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For further information Contact:

Paryavaran Parisar,E-5, Arera Colony, PB No. 563,Bhopal-462 016 MP (India),Fon +91-755-2466715, 2461538, 2461348, Fax +91-755-2466653 dmi@dmibhopal.nic.inwww.dmibhopal.nic.in

Disaster Management Institute

International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbHCapacity Building International, GermanyFriedrich-Ebert-Allee 4053113 BonnFon +49 228 4460-0Fax +49 228 4460-1766www.inwent.org

InWEnt -

DMIBhopal

Theme -15

Industrial Disaster Response

gtz-ASEMThe Advisory Services in Environmental Management (ASEM) Programme, is a joint programme of the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supports several environment related projects in India through GTZ. ASEM focuses on seven major thrust areas -Sustainable Industrial Development, Sustainable Urban Development, Sustainable Consumption and Consumer Protection, Sustainable Environmental Governance and the cross cutting areas. Climate Change and Human Resource Development. Public PrivatePartnership (PPP) project with Indian and German companies contribute towards identified project activities. Detailed Information can be explored using our WEB sites:

www.asemindia.comwww.hrdp-net.in

InWEnt - Qualified to Shape the FutureInWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany, is a non-profit organisation with worldwide operations dedicated to human resource development, advanced training, and dialogue. Our capacity building programmes are directed at experts and executives from politics, administration, the business community, and civil society. We are commissioned by the German federal government to assist with the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. in addition, we provide the German business sector with support for public private partnership projects. Through exchange programmes, InWEnt also offers young people from Germany the opportunity to gain professional experience abroad.

Detailed Information can be explored using our WEB sites:www.inwent.org

Disaster Management Institute(DMI) BhopalThe Disaster Management Institute (DMI) was set up in 1987 by the Government of Madhya Pradesh (GoMP) as an autonomous organization in the aftermath of the industrial disaster in Bhopal.Since inception, DMI has built vast experience in preparation of both On-site and Off-site Emergency Management Plans, Safety Audit, Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment, Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), etc.The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) constituted under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister selected DMI as a member of the Core Groupfor preparation of the National Disaster Management Guidelines- Chemical Disaster.It is a matter of pride that NDMA has selected DMI for conducting Mock Exercises onchemical (industrial) Disaster Management at key industrial locations in the country.The Ministry of Environment and Forests, InWEnt and gtz-ASEM Germany have recognized DMI as a Nodal Training Institutes for capacity building in industrial DisasterRisk Management.

www.HRDP-iDRM.in

MoEFThe Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrativestructure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, coordination andoverseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programmes.The Ministry also serves as the nodal agency in the country for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP), International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and for the follow-up of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). The Ministry is also entrusted with issues relating to multilateral bodies suchas the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), Global Environment Facility (GEF) and of regional bodies like Economic and Social Council for Asia and Pacific(ESCAP) and South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) on matters pertaining to the environment.

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

FEDERAL REPUBLICOF GERMANY

COOPERATIONREPUBLIC OF

INDIA

Capacity Building InternationaleGermany

in ent

DisclaimerThough all care has been taken while researching and compiling thecontents provided in this booklet. DMI-InWEnt-gtz-ASEM accept noliability for its correctness.The reader is advised to confirm specifications and health hazardsdescribed in the booklet before taking any steps, suitability of actionrequires verifications through other sources also.Information provided here does not constitute an endorsement orrecommendation.

Chief Editor

Editors

Support

Published under

InWEnt

Disaster Management Institute

GTZ ASEMAdvisory Service in Environmental Management

Praveen Garg, IAS, Executive Director, DMI, Bhopal, India

Dr. Rakesh Dubey, Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaFlorian Bemmerlein-Lux, Sr. Advisor, InWEnt, Germany

Sudheer Dwivedi, Dy. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaDr. Asit Patra, Asstt. Director, DMI, Bhopal, IndiaNeeraj Pandey, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaAmit Kumar Dadhich, Content Manager, InWEnt IndiaHuda Khan, Content Manager, InWEnt India

InWEnt-gtz-ASEM Capacity Development Programme for industrial Disaster Risk Management (iDRM)

Edition 1, 2010

International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbHCapacity Building International, Germany Division for Environment, Energy and WaterLützowufer 6-9, 10785 Berlin, GermanyDr. Christina KamlagePhone +49 30 25487-117christina.kamlage@inwent.orgSteffi MallingerPhone +49 30 25487-116steffi.mallinger@inwent.org

Paryavaran Parisar, E-5, Arera Colony, PB No. 563Bhopal-462 016 MP (India),Fon +91-755-2466715, 2461538, 2461348, Fax +91-755-2466653 www.hrdp-iDRM.in

A-33, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi 110049Fon +91-11-26528840Fax +91-11-26537673www.asemindia.com

Imprint

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Contents

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. Incident

5.1.

6.1.

.

. Glossary

. References

Why emergency response ?

