THE A TO Z OF..............................................................................

CORPORATE SOCIAL....................................................................................................

RESPONSIBILITY................................................................................

A Complete Reference Guide toConcepts, Codes and Organisations

Wayne VisserDirk Matten

Manfred PohlNick Tolhurst

THE A TO Z OF..........................................................

CORPORATE SOCIAL...........................................................................

RESPONSIBILITY............................................................

BOARD OF EDITORS

Katja BohmerAron Ghebremariam

Judith HennigfeldSandra S. Huble

Dirk MattenManfred PohlNick TolhurstWayne Visser

THE A TO Z OF..............................................................................

CORPORATE SOCIAL....................................................................................................

RESPONSIBILITY................................................................................

A Complete Reference Guide toConcepts, Codes and Organisations

Wayne VisserDirk Matten

Manfred PohlNick Tolhurst

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

The A to Z of corporate social responsibility : a complete reference guide to concepts, codesand organizations / edited by Wayne Visser, Dirk Matten, Manfred Pohl, Nick Tolhurst.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-72395-1 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Social responsibility of business.I. Visser, Wayne. II. Matten, Dirk. III. Pohl, Manfred. IV. Tolhurst, Nick.HD60.A22 2007658.4′08—dc22

2007041621

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-470-72395-1 (HB)

Typeset in 11.5/15pt Bembo by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall, UKThis book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry inwhich at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD vii

THE A TO Z OF CSR – INTRODUCTION ixWayne Visser and Dirk Matten

ABOUT THE EDITORS xv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xix

CONTENTS OF THE A TO Z xxxi

THE A TO Z 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 503

INDEX OF TERMS 509

FOREWORD

The original idea for an encyclopaedia of Corporate Social Respon-sibility (CSR) came from the founder of the Institute for CorporateCulture Affairs (ICCA), Professor Manfred Pohl, and its ChairmanTakis Arapoglou at the September 2004 ICCA annual meeting andconference on Corporate Ethics in Frankfurt am Main. During thecourse of this event, it became clear that debates on CSR, corporateethics and sustainability had moved beyond the stage of a specialistor niche subject and had now become an integral part of globalbusiness and society. Yet, despite this, much writing on CSR andrelated themes seemed to concentrate on the parochial or in spe-cialised areas. Another problem is the lack of a ‘common language’between business and academia in this field. Indeed, debates onCSR often involve communication between vastly different groupsin society: from international NGOs to national governments toglobal companies and the local communities in which they operate.The very scope of the debates involved, and the actors participating,leads to the necessity of a ‘common language’. Yet it is this funda-mental aspect which is at present missing – and it is this lacuna thatthis book intends to fill. What is even meant by corporate socialresponsibility? In what way are corporations viewed as citizens ofthe countries in which they operate? How does a company knowwhen it is operating in a sustainable way? And what is ethical invest-ment? As well as providing definitions to these questions, the A to Zof CSR also lists and describes the most important organisations andlandmarks in the field of CSR. What, for example, are the Global

viii F O R E W O R D......................................................................................................

Compact Principles and how did they come about? Which are themost respected ethical business indices and what do they measure?

From the autumn of 2005, members of the editorial board andworking group of the A to Z of CSR started to draw up a listof the concepts, codes and organisations to be included. In 2006and 2007 the editors identified those people in the relevant areato be approached and collated all definitions, working with over100 experts and opinion formers around the globe. With the com-pletion of this volume we are convinced that the publication willmake a timely and innovative contribution to the literature. Thebook is ultimately intended to constitute the definitive terminolog-ical encyclopaedia on CSR, Sustainability, Business Ethics and theorganisations and standards in this field.

The ICCA would like to thank all participating authors as well asall those who contributed towards the realisation of this project, inparticular the following: Malcolm Macintosh, Andrew Dunnett,Peter Lacy, Andrew Crane, Jeremy Moon, Bryan Cress, JudyMuthuri, May Seitanidi and John Luff, who have so generously con-tributed towards this publication. We greatly appreciate your time,commitment and good advice. We would also like to thank all thoseinvolved, both our members and our partners, whose inspiration andhard work contributed towards the realisation of this book. In par-ticular, we would like to thank Deutsche Bank and ICCA’s Chair-man Takis Arapoglou from the National Bank of Greece whosesteadfast support of this project made this publication possible.

