a a Japanese version of MSTAT‐II and examine its
reliability and validity. Studies that explore executive attentionalf i ill b d dfunctions will be conducted.
• 2:We hypothesized that people who are tolerant of ambiguous• 2:We hypothesized that people who are tolerant of ambiguous situations have less experiences in making up their minds. Therefore, they mobilize executive attention less often for this purpose, leading to reduced attentional functions relative to those who avoid ambiguous situations. To examineTo examine whether we can useMSTAT II for this purpose weTo examine To examine whether we can use MSTAT‐II for this purpose, we investigated the relationship between MSTAT‐II and Attention functions.
ProcedureProcedure( ) l d f h f(1) MSTAT‐II was translated from the origin of English version to Japanese version.
(2) Participants: University students in the Tohoku districtTohoku district.
(3) Statistical Analysis① Classical Test theory. ② Item Response theory② Item Response theory.
(4) To seek a connection between MSTAT‐II,Attentional Function Scale and PANAS. Etc(e.g., Analyzed with correlation, Principal component g , y , p panalysis, and Multiple regression analysis)
MaterialsMaterials forfor the the VValidityalidityyy
AttentionalAttentional Function ScaleFunction Scale ((SuzukiSuzuki 2007)2007)
•• AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale is a 21‐item self‐report measure •• AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale is a 21‐item self‐report measure
AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale ((SuzukiSuzuki, 2007), 2007)
of abilities of attention functions.
•• 1 Divided Attention1 Divided Attention
of abilities of attention functions.
•• 1 Divided Attention1 Divided Attention1. Divided Attention1. Divided Attention• Ability to divide attention into plural objects, and control attention by
oneself actively.
1. Divided Attention1. Divided Attention• Ability to divide attention into plural objects, and control attention by
oneself actively.
•• 2. 2. AttentionalAttentional Switching Switching (※Reverse(※Reverse))• Change of the attention and Ability about change of the feeling
•• 2. 2. AttentionalAttentional Switching Switching (※Reverse(※Reverse))• Change of the attention and Ability about change of the feeling
•• 3. Hyperactive3. Hyperactive• The failure of maintaining attention and the impulsivity attention is not
•• 3. Hyperactive3. Hyperactive• The failure of maintaining attention and the impulsivity attention is not g p y
possibleg p y
possible
PANASPANAS(cf. (cf. Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988;Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Crawford and Henry ,2004) )
•• The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20‐item self‐report measure of positive and negative affect PANAS is used in the experiments of cognitiveaffect. PANAS is used in the experiments of cognitive psychology frequently. Therefore, PANAS was used as reference.
◆◆PAPA ((Positive AffectPositive Affect))PA represents the extent to which an individual experiences pleasurable engagement with the environment.
◆◆NANA ((Negative Affect)Negative Affect)NA epitomized by subjective distress and unpleasurable , engagement and low NA by the absence of these feelingsengagement, and low NA by the absence of these feelings.
(Crawford and Henry ,2004)
MMethod andethod and SSubjectubjectMMethod and ethod and SSubjectubject
◆M th d SS i li l SS◆Method: SSocial ocial SSurveyurvey◆ b◆Subject :「「UUniversity Students niversity Students in the Tohoku district.」
( )Total:270270(Male:153153,Female:117117)mean age :19.619.6 (SD=3.963.96)
ResultsResults Structure Equation ModelResultsResults Structure Equation Model
F1:F1:AAmbiguitymbiguity ToleranceTolerance F2:F2:DiversityDiversityF1:F1:AAmbiguity mbiguity ToleranceTolerance F2:F2:DiversityDiversity
Alpha: 0.79 Alpha: 0.60
G 6 0 77 G 6 0 59G.6: 0.77 G.6: 0.59
Omega 0.80 Omega 0.60
F1:AF1:Ambiguity mbiguity Tolerance Tolerance conformableconformable; ; F2:Diversity unconformable F2:Diversity unconformable
Factor analysisFactor analysisFactor analysisFactor analysisF1 F2
M01R I don't tolerate ambiguous situations well 0 857 -0 217M01R I don t tolerate ambiguous situations well. 0.857 0.217
M07 I am tolerant of ambiguous situations. 0.694 0.101
M03R I try to avoid situations that are ambiguous. 0.657 0.049
M11R I dislike ambiguous situations. 0.612 0.078 gM13 I prefer a situation in which there is some ambiguity. 0.502 0.032
M08 I enjoy tackling problems that are complex enough to be ambiguous. 0.142 0.542
M10 I generally perefer novelty over familiarity. -0.208 0.530
M05Problems that cannot be considered form just one point of vieware a little threatening. -0.194 0.458
M04R I prefer familiar situations to new -0.116 0.449
M06R I id it ti th t t li t d f t il d t d 0 077 0 405M06R I avoid situations that are too complicated for me to easily understand. 0.077 0.405
M02RI would rather avoid solving a problem that must be viewed from several different perspectives. 0.077 0.350
Factor F1 F2
correlationsF1 F2
F1 1 0.188
F2 0.188 1
SS l di 2 375 1 313SS loadings 2.375 1.313
Proportion Var 0.216 0.119
Cumulative Var 0.216 0.335
Item ResponseItem Response TheoryTheorypp yyTest information Function
DiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussion(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1)(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) consideredconsidered with the original article(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) (1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) considered considered with the original article. but, another scale (F2) didn’t.
