There are two broad caetgories of process diagrams and then are again divided into sub.docx

7/28/2019 There are two broad caetgories of process diagrams and then are again divided into sub.docx

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Types of

industrialdiagrams

Sir Tahir ishfaq

Rana M. Uzair 09-CH-53


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There are two broad caetgories of process diagrams and then are again

divided into sub-categories

Structural Diagrams Behavioral Diagrams

Structural Diagrams:

The structural diagrams represent the static aspect of the system. These

static aspects represent those parts of a diagram which forms the mainstructure and therefore stable.

These static parts are represents by classes, interfaces, objects, components

and nodes. The four structural diagrams are:

Class diagram Object diagram Component diagram Deployment diagram

Class Diagram:

Class diagrams are the most common diagrams used in UML. Class diagram

consists of classes, interfaces, associations and collaboration.

Class diagrams basically represent the object oriented view of a systemwhich is static in nature.

Active class is used in a class diagram to represent the concurrency of thesystem.

Class diagram represents the object orientation of a system. So it is

generally used for development purpose. This is the most widely useddiagram at the time of system construction.

Object Diagram:

Object diagrams can be described as an instance of class diagram. So thesediagrams are more close to real life scenarios where we implement a

system.


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Object diagrams are a set of objects and their relationships just like class

diagrams and also represent the static view of the system.

The usage of object diagrams is similar to class diagrams but they are usedto build prototype of a system from practical perspective.

Component Diagram:

Component diagrams represent a set of components and their relationships.

These components consist of classes, interfaces or collaborations.

So Component diagrams represent the implementation view of a system.

During design phase software artifacts (classes, interfaces etc) of a systemare arranged in different groups depending upon their relationship. Now

these groups are known as components.

Finally, component diagrams are used to visualize the implementation.

Deployment Diagram:

Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their relationships. These

nodes are physical entities where the components are deployed.

Deployment diagrams are used for visualizing deployment view of a system.

This is generally used by the deployment team.

Behavioral Diagrams:

Any system can have two aspects, static and dynamic. So a model isconsidered as complete when both the aspects are covered fully.

Behavioral diagrams basically capture the dynamic aspect of a system.Dynamic aspect can be further described as the changing/moving parts of a

system.


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UML has the following five types of behavioral diagrams:

Use case diagram Sequence diagram Collaboration diagram Statechart diagram Activity diagram

Use case Diagram:

Use case diagrams are a set of use cases, actors and their relationships.They represent the use case view of a system.

A use case represents a particular functionality of a system.

So use case diagram is used to describe the relationships among thefunctionalities and their internal/external controllers. These controllers are

known as actors.

Sequence Diagram:

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram. From the name it is clear that

the diagram deals with some sequences, which are the sequence ofmessages flowing from one object to another.

Interaction among the components of a system is very important fromimplementation and execution perspective.

So Sequence diagram is used to visualize the sequence of calls in a system

to perform a specific functionality.

Collaboration Diagram:

Collaboration diagram is another form of interaction diagram. It represents

the structural organization of a system and the messages sent/received.Structural organization consists of objects and links.

The purpose of collaboration diagram is similar to sequence diagram. But the

specific purpose of collaboration diagram is to visualize the organization ofobjects and their interaction.


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Statechart Diagram:

Any real time system is expected to be reacted by some kind ofinternal/external events. These events are responsible for state change ofthe system.

Statechart diagram is used to represent the event driven state change of a

system. It basically describes the state change of a class, interface etc.

State chart diagram is used to visualize the reaction of a system by

internal/external factors.

Activity Diagram:Activity diagram describes the flow of control in a system. So it consists of

activities and links. The flow can be sequential, concurrent or branched.

Activities are nothing but the functions of a system. Numbers of activitydiagrams are prepared to capture the entire flow in a system.

Activity diagrams are used to visualize the flow of controls in a system. Thisis prepared to have an idea of how the system will work when executed.

Process flow diagram

A Process Flow Diagram - PFD - (or System Flow Diagram - SFD)shows relationships between major components in a system. A PFD alsotabulate process design values for the components in different operating

modes, typical minimum, normal and maximum values. A PFD does not

show minor components, the piping systems, piping ratings anddesignations.

A Process Flow Diagram - PFD - should include:

process piping major equipment symbols, names and identification numbers control, valves and valves that affect operation of the system


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interconnection with other systems major bypass and recirculation lines system ratings and operational values as minimum, normal and

maximum flow, temperature and pressure

composition of fluidsA Process Flow Diagrams - PFD - should not include:

pipe classes pipe line numbers minor bypass lines isolation and shutoff valves maintenance vents and drains relief and safety valves code class information

P&ID - Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of branches,

reducers, valves, equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks.

The P&ID are used to operate the process system.

A P&ID should include:

Instrumentation and designations Mechanical equipment with names and numbers All valves and their identifications Process piping, sizes and identification Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers,

increasers and swagers

Permanent start-up and flush lines Flow directions Interconnections references Control inputs and outputs, interlocks Interfaces for class changes Seismic category Quality level Annunciation inputs Computer control system input Vendor and contractor interfaces Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others Intended physical sequence of the equipment Equipment rating or capacity
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/p-id-piping-instrumentation-diagram-d_466.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/p-id-piping-instrumentation-diagram-d_466.html


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This figure depict a very small and simplified P&ID:

A P&ID should not include:

Instrument root valves control relays manual switches primary instrument tubing and valves pressure temperature and flow data elbow, tees and similar standard fittings extensive explanatory notes

Isometric drawing

Isometric drawings are 3D drawings. They show

three sides, all in dimensional proportion, but noneare shown as a true shape with 90 degree corners.

All the vertical lines are drawn vertically but all


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horizontal lines are drawn at 30 degrees to the base line. Isometric is an

easy method of drawing 3D images.

Another method but rarely

used

Oblique drawings are also used inengineering. The object is drawn with the

most distinguishing features facing directlytowards the observer, showing the true

shape of these features. Circular features likeround holes can be drawn on this front face as true circles. In other 3Dforms, circular features must be drawn as ellipses.

To show the 3D effect, parallel lines (called 'lines of sight') are drawn fromthe front face at an angle.

The cavalier method is the simplest

form of oblique projection.All features in the oblique

projection view are drawn to thesame scale eg 1:1, and the lines of

sight are drawn at 45 to thehorizontal as shown in the diagram.

The lines of sight may appear todiverge excessively and so the

shape may appear to be very much. Other methods of oblique proportion tryto reduce these distorting effects, usually by reducing the scale used along

the lines of sight to half that used for the features facing the observer tocreate the appearance of depth.

There are two broad caetgories of process diagrams and then are again divided into sub.docx

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