Emergency Levels

Causes of the emergencies

Characteristics of the released hazardous chemicals

Response System (IRS)

NDMA inititatives

6. The Incident Response Teams (IRTs) at State and District Levels

MOEF initiatives

7. Consequences of chemical releases

7.1 Typical impacts on health

7.2 Typical demands on health services

7.3 What the assessment IC should focus on

7.4 Interventions/Response likely to be needed: Specific health/medical

interventions

7.5 Other critical public health interventions

8. What to do in response to a warning

9. What IC needs to do when a disaster strikes

9.1 Sequence of actions

9.2 Preliminaries to be done 'immediately' in all cases

9.3 Points to remember

9.4 Emergency, health and rehabilitation services

9.5 Population Displacements

9.6 Managing stress

9.7 Personal emergency kits

10 Conclusion

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1 2

Since response mechanism in brief at one place is not available especially for the event of chemical (industrial) disaster, hence this module provides an insight view to administration for quick response. This module is amalgam of provisions made by the Ministry of Environment and Forests under Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and the initiatives taken by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).

1. Why emergency response ?

The module provides brief structure for implementing the district level response action and operational coordination for all types of industrial (chemical) accidents. Response mechanism defines basic roles, responsibilities and operational concepts for response across all levels of Government, NGOs and the private sector. The overarching objective of response activities centres upon saving lives and protecting property and the environment.

Presently the status of response mechanism is as:

a. Lack of accountability because of ad-hoc and emergent nature of arrangements and no prior training for effective performance; b. Lack of an orderly and systematic planning process; c. Unclear chain of command and supervision of response activity; d. Lack of proper communication, inefficient use of available resources, use of conflicting codes and terminology and no prior communication plan; e. Lack of predetermined method / system to effectively integrate inter-agency requirements into the disaster management structures and planning process;

f. Lack of coordination between the first responders and individuals, professionals and NGOs with specialised skills during the response phase; and g. Lack of use of common terminology for different resources resulting in improper requisitioning and inappropriate resource mobilisation etc. In view of the paradigm shift towards improved pre-disaster preparedness, there is an

Different disasters require different types of expertise for response. Thus, in case of rescue and relief in natural disaster, it will generally be the local Police and the NDRF / SDRF, in case of Fire it will be the Fire department, in case of drought it will be the Agriculture department, in case of Epidemics and other Biological disasters it will be the Health department, while in case of chemical/industrial disaster along with Police, Health and Fire departments will have to play the lead role and the remaining departments will have to play the supporting role as per requirement and their core competencies. The Chief Coordinator at the district level is District Collector with the support from various departments.

Emergencies can be categorised into three broad levels on the basis of seriousness and response requirements, namely:-

(a) Level One : This is an emergency or an incident which- (i) can be effectively and sefely managed, and contained within the site, location or installation by the available resources; (ii) has no, impact outside the site, location or installation.

(b) Level two : This is an emergency or an incident which- (i) cannot be effectively and safely managed or contained at the location or installation by available resources and additional support is alerted or required; (ii) is having or has the potential to have an effect beyond the site, location or installation and where external support of mutual aid partners may be involved; (iii) is likely to be danger to life, environment or to industrial assets or reputation.

(c) Level Three : This is an emergency or an incident with off-site impact which couldbe catastrophic and is likely to affect the population, property and environment inside and outside the installation, and management and control is done by district administration. Although the Level-III emergency falls under the perview of District Authority but till they step in, it should be responsibility of the unit to manage the emergency.

Level I and Level II emergency are generally considered as on-site emergency while Level III is off-site emergency.

Industrial emergency occurs due to release of chemicals from an industry. Chemicals are stored in bulk at various storage conditions like at high pressure and or high temperature or at cryogenic conditions. Chemicals are either stored in gaseous phase or liquid or in both phases. When these chemicals released out into the atmosphere, then based on their nature these chemicals either will ignite and may explode or if it is toxic then will spread in a plume in the local area.

The behaviour of the chemicals is shown in Fig-2.

3. Causes of the emergencies

4

urgent need for a proper and a well prepared response system which would have:-

a. Well thought out pre-designated roles for each member of the response team; b. Systematic and complete planning process; c. System of accountability for the IRT (Incident response team) members; d. Clear cut chain of command; e. Effective resource management; f. Proper and coordinated communication set up; g. System for effectively integrating independent agencies into the planning and command structure without infringing on the independence of the concerned agencies; and h. Integration of community resources in the response effort.

Response doctrine with the four pillars knowledge, experience, skills and attitude can be made effective (Fig-1).

The following five key principles of operations define response mechanism:

1. Engaged partnership 2. Tiered response 3. Scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational capabilities 4. Unity of effort through unified command 5. Readiness to act

The Disaster Management Act 2005 is umbrella act and describes the instruments and mechanism for all types of the disasters. For chemical (industrial) emergency, provisions have been made through Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MS and IHC) Rules 1989 and Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, preparedness and response) (CAEPPR) Rules 1996 under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and line ministry is Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), GOI. The module describes the initiatives of NDMA and the MOEF so that in real crisis the response mechanism should be effective through amalgamation.

Response mechanism differs with the severity level of emergency. Emergency incidents are classified according to their severity and potential impacts, so that appropriate emergency response operations can be implemented.

2. Emergency Levels

Fig-1

3

4. Characteristics of the released hazardous chemicals

For proper and effective response mechanisms it is essential to know the characteristics of the released hazardous chemicals. The characteristics of the chemicals can be determined either knowing toxicity or inflammability. The following paragraphs help in understanding the nature of chemicals (MS and IHC rules 1989).