(2)Ambiguity tolerance scale (F1)(2)Ambiguity tolerance scale (F1)has a high reliability. but there is scanty evidence for the Attentional Function and it needs to be further explored.
(3)(3)Diversity Diversity scale(F2) scale(F2) has validity. but was poor in reliability and it must be further explored.
((4)4) LowLow ccorrelationorrelation between between MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII and and AttentionalAttentional Function Function (( ))Scale for Scale for HyperactiveHyperactive((r r ==‐‐0.21,p<0.001).0.21,p<0.001).
(5)(5)We found some We found some associationassociation between between MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII and and Attention Attention for goal .for goal .
(6)(6) It is necessary for the scaleIt is necessary for the scale had tohad to be crossbe cross‐‐validated withvalidated with(6) (6) It is necessary for the scale It is necessary for the scale had to had to be crossbe cross validated with validated with similar scales.similar scales.
Therefore, MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIIImust to be further refinement.
AMBIGUITY TOLERACE and Attention for goalAMBIGUITY TOLERACE and Attention for goalmultiple linear regression analysismultiple linear regression analysis (Independent variable =AMBIGUITYAMBIGUITY))EnglishEnglish JapaneseJapanese Std. EstimateStd. Estimate Std. ErrorStd. Error t valuet value p valuep valuePart‐time jobs アルバイト 0.05 0.05 0.77 0.44
multiple linear regression analysis multiple linear regression analysis (Independent variable =AMBIGUITYAMBIGUITY))
money お金 0.10 0.07 1.45 0.15sports スポーツ ‐0.14 0.04 ‐2.07 0.04diet ダイエット ‐0.03 0.04 ‐0.46 0.65marriage 結婚 ‐0.16 0.05 ‐2.08 0.04health 健康 0.11 0.05 1.56 0.12work 仕事 0 04 0 06 0 49 0 62work 仕事 0.04 0.06 0.49 0.62qualification 資格 0.10 0.05 1.41 0.16hobby 趣味 0.13 0.06 2.03 0.04fi difinding employment 就職 ‐0.01 0.07 ‐0.17 0.87
human relations 人間関係 ‐0.16 0.06 ‐2.36 0.02human relations 人間関係 0.16 0.06 2.36 0.02
study 勉強 ‐0.14 0.05 ‐2.04 0.04play 遊び ‐0.11 0.05 ‐1.59 0.11loves 恋愛 ‐0.04 0.05 ‐0.47 0.64※Independent variable =AMBIGUITY TOLERACE AMBIGUITY TOLERACE p < 0.05 : red ※This investigation uses Japanese. ※Reference Material
ONE FACTOR model(All 13 items)
Corrlation between MSTAT‐II andMSTAT II and Hyperactive
rr==‐‐0.28 ,0.28 ,pp<0.01<0.01
※Reference Material
ReferenceReference• Arquero,J. L.and McLain,D.L.(2010).Preliminary Validation of the Spanish Version of the Multiple
Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II) The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 13, Num. 1, mayo‐sin mes, 2010, pp. 476‐484 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Espana
• Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 245‐265Clinical Psychology, 43, 245 265.
• Suzuki.Daisuke(2007). Development and Predictive validity of the Attention Function Scale. Ph.D. diss., Tohoku University
• MacDonald, A.P. (1970). Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 26, 791‐798.
• McLain, D.L. (1993). The MSTAT‐I: A new measure of an individual's tolerance forambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53,183‐189.M L i D L (2008) E id f th ti f bi it t l (MSTAT II)• McLain, D. L. (2008). Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure (MSTAT‐II). Psychological Reports. Manuscript submitted for publication.
• Watson D Clark L A & Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures ofWatson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1063.1070.
複数の刺激によるあいまいさの耐性 日本語版 (MSTATII Japanese version) MR1 MR2
M01R 私は あいまいな状況に耐えられない 0 869 0 235M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 0.869 -0.235
M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 0.688 0.064
M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 0.662 0.050
M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 0.620 0.089
M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 0.498 -0.010
M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい 0 238 0 196M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 0.238 0.196
M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 -0.227 0.508
M08 私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む 0.120 0.505
M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 -0.128 0.465
M05 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 -0.216 0.464
M06R 私は 簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ 0 065 0 434M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 0.065 0.434
M02R私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。
0.063 0.395
善 解決 が な うな 避M09R 私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。 0.000 0.161
MR1 MR2
MR1 1 0.244MR1 1 0.244
MR2 0.244 1
あいまいさの耐性 Rは逆点項目
M SD Alpha r(item, total)
M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 2.68 1.16 0.57 0.470
私は 複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできればM02R
私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。
3.16 1.10 0.61 0.241
M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 2.81 1.14 0.56 0.514
M04R 新しいことよりも なれた状況の方が良い 2 25 1 09 0 62 0 191M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 2.25 1.09 0.62 0.191
M05R 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 2.80 1.14 0.68 -0.134
M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 2.77 1.08 0.61 0.289
M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 3.00 1.11 0.57 0.487
M08私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む
2.63 1.05 0.60 0.292
M09R私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。
3.37 0.99 0.64 0.069
M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 2.89 1.23 0.65 0.055
M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 2.83 1.07 0.57 0.494
M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 2.64 1.03 0.60 0.305
M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 2.74 1.03 0.61 0.275M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 2.74 1.03 0.61 0.275
Alpha reliability = 0.6283