The relationship between MSTAT-II and Attention functions
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Transcript of The relationship between MSTAT-II and Attention functions
The Relationship between MSTAT-II and
Attention functionsFrom Preliminary Validation of the Japanese Version of the
Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II)
Yoga Tokuyoshi, Daisuke Suzuki
and Syoichi IwasakiGraduate School of Information Sciences(GSIS), Tohoku University
INTRODUCTION• THE MULTIPLE STIMULUS TYPES AMBIGUITY TOLERACE SCALE-II
(MSTAT-II)is based on a definition of ambiguity tolerance as an orientation, ranging from aversion to attraction,toward stimuli that arecomplex, unfamiliar, and insoluble (MacLain, 2009). This scale was already translated into Spanish. (Arquero, and McLain, 2010) .
The original studies (McLain, 1993, 2008) present a broad array of evidence of convergence, mainly correlations with the AT-20 (MacDonald, 1970) scale (r =.41, p <.01), internal locus of control(r =.18, p < .05) and proclivity toward risk (r=.27, p < .01) (Arquero, and McLain, 2010) .
• Ambiguity tolerance developed by MacLain lacks the content and structure needed for the validity of trait ambiguity. The scale we introduce here is comparatively new in the psychological field. We validated its practical effectiveness in the Japanese version.
Purpose of The ResearchThere are two main purposes.• 1:To develop a Japanese version of MSTAT-II and examine its
reliability and validity. Studies that explore executive attentionalfunctions will be conducted.
• 2: We hypothesized that people who are tolerant of ambiguous situations have less experiences in making up their minds. Therefore, they mobilize executive attention less often for this purpose, leading to reduced attentional functions relative to those who avoid ambiguous situations. To examine whether we can use MSTAT-II for this purpose, we
investigated the relationship between MSTAT-II and Attention functions.
Procedure(1) MSTAT-II was translated from the origin of
English version to Japanese version.(2) Participants: University students in the
Tohoku district.(3) Statistical Analysis
① Classical Test theory. ② Item Response theory.
(4) To seek a connection between MSTAT-II,Attentional Function Scale and PANAS. Etc(e.g., Analyzed with correlation, Principal component analysis, and Multiple regression analysis)
Materials for the Validity
• Attentional Function Scale is a 21-item self-report measure of abilities of attention functions.
• 1. Divided Attention• Ability to divide attention into plural objects, and control attention by
oneself actively.
• 2. Attentional Switching (※Reverse)• Change of the attention and Ability about change of the feeling
• 3. Hyperactive• The failure of maintaining attention and the impulsivity attention is not
possible
Attentional Function Scale (Suzuki, 2007)
• The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a 20-item self-report measure of positive and negative affect. PANAS is used in the experiments of cognitive psychology frequently. Therefore, PANAS was used as reference.
◆PA (Positive Affect)PA represents the extent to which an individual experiences pleasurable engagement with the environment.
◆NA (Negative Affect)NA epitomized by subjective distress and unpleasurable , engagement, and low NA by the absence of these feelings.
(Crawford and Henry ,2004)
PANAS(cf. Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Crawford and Henry ,2004)
Method and Subject
◆Method: Social Survey◆Subject :「University Students in the Tohoku district.」
Total:270(Male:153,Female:117)
mean age :19.6 (SD=3.96)
Results
F1:Ambiguity Tolerance F2:Diversity
Alpha: 0.79 Alpha: 0.60
G.6: 0.77 G.6: 0.59
Omega 0.80 Omega 0.60
F1:Ambiguity Tolerance conformable; F2:Diversity unconformable
Structure Equation Model
Factor analysisF1 F2
M01R I don't tolerate ambiguous situations well. 0.857 -0.217
M07 I am tolerant of ambiguous situations. 0.694 0.101
M03R I try to avoid situations that are ambiguous. 0.657 0.049
M11R I dislike ambiguous situations. 0.612 0.078
M13 I prefer a situation in which there is some ambiguity. 0.502 0.032
M08 I enjoy tackling problems that are complex enough to be ambiguous. 0.142 0.542
M10 I generally perefer novelty over familiarity. -0.208 0.530
M05Problems that cannot be considered form just one point of vieware a little threatening. -0.194 0.458
M04R I prefer familiar situations to new -0.116 0.449
M06R I avoid situations that are too complicated for me to easily understand. 0.077 0.405
M02RI would rather avoid solving a problem that must be viewed from several different perspectives. 0.077 0.350
Factor correlations
F1 F2
F1 1 0.188
F2 0.188 1
SS loadings 2.375 1.313
Proportion Var 0.216 0.119
Cumulative Var 0.216 0.335
Item Response TheoryTest information Function
Discussion(1)Ambiguity tolerance(F1) considered with the original article. but, another scale (F2) didn’t.