(a) Toxic Chemicals: Chemicals having the following values of acute toxicity and which owing to their physical and chemical properties, are capable of producing major accident hazards:

(b) Flammable Chemicals :o (i) flammable gases: Gases which at 20 C and at standard pressure of 101.3KPa

are :- (a) ignitable when in a mixture of 13 percent or less by volume with air, or ; (b) have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the lower flammable limits.

The flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with methods adopted by International Standards Organisation ISO Number 10156 of 1990 or by Bureau of Indian Standard BISNumber 1446 of 1985.

(ii) extremely flammable liquids : chemicals which o have flash point lower than or equal to 23 C and

o boiling point less than 35 C.

(iii) very highly flammable liquids : chemicals which have a flash point lower o o than or equal to 23 C and initial boiling point higher than 35 C.

(iv) highly flammable liquids : chemicals which have a flash point lower than o o or equal to 60 C but higher than 23 C.

S.No. Toxicity Oral toxicityLD (mg/kg)50

Dermal toxicity LD (mg/kg)50

Inhalation toxicity

LC (mg/l)50

1. Extremely toxic <0.5<5 <40

2. Highly toxic >0.5-2.0>5-50 >40-200

3. Toxic >2-10>50-200 >200-1000

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Fig-2

Final eventFinal event Final event

Toxic releaseFire Explosion

Heavy

Light

Jet fire

Flash fire

Pool fire

Fireball

VCE

BLEVE

Missiles

Start

Initial event

Data inputchemical properties

meteorological conditionsoperating conditions

Stop

Mapping visualisation

Final event analysis

Outflow

Two Phase releaseLiquid release Gas release

5. Incident Response System (IRS)

5.1 NDMA initiatives

To respond the emergency management NDMA has developed guidelines on Incident Response System (IRS) and guidelines on chemical (industrial) disaster management. MOEF, has notified the CA (EPPR) Rules 1996. Module will deal in brief one by one:

The Incident Response System (IRS), developed by NDMA in 2010, is an effective mechanism for reducing the scope for ad-hoc measures in response. It incorporates all the tasks that may be performed during Disaster Management irrespective of their level of complexity. Organisation functions through Incident Response Teams (IRTs) in the field, inline with their administrative structure and DM Act 2005. Responsible Officers (ROs) have been designated at the State and District level as overall in charge of the incident response management. The RO may however delegate responsibilities to the Incident Commander (IC), who in turn will manage the incident through IRTs. The IRTs will be pre-designated at all levels; State, District, Sub-Division and Tehsil/Block. On receipt of early warning, the RO will activate them. In case a disaster occurs without any warning, the local IRT will respond and contact RO for further support, if required. A Nodal Officer (NO) has to be designated for proper coordination between the District, State and National level in activating effective response.

Apart from the RO and Nodal Officer (NO), the IRS has two main components; a) Command Staff and b) General Staff. The structure is shown in Fig-3.

o (vi) flammable liquids : chemicals which have a flash point higher than 60 C o but lower than 90 C.

(C) Explosives : explosives mean a solid or liquid or pyrotechnic substance (or a mixture of substances) or an article:-

(a) which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings ;

(b) which is designed to produce an effect by heat, light, sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as the result of non-detonative self sustaining exothermic chemical reaction.Pollution Control Board and Chief Inspectorate of Factories or Controller of Explosiveswill confirm the properties of the released chemicals based on the above properties.

7

5.1.1 Command Staff: The Command Staff consists of Incident Commander (IC), Information & Media Officer (IMO), Safety Officer (SO) and Liaison Officer (LO). They report directly to the IC and may have assistants. The Command Staff may or may not have supporting organisations under them. The main function of the Command Staff is to assist the IC in the discharge of his/her functions and it has been discussed in brief as:-

a. The Incident Commander (IC) will i. obtain information on situation status like number of people and the area affected etc.; availability and procurement of resources; requirement of facilities, Staging Area, Incident Base, Camp, Relief Camp, etc.; availability and requirement of Communication system; future weather behavior from IMD; and any other information required for response from all available sources and analyse the situation. ii. establish immediate priorities, including search and rescue and relief distribution strategies; iii. assess requirements for maintenance of law and order, traffic etc.; if any at the incident site, and make arrangements with help of the local police; iv. brief higher authorities about the situation; v. ensure that adequate safety measures for responders and affected communities are in place; vi. ensure proper coordination between all sections of the IRTs.

Fig-3

Liaison Officer

COMMANDSTAFF

Operations Section Planing Section Logistics SectionGENERAL

STAFF

Information & Media Officer

Safety Officer

INCIDENT COMMANDER Deputy

Nodal Officer(Air operations)

RESPONSIBLE OFFICER

8

b. Information and Media Officer (IMO) The news media are important partners in an emergency. The media and individual journalists can provide vital information; they may have been in areas not visited by anyone from government side and have talked with people of the affected area. IMO should encourage them to keep informed of what they see. Respond when possible. At all times foster goodwill and cooperation with the news media. Give them constant updates, informal interviews etc. They will respond with informed reporting. Encourage them to share your vision for long-term effective assistance. When dealing with media the following points need to be remembered:

Preparing for an interview Anticipate the questions they will ask and think of the message you want to convey. Work out exactly what you are going to say. Stick to it. Never assume the media understands the terminology you are employing. Remember that their audience is the average man in the street. The more understandable you are, the more time they will give you. In case of fire, for example in

2 place of saying that the zone of 37.5 kW/m of heat radiation is Y meters will carry no message to public, one should say that upto Y meters the damage will be maximum and mortality will be highest due third degree of burn. Simplify and summarise the basic points, repeat them with emphasis during the interview. Take command of the interview. If you have something important to say, say it. Do not be side-tracked into answering other questions which you feel are not relevant. Prepare handouts, emphasising the main points of your statements.