Editorial board:Katja Böhmer Dirk MattenAron Ghebremariam Manfred PohlJudith Hennigfeld Nick TolhurstSandra S. Huble Wayne Visser

1 May 2007Frankfurt am Main

THE A TO Z OFCSR – INTRODUCTION

Wayne Visser and Dirk Matten

This A to Z of CSR has been compiled to help managers, con-sultants, teachers and researchers navigate their way through theplethora of terms, codes and organisations associated with CSR.We like to think of it as a jargon-busting guide to CSR. By wayof introduction, we would like to comment briefly on four aspectsof the publication, namely the context, scope, contributors andstructure.

CONTEXT‘CSR has won the battle of ideas’ – even the sceptical survey onCSR in the Economist in January 2005 conceded this much. And it istrue. While the idea has been around for some five decades by now,the last 15 years have seen an unprecedented rise of CSR language,tools, actors, strategies and practices in industry all over the world.With the fall of the iron curtain and the advent of globalisation, itis business, rather than nation state governments, that have facedgrowing demands to address issues of societal concern and to beresponsible and accountable members of our global society. Nextto these developments, it is somewhat ironic to see that the verydoctrines of Milton Friedman and his liberal friends – who severelycriticised CSR – have led us to a situation of increased demandfor CSR. The implementation of their ideas in most industrialised

x T H E A T O Z O F C S R – I N T R O D U C T I O N......................................................................................................

countries over the last two and a half decades has resulted in asituation where deregulated free markets, privatised public servicesand a liberalised global economy have put corporations right at thecentre of public concern.

But CSR as an approach to responsibly managing an organisa-tion is not just a topic for the business community. Increasingly, wesee governments involved in promoting and fostering CSR, mostnotable the UK government with its CSR minister and the EU withits White Papers and the recent European Alliance for CSR. Fur-thermore, governments themselves, which are still responsible forroughly half of the GDP in most developed democracies, increas-ingly face calls for more responsible, accountable and transparentbehaviour very similar to those addressed at corporations. Hence,governments all over the world are deeply involved in developingand implementing many of the CSR ideas explained in this volume.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), for a long time theindependent ‘conscience’ or ‘police’ which played a role in trans-lating the concerns of civil society to corporations, have recentlyalso become engaged in the CSR agenda. This has happened inpart because growing CSR practices have involved various formsof collaboration, partnerships and joint initiatives between the cor-porate and NGO sectors. Another reason, however, is the rise inmembership, budgets and global reach of these often multinationalorganisations. As such, NGOs face questions similar to those on thecorporate CSR agenda: In whose interest do they act? To whomare they accountable? What practices are they using?

CSR then is not only a topic for business, but equally a sub-ject for government and civil society or the NGO sector. Andit is by no means confined to the developed world, or even itsAnglo-American origins. Indeed, in some ways, the current growthin CSR is more marked in Europe, Japan, South Korea or Taiwan,while the rise of India and China as key players in the globaleconomy has given CSR a firm place on their agenda as well. Thepresence of big business in the developed world is even argued by

T H E A T O Z O F C S R – I N T R O D U C T I O N xi......................................................................................................

many to be one of the strongest drivers for CSR, not only forWestern multinationals, but also for indigenous companies. In fact,companies are increasingly viewed as a beacon of hope with regardto fighting poverty, promoting economic development and show-casing an alternative in otherwise often poorly governed economiesand societies.

SCOPEYou will notice that, as an encyclopaedia of CSR, we have adopteda wide and inclusive interpretation of CSR, to include relatedterms which all deal in different ways with the role of businessin society – from corporate governance, environmental manage-ment and human rights, to development, globalisation and wastemanagement, to mention just a few examples. By doing this, weacknowledge that CSR is an essentially contested idea and more ofa cluster concept, which forms only one strand in a web of relatedterms, concepts and subjects.

