TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf ·...

19
The Relationship The Relationship The Relationship The Relationship between MSTAT between MSTAT-II and II and between MSTAT between MSTAT-II and II and Attention Attention functions functions Attention Attention functions functions From Preliminary Validation of the Japanese Version of the Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTATII) Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTATII) Yoga Yoga Tokuyoshi Tokuyoshi, Daisuke Suzuki , Daisuke Suzuki and and Syoichi Syoichi Iwasaki Iwasaki and and Syoichi Syoichi Iwasaki Iwasaki Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku University University Symposium: Attention and Cognition Symposium: Attention and Cognition September 18 September 18 th th ,2010 ,2010

Transcript of TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf ·...

Page 1: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

The RelationshipThe RelationshipThe Relationship The Relationship between MSTATbetween MSTAT--II andII andbetween MSTATbetween MSTAT--II and II and

AttentionAttention functionsfunctionsAttention Attention functionsfunctionsFrom Preliminary Validation of the Japanese Version of the 

Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II)Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II) 

Yoga Yoga TokuyoshiTokuyoshi, Daisuke Suzuki, Daisuke Suzukiandand SyoichiSyoichi IwasakiIwasakiand and SyoichiSyoichi IwasakiIwasaki

Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku Graduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku UniversityUniversity

Symposium: Attention and CognitionSymposium: Attention and Cognition September 18September 18thth,2010,2010

Page 2: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION•• THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSTHE MULTIPLE STIMULUS TYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALETYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐‐IIII

((MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII))is is  based on a definition of based on a definition of ambiguity tolerance ambiguity tolerance as an as an (( )) g yg yorientation, ranging from aversion to attractionorientation, ranging from aversion to attraction,,toward stimuli that aretoward stimuli that arecomplex, unfamiliar, and complex, unfamiliar, and insoluble (insoluble (MacLainMacLain, 2009). This scale was , 2009). This scale was alreadyalready translated into Spanish (translated into Spanish (ArqueroArquero and McLain 2010)and McLain 2010)already already translated into Spanish. (translated into Spanish. (ArqueroArquero, and McLain, 2010), and McLain, 2010) ..

The original studies (McLain, 1993, 2008) present a broad array of The original studies (McLain, 1993, 2008) present a broad array of evidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the ATevidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the AT‐‐2020evidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the ATevidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the AT 20 20 (MacDonald, 1970) scale ((MacDonald, 1970) scale (r r =.41, p <.01), internal locus of control(=.41, p <.01), internal locus of control(rr =.18, =.18, p < .05) and proclivity toward risk (p < .05) and proclivity toward risk (rr=.27, p < .01)=.27, p < .01) ((ArqueroArquero, and McLain, , and McLain, 2010)2010)2010)2010) ..

•• AmbiguityAmbiguity tolerancetolerance developed bydeveloped by MacLainMacLain lacks the content andlacks the content and•• Ambiguity Ambiguity tolerancetolerance developed by developed by MacLainMacLain lacks the content and lacks the content and structure needed for the validity of trait ambiguity. The scale we structure needed for the validity of trait ambiguity. The scale we introduce here is comparatively new in the psychological field. We introduce here is comparatively new in the psychological field. We validated its practical effectiveness  in the Japanese validated its practical effectiveness  in the Japanese version.version.

Page 3: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

Purpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchPurpose of The ResearchThere are two main purposes.p p• 1:To develop a a Japanese version of MSTAT‐II and examine its 

reliability and validity. Studies that explore executive attentionalf i ill b d dfunctions will be conducted.

• 2:We hypothesized that people who are tolerant of ambiguous• 2:We hypothesized that people who are tolerant of ambiguous situations have less experiences in making up their minds. Therefore, they mobilize executive attention less often for this purpose, leading to reduced attentional functions relative to those who avoid ambiguous situations. To examineTo examine whether we can useMSTAT II for this purpose weTo examine To examine whether we can use MSTAT‐II for this purpose, we investigated the relationship between MSTAT‐II and Attention functions. 

Page 4: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

ProcedureProcedure( ) l d f h f(1) MSTAT‐II was translated from the  origin of English version to Japanese version.

(2) Participants: University students in the  Tohoku districtTohoku district.

(3) Statistical Analysis① Classical Test theory. ② Item Response theory② Item Response theory.

(4) To seek a connection between MSTAT‐II,Attentional Function Scale and PANAS. Etc(e.g., Analyzed with correlation, Principal component g , y , p panalysis, and Multiple regression analysis)

Page 5: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

MaterialsMaterials forfor the the VValidityalidityyy

AttentionalAttentional Function ScaleFunction Scale ((SuzukiSuzuki 2007)2007)

•• AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale is a 21‐item self‐report measure •• AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale is a 21‐item self‐report measure 

AttentionalAttentional Function Scale Function Scale ((SuzukiSuzuki, 2007), 2007)

of abilities of attention functions.

•• 1 Divided Attention1 Divided Attention

of abilities of attention functions.