Points to remember

-Stick to facts, and put them in context. -There is no such thing as 'off-the-record'. -Be careful what you say in the presence of journalists, even after a formal interview is finished and at social gatherings. -Do not mention weaknesses.

Hints on issuing a press release Your key point should be in the first paragraph. The text needs to be brief (maximum one A4 page). The title and the opening line are the most important part: they need to grab attention and encourage people to read on. Avoid referencing academic work or text, refer to people or researchers. Use a language that is appropriate for the audience.

9 10

If you are working with a particular newspaper or radio/television station, you may need to do some research about their editorial style. Translate materials into local languages. Have regular resource persons/ journalists available to do this.

c. Roles and Responsibilities of Liaison Officer (LO) The LO is the focal point of contact for various line departments, SDRF, NDRF, representatives of NGOs, etc. participating in the response. The LO is the point of contact to assist the first responders, cooperating agencies and line departments. LO may be designated depending on the number of agencies involved and the spread of affected area.

d. Roles and Responsibilities of Safety Officer (SO) The SO's function is to develop and recommend measures for ensuring safety of personnel, and to assess and/or anticipate hazardous and unsafe situations. The SO is authorised to stop or prevent unsafe acts. SO may also give general advice on safety of affected communities. He/She should ensure the lacunae in compliance of existing safety regulations at the incident site.

5.1.2 General Staff: The General Staff has three components which are as follows:-

a. Operations Section (OS): The OS is responsible for directing the required tactical actions to meet incident objectives. Management of disaster may not immediately require activation of Branch, Division and Group. Expansion of the OS depends on the enormity of the situation and number of different types and kinds of functional Groups required in the response management. This section is responsible for operational movement of food, water, vehicles and other materials and equipments at those places where there is need. The Staging Area (SA) will be established at a suitable area near the affected site for immediate, effective and quick deployment of resources.

b. Planning Section (PS): The PS is responsible for collection, evaluation and display of incident information, maintaining and tracking resources, preparing the Incident Action Plan (IAP) and other necessary incident related documentation. They will assess the requirement of additional resources, propose from where it can be mobilised and keep IC informed. This section also prepares the demobilisation plan. c. Logistics Section (LS): The LS is responsible for providing facilities, services, materials, equipments and other resources in support of the incident response. The Section Chief participates in development and implementation of the IAP, activates and supervises Branches and Units of his/her section. In order to ensure prompt and smooth procurement and supply of resources as per financial rules, the Finance

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6. The Incident Response Teams (IRTs) at State and District Levels

The IRT is a team comprising of all positions of IRS organisation as shown in Fig-4 headed by Incident Commander (IC). The Operation Section (OS) helps to prepare different tactical operations as required. The PS helps in obtaining different information and preparing plans as required. The Logistic Section (LS) assesses the availability and requirement of resources and takes action for obtaining them. IRTs will function at State, District, Sub-Division and the Tehsil / Block levels. As per the NDMA guidelines, these teams will respond to all natural and man-made disasters.

The lowest administrative unit (Sub-Division, Tehsil or Block) will be the first responder as the case may be. If the incident becomes complex and is beyond the control of local IRT, the higher level IRT will be informed and they will take over the response management. In such cases the lower level IRT will merge with higher level IRT. When a lower level of IRT (e.g. Block / Tehsil) merges with a higher level (e.g. Sub-Division, District or State), the role of IC of lower level of IRT will change. When the Block level IRT merges with Sub-Division level IRT, IC of the Block level may play the role of Deputy IC or any other duty that the IC of higher authority assigns. This process will be applicable at all levels.

In any disaster response, the initial efforts would always be taken by the District Administration. However, when Districts are overwhelmed in any situation, the support necessarily has to come from the State and National level. While the IRS is mainly relevant at the basic functional level, it is absolutely necessary that the support functionaries from the State and the National level also confirm to the principles of IRS in the emergency support duties. This will be greatly beneficial for the proper coordination of the various response efforts at the National and State level with that of the District. It is therefore necessary to clearly understand the structure of the IRS in the context of State response. The hierarchical representation of RO with State EOC, Headquarters IRT and its lower level of IRTs at State level are shown in Fig-5.

IRT District - B

INCIDENT COMMANDER

IRT District - C

INCIDENT COMMANDER

IRT District - A

INCIDENT COMMANDER

CHIEF SECTETARY / RO

HQ IRT State EOC

Nodal Officer(air operations)

Fig-5

Composition of the State Crisis Group

(i) Chief Secretary Chairperson(ii) Secretary (Labour) Member Secy.(iii) Secretary (Environment) Member(iv) Secretary (Health) ” (v) Secretary (Industries) ” (vi) Secretary (Public Health Engg.) ” (vii) Chairman, State Pollution Control Board ” (viii)4-Experts (Industrial Safety & Health) to ” be nominated by the State Government(ix) Secretary/Commissioner(Transport) ”(x) Director(Industrial Safety)/Chief Inspector of Factories (xi) Fire Chief ”(xii) Commissioner of Police ”(xiii)One Representative from the Industry to be ” nominated by the State Govt. ”

(d) continuously monitor the post accident situation arising out of a major chemical accident in the State and forward a report to the Central Crisis group; (e) review the progress report submitted by the District Crisis groups; (f) respond to queries addressed to it by the District Crisis groups; (g) publish a list of experts and officials in the State who are concerned with the management of chemical accidents.