All in all, the A to Z of CSR features around 350 entries, includ-ing 10 Core terms, 85 Key terms, and 250 Definition terms. TheCore terms – which include accountability, business ethics, corpo-rate citizenship, corporate environmental management, corporategovernance, corporate social responsibility, corporate sustainability,health and safety, poverty and stakeholder theory – are the mostextensively discussed, including a definition of each term, how theyemerged in popular discourse, the key debates surrounding their useand any related trends. The Key terms cover similar issues, but in lessdetail, while the Definitions are short statements that encapsulatethe essence of each given term.

We had long discussions in particular about the scope of organ-isations to include, as the sheer number of NGOs, think tanks,business groups, academic units and consultancies on CSR glob-ally would have made it impossible to include all actors. We have

xii T H E A T O Z O F C S R – I N T R O D U C T I O N......................................................................................................

confined ourselves to the following criteria: we included (1) organ-isations that issue a standard or a code, (2) key organisations thatrepresent CSR regionally, and (3) a number of organisations thathistorically or by degree of their impact can be regarded as key play-ers in CSR – the latter criterion admittedly reflecting the subjectiveassessment of the editors.

CONTRIBUTORSWhat makes the A to Z of CSR distinctive, apart from its holisticand inclusive approach to CSR, is the quality of its contributors.We are fortunate to have secured the participation of most of theworld’s leading academics and practitioners on CSR. As a result,we have adopted a very ‘light touch’ to editing their contributions,since they are, after all, among the foremost experts on their givensubject areas. Some are widely known for having either introduced,popularised or defined certain terms – such as Professors ArchieCarroll on CSR, Ed Freeman on stakeholder theory, Stuart Harton poverty and the base of the pyramid model, and Richard Welfordon environmental management. Others are individuals who havehad an enormous influence on the implementation of CSR – suchas John Elkington on corporate sustainability, Mary Robinson onhuman rights, and Judge Mervyn King on corporate governance.With contributors based on all five continents the A to Z also aspiresat representing the global debate on CSR rather than just a narrowAnglo-American viewpoint.

Many contributors are leaders of organisations that are doingtremendous work related to CSR – such as Björn Stigson of theWorld Business Council for Sustainable Development, David Nuss-baum formerly of Transparency International and Valli Moosa ofthe World Conservation Union (IUCN). We are also delighted tohave secured the participation of the heads of regional CSR organi-sations – such as Aron Cramer of Business for Social Responsibility

T H E A T O Z O F C S R – I N T R O D U C T I O N xiii......................................................................................................

(North America), Hugo Vergara of Forum Empresa (Latin Amer-ica), Paul Kapelus of the African Institute for Corporate Citizenshipand Richard Welford of CSR Asia. With more than 100 contrib-utors of similarly high calibre, to whom we are most grateful fortheir time and effort, we are confident that the A to Z of CSR is themost authoritative international reference guide on CSR to date.Note that any terms without a specified author have been writtenby the editors, or extracted from the relevant organisation’s websiteand referenced accordingly.

STRUCTUREThe A to Z of CSR begins with a comprehensive list of contributors,which states their relevant title and/or organisational affiliation. Thebody of the A to Z of CSR contains all the terms arranged in alpha-betical order. And finally, several indexes allow the reader to searchthe A to Z of CSR in different ways. The Terms Index lists termsunder the broad headings of Core Terms (which tend to be around2000 words in length), Key Terms (between 500 and 750 words),and Definition Terms (100 to 250 words). The Categories Index liststerms under the following headings: CSR Terms, Regional Per-spectives on CSR, Sectoral Perspectives on CSR, CSR Codes, andCSR Organisations. And the Authors Index lists terms by author,since many contributors have written multiple entries. Each termis also cross-referenced to related terms in the encyclopaedia, so thatreaders can obtain diverse perspectives and build up a fuller pictureof the subject of their interest.

It is important to note that the content of the A to Z of CSRrepresents the views of the individual authors as they relate to eachterm, rather than those of the editors. Hence, each term credits itsauthor or other relevant source (some organisational definitions aretaken from their websites). As acting editors we were concerned, onthe one hand, to ensure that all terms are represented in an accurateand, as much as possible, balanced way. On the other hand, CSR

xiv T H E A T O Z O F C S R – I N T R O D U C T I O N......................................................................................................

as an emerging field of practice and thought is rather dynamic. Wetherefore felt it appropriate to apply a rather light editorial touch onshaping the contents, in order to keep the character of this volumeas a representation of the ongoing discourse in a contested area ofbusiness practice and theory.