(2)Ambiguity tolerance scale (F1)has a high reliability. but there is scanty evidence for the Attentional Function and it needs to be further explored.
(3)Diversity scale(F2) has validity. but was poor in reliability and it must be further explored.
(4) Low correlation between MSTAT-II and Attentional Function Scale for Hyperactive(r =-0.21,p<0.001).
(5)We found some association between MSTAT-II and Attention for goal .
(6) It is necessary for the scale had to be cross-validated with similar scales.
Therefore, MSTAT-II must to be further refinement.
English Japanese Std. Estimate Std. Error t value p valuePart-time jobs アルバイト 0.05 0.05 0.77 0.44money お金 0.10 0.07 1.45 0.15sports スポーツ -0.14 0.04 -2.07 0.04diet ダイエット -0.03 0.04 -0.46 0.65marriage 結婚 -0.16 0.05 -2.08 0.04health 健康 0.11 0.05 1.56 0.12work 仕事 0.04 0.06 0.49 0.62qualification 資格 0.10 0.05 1.41 0.16hobby 趣味 0.13 0.06 2.03 0.04finding employment 就職 -0.01 0.07 -0.17 0.87
human relations 人間関係 -0.16 0.06 -2.36 0.02
study 勉強 -0.14 0.05 -2.04 0.04play 遊び -0.11 0.05 -1.59 0.11loves 恋愛 -0.04 0.05 -0.47 0.64※Independent variable =AMBIGUITY TOLERACE p < 0.05 : red ※This investigation uses Japanese. ※Reference Material
AMBIGUITY TOLERACE and Attention for goalmultiple linear regression analysis (Independent variable =AMBIGUITY)
ONE FACTOR model(All 13 items)
Corrlation between MSTAT-II and
Hyperactive
r=-0.28 ,p<0.01
※Reference Material
Reference• Arquero,J. L.and McLain,D.L.(2010).Preliminary Validation of the Spanish Version of the Multiple
Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II) The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 13, Num. 1, mayo-sin mes, 2010, pp. 476-484 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Espana
• Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245-265.
• Suzuki.Daisuke(2007). Development and Predictive validity of the Attention Function Scale. Ph.D. diss., Tohoku University
• MacDonald, A.P. (1970). Revised scale for ambiguity tolerance: Reliability and validity. Psychological Reports, 26, 791-798.
• McLain, D.L. (1993). The MSTAT-I: A new measure of an individual's tolerance forambiguity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53,183-189.
• McLain, D. L. (2008). Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure (MSTAT-II). Psychological Reports. Manuscript submitted for publication.
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1063.1070.
複数の刺激によるあいまいさの耐性 日本語版 (MSTATII Japanese version) MR1 MR2
M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 0.869 -0.235
M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 0.688 0.064
M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 0.662 0.050
M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 0.620 0.089
M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 0.498 -0.010
M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 0.238 0.196
M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 -0.227 0.508
M08 私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む 0.120 0.505
M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 -0.128 0.465
M05 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 -0.216 0.464
M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 0.065 0.434
M02R私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。
0.063 0.395
M09R 私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。 0.000 0.161
MR1 MR2
MR1 1 0.244
MR2 0.244 1
あいまいさの耐性 Rは逆点項目
M SD Alpha r(item, total)
M01R 私は,あいまいな状況に耐えられない。 2.68 1.16 0.57 0.470
M02R私は,複数の観点から考慮する必要のある問題はできれば解決したくない。
3.16 1.10 0.61 0.241
M03R 私は,あいまいな状況を避けようとする。 2.81 1.14 0.56 0.514
M04R 新しいことよりも,なれた状況の方が良い。 2.25 1.09 0.62 0.191
M05R 1つの見方しかできない問題は,どちらかというといやだ。 2.80 1.14 0.68 -0.134
M06R 私は,簡単に解決できないことは苦手だ。 2.77 1.08 0.61 0.289
M07 私は,あいまいな状況でも大丈夫だ。 3.00 1.11 0.57 0.487
M08私は,あいまいと言えるほど複雑な問題でも喜んで取り組む
2.63 1.05 0.60 0.292
M09R私は,最善の解決法がたった一つでないような問題は避ける。
3.37 0.99 0.64 0.069
M10 私は,慣れたことより新奇なことを好む。 2.89 1.23 0.65 0.055
M11R 私は,あいまいな状況が好きではない。 2.83 1.07 0.57 0.494
M12R 私には結果が不確かな選択はむずかしい。 2.64 1.03 0.60 0.305
M13 私は,ある程度あいまいな状況を好む。 2.74 1.03 0.61 0.275
Alpha reliability = 0.6283