6.1.2 Functions of the District Crisis Group (DCG)

(i) The District Crisis Group shall be the apex body in the district to deal with major chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling chemical accidents;(ii) The District Crisis Group shall - (a) assist in the preparation of the district off-site emergency plan; (b) review all the on-site emergency plans prepared by the occupier of Major Accident Hazards installation for the preparation of district off-site emergency plan; (c) assist the district administration in the management of chemical accidents at a site lying within the district; (d) continuously monitor every chemical accident ; (e) ensure continuous information flow from the district to the Central and State Crisis Group regarding accident situation and mitigation efforts; (f) forward a report of the chemical accident within fifteen days to the State Crisis Group; (g) conduct at least one full scale mock-drill of a chemical accident at a site each year and forward a report of the strength and weakness of the plan to the State Crisis Group.

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6.1 MOEF initiatives

As per Chemical Accidents (Emergency planning, preparedness and response) (CAEPPR) Rules 1996, four tier of Crisis Groups arrangement have been made. The State, District and Local are more important and the same have been briefed as:

6.1.1 Functions of the State Crisis Group (SCG)

(i) The State Crisis Group shall be the apex body in the State to deal with major chemical accidents and to provide expert guidance for handling major chemical accidents. (ii) The State Crisis Group shall- (a) review all district off-site emergency plans in the State with a view to examine its adequacy in accordance with the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules and forward a report to the Central Crisis Group once in three months; (b) assist the State Government in managing chemical accidents at a site; (c) assist the State Government in the planning, preparedness and mitigation of major chemical accidents in the State;

At district level the IRT looks as shown in Fig-6 where District Collector is overall in charge as IC and other sub-division’s officers work as IC of the respective sub-division/ IRTs.

Fig-7

INCIDENT COMMANDER

Information and Media Officer

Safety Officer Liaison Officer

Deputy

Fig-6

HQ IRT

Nodal Officer(air operations)

DISTRICT MAGISTRATE / RO

District EOC

INCIDENT COMMANDER

Sub-Division IRT

INCIDENT COMMANDER

Tehsil IRT

INCIDENT COMMANDER

Block IRT

Fig-7 gives the composition of Command staff in the IRS organisation.

13

Composition of the Local Crisis Groups

(i) Sub-divisional Magistrate / District Chairperson Emergency Authority(ii) Inspector of Factories Member Secy.(iii) Industries in the District/Industrial area/ Member industrial pocket(iv) Transporters of Hazardous Chemicals ” (2 Numbers)(v) Fire Officer ”(vi) Station House Officer (Police) ”(vii) Block Development Officer ” (viii) One Representative of Civil Defence ”(ix) Primary Health Officer ” (x) Editor of local News paper ” (xi) Community leader/Sarpanch/Village ” Pradhan nominated by Chair-person(xii) One Representative of Non-Government ” Organisation to be nominated by the Chair-person(xiii) Two Doctors eminent in the Local area, to ” be nominated by Chair-person(xiv) Two Social Workers to be nominated by the ” Chair-person

7. Consequences of chemical releases

To help district/local administration to act effectively and efficiently in response to emergency situations which has an impact on people's health and other services during industrial disasters, industry is characterised by the following components:

-Storage vessels of chemicals, these chemicals may be toxic or inflammable in nature. -Piping systems for transportation of the chemicals, solvents, water, steams, etc. to the process area. -Process area where reaction takes places at various temperature, pressure in reaction vessels. -Topography and landuse pattern along with the local community in the area.

There are always possibilities of the release of these chemicals either due to material

16

Composition of the District Crisis Group

(i) District Collector Chairperson(ii) Inspector of Factories Member Secy.(iii) District Energy Officer Member (iv) Chief Fire Officer Member(v) District Information Officer ” (vi) Controller of Explosives ” (vii) Chief, Civil Defence ” (viii) One Representative of Trade Unions to be nominated by the District Collector ” (ix) Deputy Superintendent of Police (x) District Health Officer/Chief Medical Officer ” (xi) Commissioner, Municipal Corporations ”(xii) Representative of the Department of Public Health Engineering ”(xiii) Representative of Pollution Control Board ”(xiv) District Agriculture Officer ” (xv) 4 Experts (Industrial Safety & Health) to be ” nominated by the District Collector(xvi) Commissioner (Transport) ”(xvii) One Representative of Industry to be nominated ” by the District Collector(xviii) Chair-person/Member-Secretary of Local ” Crisis Groups

6.1.3 Functions of the Local Crisis Group (LCG)

(i) The Local Crisis Group shall be the body in the industrial pocket to deal with chemical accidents and coordinate efforts in planning, preparedness and mitigation of a chemical accident; (ii) The Local Crisis Group shall- (a) prepare local emergency plan for the industrial pocket; (b) ensure dovetailing of the local emergency plan with the district off-site emergency plan; (c) train personnel involved in chemical accident management; (d) educate the population likely to be affected in a chemical accident about the remedies and existing preparedness in the area; (e) conduct at least one full scale mock-drill of a chemical accident at a site every six months and forward a report to the District Crisis Group; (f) respond to all public inquiries on the subject.