We trust that you will find the A to Z of CSR a useful referenceguide in your work and welcome your feedback at w.visser@cca-institute.org and n.tolhurst@cca-institute.org

ABOUT THE EDITORS

Dr Wayne Visser is Research Director at the University ofCambridge Programme for Industry and is responsible for spear-heading a programme of research into sustainability leadership,learning and change. He is the author of four books, includingthree on the social, environmental and ethical responsibilities ofbusiness, one of which was also made into a leadership trainingvideo, as well as numerous articles and conference papers. He haslectured on corporate responsibility and sustainability at universi-ties in Finland (Turku), South Africa (Cape Town, Rhodes andStellenbosch) and the UK (Cambridge, Cardiff and Nottingham),including teaching a module on CSR in Developing Countries.Prior to joining Cambridge Programme for Industry, Wayne wasDirector of Sustainability Services for KPMG and Strategy Analystfor CAP Gemini in South Africa.

Professor Dirk Matten holds the Hewlett-Packard Chair in Cor-porate Social Responsibility and is a Professor of Policy at theSchulich School of Business, York University, Toronto. Until 2006,he had a chair in business ethics and was director of a researchcentre on sustainability issues at the Royal Holloway College ofthe University of London, UK. He has 12 books and edited col-lections and more than 150 journal articles, book chapters and

xvi A B O U T T H E E D I T O R S......................................................................................................

conference papers to his name. Professor Matten has taught andundertaken research at academic institutions in Australia, Belgium,Britain, Canada, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy andthe US. His work has won numerous international awards, mostrecently the ‘Max Weber Textbook Award’ of the Institut derDeutschen Wirtschaft, awarded by Germany’s deputy chancellorFranz Müntefering in November 2006 in Berlin.

Professor Manfred Pohl is the founder and CEO of the Institutefor Corporate Culture Affairs (ICCA). Born in Bliesransbach, Ger-many, in 1944, he received his PhD in History from the Universityof Saarbrücken, Germany, in 1972. Since 1972 he has been anHonorary Professor at the University of Frankfurt. He is currentlythe Deputy Chairman of the European Association for BankingHistory e.V. and of Konvent für Deutschland e.V. In October2001 he received the European Award for Culture at the Euro-pean Parliament in Strasbourg. From June 2002 Manfred Pohl washead of the Corporate Cultural Affairs department at DeutscheBank in Frankfurt, responsible for all cultural activities as well ascharitable donations and sponsoring within Deutsche Bank globallybefore retiring in May 2006. Professor Pohl has written over a hun-dred books, articles and monographs on topics as varied as businesshistory, culture, politics, ethics and travel.

Nick Tolhurst is Managing Director of the Institute for CorporateCulture Affairs (ICCA) which he joined in April 2004. Before join-ing ICCA, Nick Tolhurst worked for the British Foreign Ministryin Germany, advising British companies in Germany and Germancompanies investing in the UK. Previously, Nick Tolhurst workedfor the European Commission at DG II (Economics and Finan-cial Affairs) preparing for the introduction of the Euro in differingcultures and economic systems. Nick Tolhurst studied at LondonMetropolitan University (UK) and completed a Masters’ Degreeat Osnabrück University (Germany) both in European Studies

A B O U T T H E E D I T O R S xvii......................................................................................................

specialising in Economics and in Cultural Studies. His thesisdissertation was on the role of differing cultural and economic con-texts with regard to the European Monetary Union process. NickTolhurst has written and edited publications on CSR, CorporateCulture, Sustainability and Economics including, most recently, theICCA Handbook on CSR.

OTHER MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIALBOARD

Katja Böhmer has been Project Manager at ICCA since 2004.She is editor of ICCA’s CSR Globe – global database and commu-nication platform for companies’ CSR activities and is responsiblefor content management in ICCA’s communications. Katja Böhmerstudied international business at the accadis Bad Homburg Academyin Germany and at Northumbria University, Newcastle in theUnited Kingdom.