•• 1 Divided Attention1 Divided Attention1. Divided Attention1. Divided Attention• Ability to divide attention into plural objects, and control attention by

oneself actively.

1. Divided Attention1. Divided Attention• Ability to divide attention into plural objects, and control attention by

oneself actively.

•• 2. 2. AttentionalAttentional Switching Switching (※Reverse(※Reverse))• Change of the attention and Ability about change of the feeling

•• 2. 2. AttentionalAttentional Switching Switching (※Reverse(※Reverse))• Change of the attention and Ability about change of the feeling

•• 3. Hyperactive3. Hyperactive• The failure of maintaining attention and the impulsivity attention is not

•• 3. Hyperactive3. Hyperactive• The failure of maintaining attention and the impulsivity attention is not g p y

possibleg p y

possible

Page 6: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

PANASPANAS(cf. (cf. Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988;Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Crawford and  Henry ,2004) )

•• The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20‐item self‐report measure of positive and negative affect PANAS is used in the experiments of cognitiveaffect. PANAS is used in the experiments of cognitive psychology  frequently.  Therefore, PANAS was used as reference.

◆◆PAPA ((Positive AffectPositive Affect))PA represents the extent to which an individual experiences pleasurable engagement with the environment.

◆◆NANA ((Negative Affect)Negative Affect)NA epitomized by subjective distress and unpleasurable , engagement and low NA by the absence of these feelingsengagement, and low NA by the absence of these feelings. 

(Crawford and  Henry ,2004)

Page 7: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

MMethod andethod and SSubjectubjectMMethod and ethod and SSubjectubject

◆M th d SS i li l SS◆Method: SSocial ocial SSurveyurvey◆ b◆Subject :「「UUniversity Students niversity Students in the Tohoku district.」

( )Total:270270(Male:153153,Female:117117)mean age :19.619.6 (SD=3.963.96)

Page 8: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

ResultsResults Structure Equation ModelResultsResults Structure Equation Model

F1:F1:AAmbiguitymbiguity ToleranceTolerance F2:F2:DiversityDiversityF1:F1:AAmbiguity mbiguity ToleranceTolerance F2:F2:DiversityDiversity

Alpha: 0.79  Alpha: 0.60

G 6 0 77 G 6 0 59G.6: 0.77  G.6: 0.59

Omega  0.80  Omega  0.60

F1:AF1:Ambiguity mbiguity Tolerance Tolerance conformableconformable; ; F2:Diversity unconformable F2:Diversity unconformable

Page 9: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

Factor analysisFactor analysisFactor analysisFactor analysisF1 F2

M01R I don't tolerate ambiguous situations well 0 857 -0 217M01R I don t tolerate ambiguous situations well. 0.857 0.217

M07 I am tolerant of ambiguous situations. 0.694 0.101

M03R I try to avoid situations that are ambiguous. 0.657 0.049

M11R I dislike ambiguous situations. 0.612 0.078 gM13 I prefer a situation in which there is some ambiguity. 0.502 0.032

M08 I enjoy tackling problems that are complex enough to be ambiguous. 0.142 0.542

M10 I generally perefer novelty over familiarity. -0.208 0.530

M05Problems that cannot be considered form just one point of vieware a little threatening. -0.194 0.458

M04R I prefer familiar situations to new -0.116 0.449

M06R I id it ti th t t li t d f t il d t d 0 077 0 405M06R I avoid situations that are too complicated for me to easily understand. 0.077 0.405

M02RI would rather avoid solving a problem that must be viewed from several different perspectives. 0.077 0.350

Factor F1 F2

correlationsF1 F2

F1 1 0.188

F2 0.188 1

SS l di 2 375 1 313SS loadings 2.375 1.313

Proportion Var 0.216 0.119

Cumulative Var 0.216 0.335

Page 10: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

Item ResponseItem Response TheoryTheorypp yyTest information Function

Page 11: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II
Page 12: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II
Page 13: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

DiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussion(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1)(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) consideredconsidered with the original article(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) (1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) considered considered with the original article. but, another scale (F2) didn’t.

(2)Ambiguity tolerance scale (F1)(2)Ambiguity tolerance scale (F1)has a high reliability. but there is scanty evidence for the Attentional Function  and it needs to be further explored. 

(3)(3)Diversity Diversity scale(F2) scale(F2) has validity. but was poor in reliability and it must be further explored. 

((4)4) LowLow ccorrelationorrelation between between MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII and and AttentionalAttentional Function Function (( ))Scale for Scale for HyperactiveHyperactive((r r ==‐‐0.21,p<0.001).0.21,p<0.001).

Page 14: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

(5)(5)We found some We found some associationassociation between between MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIII and and Attention Attention for goal .for goal .

(6)(6) It is necessary for the scaleIt is necessary for the scale had tohad to be crossbe cross‐‐validated withvalidated with(6) (6) It is necessary for the scale It is necessary for the scale had to had to be crossbe cross validated with validated with similar scales.similar scales.