15

failure of the pipes or vessels or due to high pressure and high temperature. Release is also due to human faults. The released chemical may be of toxic in nature like chlorine, ammonia, etc or inflammable like hydrogen, LPG, etc. creating losses to human life environment and property.

The behaviour of the released chemical is depicted in flow diagram as Fig-2. In summary the consequence of the released chemical will be either fire or explosion if it is flammable. The term like BLEVE, VCE used in the flow diagram are discussed in other modules. The toxic chemical will spread in the form of toxic cloud and the behaviour of the cloud will depend on the climatic conditions and on the amount of the released chemical.

FireIndustrial and transportation accidents involving toxic chemicals and pollution incidents associated, occur at various places. Sudden acuteincidents may occur as a result of a fire, explosion or otheraccident in the handling of chemicals at an industrial or storage site, the impact of a natural disaster or terrorist attack on such sites, or during the transportation of hazardous chemicals.

Industrial FireSilent releases may occur from industrial or storage sites due to undetected leaks, or from waste sites. Outbreaks of illness may be the first sign of such releases. Exposure may be limited to people within the site, or extend to the public outside via air or water pollution or, more slowly, through the contamination of soil and food.

Problems are compounded when pre-emergency medical and paramedical services are lacking and occupational health is undeveloped as a medical speciality.

Direct impacts -Deaths and serious injuries from explosions, building collapses and transport accidents. -Burns. -Deaths and illness/internal damage from exposure to toxic chemicals, during the release, from direct dermal exposure and inhalation later: from dermal exposure through contact with contaminated objects and ingestion of contaminated food or water.

7.1 Typical impacts on health

17 18

Some effects, e.g. eye or skin irritation, broncho constriction or central nervous system depression, can occur within a few minutes or hours of exposure. Others may be delayed, e.g. chronic lung damage, respiratory difficulties and cancers.

Accidents involving volatile hydrocarbon compounds, herbicides, ammonia or chlorine have particularly serious public health effects.

Low socio-economic status populations living near hazardous sites (including storage sites) are particularly at risk. People with diabetes or asthma, and smokers, may be particularly susceptible.

Indirect impact -Psychological and psychosocial effects: fear and anxiety, increase in disease and non-specific medical symptoms -Social disruption if people are displaced; economic costs

In case of an explosion or transport accident: -treatment of casualties -psychological trauma care

In case of an incident involving release of toxic chemicals: -assessment of public health risks, decision on 'best outcome' approach to managing the situation, implementation of measures to protect people and their environment (by public health services) -treatment and monitoring of exposed people (by medical services) -None (unless a health facility or staff and directly affected)

Number of casualties requiring treatment for injuries or burns When there is a (suspected) chemical emergency: -The source and type of contaminants, the magnitude of the release, the likely dispersion pattern, the specific public health risks and the populations at risk. -The exposure of individual people at the site, first responders, surrounding population (through environmental and personal/ biological monitoring based on sampling, questionnaires and surrogate markers). -Health effects, initially acute effects then longer-term effects (data on functional, physical, morbidity and mortality outcomes). -The capacity of local services to respond appropriately with qualified personnel protective equipment, specific antidotes, diagnostic capacity, decontamination facilities, etc.

7.2 Typical demands on health services

7.3 What the assessment IC should focus on

agree on arrangements for initial on-the-spot investigations assessments and reporting if/when a disaster does occur ask for on-site emergency plan of the concerned industry from occupier to get authentic information start reviewing the off-site emergency plan prepared by district administration Put all the first responders (fire, police, medical) staff on alert to take appropriate action on demand. Be ready with ambulances and fire fighters. Check the readiness of telecommunication and information management systems. Assemble basic information on the threatened areas, maps showing impacts zones affected by toxic releases, explosion, fire, etc. and information should be to the scale and should look like as: up-to-date information on transport and stocks of drinking water, sanitation, medicines and health care, shelters, relief distribution like food, clothing, etc. inform higher offices like district collector of the district and or divisional commissioner with the present and future situation likely to be escalated where state level or national level support may be required. include information on which action is required immediately by the government and others, to minimise the losses. in case of interstate implications, take immediate steps and arrange to pass information to neighbouring state (s) through Chief Secretary without delay and if required ready to mobilise resources from neighbouring state and also set ready to deploy the resources to the neighbouring state.

Fig-8 shows the normal sequence of local/district office actions at the beginning of an emergency.

While the 'preliminaries' listed below must be completed rapidly, the first priority is to assure the safety of staff and the ability of the local/district office to function and provide whatever support needed to the victims. If the office itself has been affected, check the safety of the office (if accessible), determine whether any staff needs assistance, and check the functionality of office systems. If necessary, establish a temporary office in other available premises which is safe. Call all important departments and hold a meeting to assess the situations and probable action points.