Aron Ghebremariam has been CSR project advisor at ICCAsince 2005. Aron Ghebremariam received his MBA from theUniversity of Natal in South Africa after obtaining his first degreeat Asmara University in Eritrea where he also worked for two yearsas part of the academic staff. He is currently completing his onPhD at Frankfurt University, Faculty of Economics and BusinessAdministration, focusing on Corporate Social Responsibility andbusiness strategy.

Judith Hennigfeld is a Senior Advisor focusing on social and envi-ronmental sustainability issues in the area of international relations,a field in which she has worked for more than ten years in total.Her clients have included the United Nations, the European Com-mission and the German Technical Cooperation. From 2004 untilthe end of 2006 she was the Managing Director of the Institute for

xviii A B O U T T H E E D I T O R S......................................................................................................

Corporate Culture Affairs (ICCA). Previously she served for morethan four years on the UN Development Programme in New York,where she was Programme Officer in the Bureau for DevelopmentPolicy. From 1991 to 1993 Ms. Hennigfeld was a Fulbright scholar,graduating with an MSW from Hunter College, School of SocialWork at the City University of New York. Judith Hennigfeld isco-editor of The ICCA Handbook on Corporate Social Responsibility,published in 2006 by Wiley.

Sandra Silvia Huble holds a degree in business administrationfrom the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main,Germany. In 1992, Sandra Huble joined Deutsche Bank workingin both the Private Wealth Management and Corporate SocialResponsibility Departments. Between 2003 and 2005 she wasManaging Director of the Konvent für Deutschland in Berlin.

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Charles Ainger, PhDSustainable Development Director, Montgomery Watson Harza(MWH) UKVisiting Professor, Centre for Sustainable Development,Department of Engineering, and Senior Associate, CambridgeProgramme for Industry, University of Cambridge, UK

Maritza BacaCommunications Director, Forum EMPRESA, Chile

Jane BattenBusiness Support Team Manager, University of CambridgeProgramme for Industry, UK

Jem Bendell, PhDAdjunct Associate Professor, Griffith Business School, AustraliaVisiting Fellow, UN Research Institute for Social Development(UNRISD), Geneva

David Ian Birch, DPhilProfessor, School of Communication and Creative Arts, andDeputy Director, Corporate Citizenship Research Unit, DeakinUniversity, Australia

xx L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S......................................................................................................

Mick Blowfield, DPhilDirector of Programme Development, University of CambridgeProgramme for Industry, UKAssociate Professor, University of Middlesex, UK

Jorge E. Reis Cajazeira, PhDChair, ISO 26000 Social Responsibility Working GroupCorporate Head of Competitiveness, Suzano Pulp and Paper,Brazil

Jenny CargillDirector, Business Map Investment Strategy Advisers, South Africa

Archie Carroll, PhDDirector, Nonprofit Management Program and ProfessorEmeritus, Terry College of Business, University of Georgia, USA

Jonathan CohenPrincipal, Stakeholder Consulting, Washington DC, USAAuthor, Business-Watch blog

Rebecca CollinsExecutive Assistant, University of Cambridge Programme forIndustry, UK

Susan Cote–FreemanProgram Director, Transparency International Ltd

Polly CourticeDirector, University of Cambridge Programme for Industry, UKCo-director, Prince of Wales’s Business and the EnvironmentProgramme, UK

Aron CramerPresident and CEO, Business for Social Responsibility (BSR),USA, Europe and China

L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S xxi......................................................................................................