Therefore, MSTATMSTAT‐‐IIIImust to be further refinement.

Page 15: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

AMBIGUITY TOLERACE and Attention for goalAMBIGUITY TOLERACE and Attention for goalmultiple linear regression analysismultiple linear regression analysis (Independent variable =AMBIGUITYAMBIGUITY))EnglishEnglish JapaneseJapanese Std. EstimateStd. Estimate Std. ErrorStd. Error t valuet value p valuep valuePart‐time jobs アルバイト 0.05 0.05 0.77 0.44

multiple linear regression analysis  multiple linear regression analysis  (Independent variable =AMBIGUITYAMBIGUITY))

money お金 0.10 0.07 1.45 0.15sports  スポーツ ‐0.14 0.04 ‐2.07 0.04diet ダイエット ‐0.03 0.04 ‐0.46 0.65marriage 結婚 ‐0.16 0.05 ‐2.08 0.04health 健康 0.11 0.05 1.56 0.12work 仕事 0 04 0 06 0 49 0 62work 仕事 0.04 0.06 0.49 0.62qualification 資格 0.10 0.05 1.41 0.16hobby 趣味 0.13 0.06 2.03 0.04fi difinding employment 就職 ‐0.01 0.07 ‐0.17 0.87

human relations 人間関係 ‐0.16 0.06 ‐2.36 0.02human relations 人間関係 0.16 0.06 2.36 0.02

study 勉強 ‐0.14 0.05 ‐2.04 0.04play 遊び ‐0.11 0.05 ‐1.59 0.11loves  恋愛 ‐0.04 0.05 ‐0.47 0.64※Independent variable =AMBIGUITY TOLERACE  AMBIGUITY TOLERACE   p < 0.05 :  red          ※This investigation uses Japanese. ※Reference Material

Page 16: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

ONE FACTOR model(All 13 items)

Corrlation between MSTAT‐II andMSTAT II and Hyperactive

rr==‐‐0.28 ,0.28 ,pp<0.01<0.01

※Reference Material

Page 17: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

ReferenceReference• Arquero,J. L.and McLain,D.L.(2010).Preliminary Validation of the Spanish Version of the   Multiple 

Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT‐II) The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 13, Num. 1, mayo‐sin mes, 2010, pp. 476‐484 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Espana

• Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004).  The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS):   Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample.  British Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 245‐265Clinical Psychology, 43, 245 265.

• Suzuki.Daisuke(2007). Development and Predictive validity of the Attention Function Scale. Ph.D. diss., Tohoku University

• MacDonald, A.P. (1970). Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 26, 791‐798.

• McLain, D.L. (1993). The MSTAT‐I: A new measure of an individual's tolerance forambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53,183‐189.M L i D L (2008) E id f th ti f bi it t l (MSTAT II)• McLain, D. L. (2008). Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure (MSTAT‐II).   Psychological Reports. Manuscript submitted for publication.

• Watson D Clark L A & Tellegen A (1988) Development and validation of brief measures ofWatson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures    of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1063.1070.

Page 18: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

複数の刺激によるあいまいさの耐性 日本語版 (MSTATII Japanese version) MR1 MR2

M01R 私は あいまいな状況に耐えられない 0 869 0 235M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 0.869 -0.235

M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 0.688 0.064

M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 0.662 0.050

M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 0.620 0.089

M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 0.498 -0.010

M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい 0 238 0 196M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 0.238 0.196

M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 -0.227 0.508

M08 私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む 0.120 0.505

M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 -0.128 0.465

M05 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 -0.216 0.464

M06R 私は 簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ 0 065 0 434M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 0.065 0.434

M02R私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。

0.063 0.395

善 解決 が な うな 避M09R 私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。 0.000 0.161

MR1 MR2

MR1 1 0.244MR1 1 0.244

MR2 0.244 1

Page 19: TheRelationshipThe Relationship betweenMSTATbetween MSTAT ...sinritest.com/pdf/MSTATIIjp.pdf · INTRODUCTION • THE MULTIPLE STIMULUSSTIMULUSTYPESTYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE‐II

あいまいさの耐性 Rは逆点項目

M SD Alpha r(item, total)

M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 2.68 1.16 0.57 0.470

私は 複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできればM02R

私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。

3.16 1.10 0.61 0.241

M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 2.81 1.14 0.56 0.514

M04R 新しいことよりも なれた状況の方が良い 2 25 1 09 0 62 0 191M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 2.25 1.09 0.62 0.191

M05R 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 2.80 1.14 0.68 -0.134

M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 2.77 1.08 0.61 0.289

M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 3.00 1.11 0.57 0.487

M08私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む

2.63 1.05 0.60 0.292

M09R私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。

3.37 0.99 0.64 0.069

M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 2.89 1.23 0.65 0.055

M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 2.83 1.07 0.57 0.494

M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 2.64 1.03 0.60 0.305

M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 2.74 1.03 0.61 0.275M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 2.74 1.03 0.61 0.275

Alpha reliability = 0.6283