The following are things a local/district office should do within a few hours after

9. What IC needs to do when a disaster strikes

9.1 Sequence of actions

9.2 Preliminaries to be done 'immediately' in all cases

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7.4 Interventions/Response likely to be needed: Specific health/medical interventions

7.5 Other critical public health interventions

8. What to do in response to a warning

Registration, diagnostic testing, treatment and monitoring of exposed individuals, with advice from the nearest poison centre (in case of chemical poisoning).

Analysis of options to manage the situation and selection of the 'best public health outcome option' taking account of weather forecasts and environmental modelling predictions of the likely dispersion of chemical pollutants in the area and/or water courses. Definition of 'hot', 'warm' and 'cold' zones around the scene of the accident; excluding all persons without protective clothing from the hot and warm zones. Information to the public on risks and precautions: e.g. sheltering from air pollution (staying indoors and closing all windows), restrictions if water, soil or food supplies are contaminated. Evacuation, if necessary, and provision of essential services at the evacuation sites (if health risks are acute). Prevention or containment of fire-fighting water run-off (using drainage ditches or holding tanks). Monitoring the source of contamination and likely contaminated media well beyond the moment at which the release is thought to have been controlled. Remediation measures to make the environment safe and clean a range of specialist information and services are required including chemical and medical toxicology (including laboratories), environmental and medical epidemiology, and environmental and biological monitoring.

Immediately on receipt of warning of an imminent threat (e.g. a toxic release/ chemical spill, fire or explosion) the local government should take action on the following points: Contact the industry site co-ordinator and other principal partner organisations to: confirm the threat obtain additional information and coordinate preparatory actions activate any existing contingency plans Contact regulatory agencies like State Pollution Control Board, Chief Inspectorate of Factories of the areas concerned to: exchange information arrange for them to take appropriate precautions for their own safety and the protection of communications, vehicles, stocks and other property.

22

receipt of information concerning a new disaster or emergency situation that could call for assistance:

Activate any existing or inter-agency emergency plan: redeploy staff and reorganise the office as conditions require; check the functioning of telecommunication and information management systems. Seek extra help from other tehsils of the same districts or nearby district, if needed. Contact representative officer of the Chief Inspector of Factories Office and State Pollution Control Board, Controller of Explosives in the areas concerned to: ensure the right information like type of chemical, released amount, characteristics, likely area of impact; arrange for them to undertake an initial rapid assessment; agree arrangements and a schedule for reporting Contact the Civil Hospital of the district to: coordinate arrangements for health assessments and a concerted response among members of the district crisis group members. For security risks contact the Police department and agree on security measures to be taken; ensure that security provisions and telecommunication meet the required minimum standards and that all staff are properly briefed/trained. Look up and review basic information on the affected areas, the impact of previous disasters and lessons learned from the subsequent relief and recovery processes in those areas. (Information for all disaster-prone areas should be compiled as part of preparedness and should be available in the district headquarters.) Ensure the real press releases to: avoid rumors and ensure that electronic media should help to the local residents about do's and don'ts.

-Stick to facts, and put them in context- -There is no such thing as 'off-the-record'. Everything you say and do can be reported. Be careful what you say in the presence of journalists, even after a formal interview is finished and at social gatherings -Never make disparaging or critical remarks about local authorities or international partners -Do not mention weaknesses they might be all that is reported -Your key point should be in the first paragraph -The text needs to be brief (maximum one A4 page) -The title and the opening line are the most important part: they need to grab attention and encourage people to read on -Avoid referencing academic work or text, refer to people or researchers -Use a language that is appropriate for the audience -If you are working with a particular newspaper or radio/television station, you may

9.3 Points to remember

21

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need to do some research about their editorial style -Translate materials into local languages. Have regular resource persons/ journalists available to do this.

Advise and assist the health department and other organisations, if required, in providing emergency services, maintaining/re-establishing normal health care services, and in planning and organising services for displaced people, nutritional rehabilitation where needed, and physical rehabilitation for disabled people. Assist the MoH and other authorities in obtaining necessary technical information and advice in case of a chemical incident or radiation accident.

People may become displaced when: their homes and/or livelihoods are destroyed by a sudden disaster, their means of livelihood are undermined by crisis; or they are subjected to unbearable discrimination or persecution. They are entitled for civil protection and the assistance of the local government. Proper camp of stay and medical should be ensured for the victims.

Arrangement for drinking water, food, medicines, clothing, safety from theft and robbery, should be ensured. The lighting, security, and pests should be in the priority of the IC.

Population displacement is a big challenge hence care should be taken that the members of the response team should be safe, hence they should have personal protective equipments (PPEs) as shown in right.

The camp for the displaced victims or population should be near and clean and must have provisions for other necessary amenities.

9.4 Emergency, health and rehabilitation services

9.5 Population Displacements

23 24

9.6 Managing stress

9.7 Personal emergency kits

A certain level of stress can be positive and motivating and can lead to increased performance to the IRT members. Excessive cumulative stress results in poor performance, sickness and eventually 'burnout' (physical and mental exhaustion).

Violent and unexpected incidents can cause trauma to the affected population. They overwhelm a person's normal coping skills. The effects may be immediate or delayed and may require treatment. IC should ensure trauma care on priority.

Different individuals react differently and have different capacities to cope with stress.

IC should make necessary arrangements in the high risk area that residents should be equipped with the following basic emergency survival preparedness kit and in case of displacement residents of the affected areas should move with the following items: -Prescription medications for oneself and family members (also note if these are to be taken with food, water, milk, etc) -Eyeglasses and/or contact lenses -Infant formula and diapers -Pet food and extra water for your pet -Copies of important family documents stored in a portable, waterproof container. -These could include insurance policies, birth certificates, identification (passport ID page), bank account records, etc. -Cash, travelers checks and change -Emergency first aid reference material -Sleeping bag or blanket for each person (additional bedding in cold climate) -Complete change(s) of clothing including long sleeve shirts, pants and shoes. -Household chlorine bleach (unscented without additives) and an eyedropper. This can be used as a disinfectant (1 part bleach to 9 parts water) in extreme situations to treat water -A fire extinguisher -Strike anywhere matches in a waterproof container -Feminine personal hygiene products -Mess kits, one per person, including paper cups and plates, plastic utensils, and towels -Paper and pencil -Books, games, puzzles or other activities for children.

Depending on the personal requirements, the emergency preparedness survival kit may include some, none, all or more of the items listed above.

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Exercise

IRTs should note down the priority points required to the local need

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Incident Commanders as (1) District Collector and as (2) Chief Secretary should note down their priority by consulting NDMA guidelines and CA (EPPR) Rules............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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10 Conclusion.

IC should refer the following documents on receipt of the warning of happening any chemical (industrial) disaster: Incident Response System developed by NDMA , GOI for detail action. This is available at

National Disaster Management Guidelines Chemical Disasters (Industrial), GOI for detail action and reference. This is available at

Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 This is available atAction to be taken should be reviewed and recorded in the prescribed format as developed by NDMA. The format is given in annexure 1. IC should assess the situation and inform to upper tier for the further action. If required State Government may request for the deployment of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). Presently the location and area of responsibility of the various NDRF battalion in the country are as follows:

www.ndma.gov.in

www.ndma.gov.in

www.moef.gov.in

*Patna (Bihar) and Vijaywada (Andra Pradesh) have also been approved in principle tolocate NDRF battalions for natural disaster, and therefore, the area of responsibility will be readjusted once two NDRF battalions are made functional.

GuwahatiKolkata battalion

Arakkonam battalion

Pune battalion

Ghaziabad battalionU.P., Uttara Khand, Haryana, Delhi

Chandigarh, Punjab, J and K, Himachal Pradesh

Tamil Nadu, Kerala, South Andra Pradesh, Puduchery, A and N Islands, Lakshadweep

Orissa, Chhatisgarh, North Andra Pradesh, ( Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Vishakhapatnam)

Kolkata West Bengal, Bihar, Sikkim, Jharkhand

N.E. States

Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu

Mundali

Arakkonam

Pune

Gandhi Nagar

Bhatinda

Ghaziabad

PatnaVijaywada*

*

LocationArea of responsibilityfor natural disaster

Area of responsibilityfor CBRN emergency

Incident Briefing - IRS Form 001

1. Incident Name

Date Prepared Time Prepared

2. Map Sketch (Give detail of the affected site)

3. Summary of Current Actions

a. Action already taken

b. Action to be taken

c. Difficulties if any response including mobilisation of resources and manpower

NOTE : Attach a separate sheet under each heading in case space is not sufficient

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Pollution Control Board should make points for response on an incident considering the Fig -1....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Fire fighters, Medical care personnel, Police including the traffic police make their priority points ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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1. Incident Response System: National Disaster Management GuidelinesIncident Response System, National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India July 2010.

2. Disaster Management Act 2005

3. Emergency Response Manual, Guidelines for WHO Representatives and Country Offices in the Western Pacific Region Provisional Version, October 2003.

4. Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and its provisions and regulations and rules.

12. References

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Command staff: The command staff consists of the Information Officer, Safety Officer and Liaison Officer. They report directly to the Incident Commander and may have assistants. The command staff may or may not have supporting organisations below it.

General Staff: The group of incident management personnel reporting to the IncidentCommander. They may each have a deputy, as needed. General Staff consists of Operations Section Chief, Planning Section Chief and Logistics Section Chief.

Incident Action Plan: A plan with objectives reflecting the overall incident strategy and specific tactical actions and supporting information for an operational period. The plan may be oral or written. When written, the plan may have a number of attachments, including incident objectives, division assignment list, incident radio communication plan, medical plan, traffic plan, safety plan, incident map, etc.

Incident Command Post: Location at which primary command functions are executed.The Incident Command Post may be co-located with the incident base or at other incident facilities.

Incident Response System: The combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedure and communications operating within a common organisational structure, with responsibility for the management of assigned resources to effectively accomplish stated objectives pertaining to an incident.

Incident Response Team: The incident commander and appropriate general or command staff personnel assigned to manage an incident.

Planning Section: The Planning Section is responsible for the collection, evaluation, and display of incident information, maintaining and tracking the resources and preparing the Incident Action Plan and incident related documentation. They may also assess the requirement of more resources and keep Incident Commander informed.

Responsible Officer: The Responsible Officer is the senior most officer in the hierarchy of State and District Administration. At the State level, the Chief Secretary (Chairperson of SEC) and at the District level, the District Magistrate / District Collector (Chairperson of DDMA) will be the Responsible Officer. Such officer is the overall in-charge in the management of emergency response at the respective administrative levels.

11. Glossary

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NotesNotes

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