Andrew Crane, PhDGeorge R. Gardiner Professor of Business Ethics, Schulich Schoolof Business, York University, Canada

Bruce DavidsonPartner, ERM, UK

Theo de Bruijn, PhDSenior Researcher, Center for Clean Technology andEnvironmental Policy, University of Twente, The NetherlandsCoordinator, Greening of Industry Network Europe

Duncan DukeCenter for Sustainable Global Enterprise, Johnson GraduateSchool of Management, Cornell University, USA

Dermot EganResearch and Knowledge Manager, Business Taskforce onSustainable Consumption and Production, University ofCambridge Programme for Industry, UK

John ElkingtonFounder and Chief Entrepreneur, SustainAbility, UK

Ruth Findlay-BrooksProgramme Manager, Postgraduate Certificate in Cross-SectorPartnerships, University of Cambridge Programme for Industry,UKAssociate Lecturer, Open University, UK

R. Edward Freeman, PhDElis and Signe Olsson Professor of Business Administration, andDirector of the Olsson Center for Applied Ethics, Darden Schoolof Business, University of Virginia, USA

Aron GhebremariamProject Adviser, Institute for Corporate Culture Affairs (ICCA),Germany

xxii L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S......................................................................................................

Kate GrosserResearcher, CSR and Gender Project, International Centre forCorporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR), NottinghamUniversity, UK

Lars H. GulbrandsenSenior Research Fellow, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Norway

Stirling HabbittsVice President: Emissions Products, ING Wholesale Banking,The Netherlands

David HalleyHead of International Partnerships, Business in the Community,UK

Stuart L. Hart, PhDS.C. Johnson Chair in Sustainable Global Enterprise, and Professorof Management, Johnson Graduate School of Management,Cornell University, USA

Axel Haunschild, PhDProfessor of Human Resource Management, University of Trier,Germany Guest Professor, Royal Holloway, University ofLondon, UK

Andreas Hermann, LLMScientist, Environmental Law and Governance Division,Öko-Institut e.V. (Institute for Applied Ecology), Germany

Kai Hockerts, PhDAssociate Professor, Department of Intercultural Communicationand Management, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

Kara Hartnett HurstManaging Director: Advisory Services, Business for SocialResponsibility (BSR), USA

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Jennifer Iansen-RogersSenior Manager, KPMG Global Sustainability Services,The NetherlandsNon-executive Director, AccountAbility, UK

Paula IveyFounder, The CSR Group, UK

Matt JeschkeDirector, Energy and Extractives, Business for SocialResponsibility (BSR), USA

Aled Jones, PhDDirector, Climate Leadership Programme, University ofCambridge Programme for Industry, UK

Paul KapelusCEO, African Institute of Corporate Citizenship (AICC), SouthAfrica

Mervyn KingChairman, King Committee on Corporate Governance in SouthAfrica, South AfricaChairman, Global Reporting Initiative, The NetherlandsProfessor Extraordinaire, Centre for Corporate Citizenship,University of South Africa (UNISA), South Africa

Debbie KobakMarket Strategist, Mission Based Deposits, ShoreBank, USA

Philip Kotler, PhDS.C. Johnson & Son Distinguished Professor of InternationalMarketing, Kellogg School of Management, NorthwesternUniversity, USA

Peter LacyExecutive DirectorEuropean Academy of Business in Society

xxiv L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S......................................................................................................

Harriet Lamb, CBEExecutive Director, Fairtrade Foundation, UK

Melissa Lane, PhDSenior Lecturer, Faculty of History, Cambridge University, UKDoctoral Fellow in Philosophy, King’s College, Cambridge, UK

Kelly LavelleProgramme Manager: Alumni Services, University of CambridgeProgramme for Industry, UK

Zoe Lees, PhDStrategic Adviser – Sustainable Development, South Africa

Margaret LegumChairperson, South African New Economics Foundation (SANE),South Africa

Deborah LeipzigerManaging Director, The Anders & Winst Company,The NetherlandsDirector, Stichting Social Accountability International, USA

Klaus M. Leisinger, PhDPresident and CEO, Novartis Foundation for SustainableDevelopment, SwitzerlandProfessor for Development Sociology, University of Basel,Switzerland

Mark LineDirector, csrnetwork, UK

Hunter LovinsPresident and Co-founder, Natural Capitalism Inc., USA

Steve LydenbergChief Investment Officer, Domini Social Investments LLC, USA

Antoine MachCo-founder and Director, Covalence, Switzerland

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Daniel MalanAssociate Director, KPMG Sustainability Services, South AfricaSenior Lecturer in Ethics and Governance, University ofStellenbosch Business School, South Africa

Petrus Marais, AdvManaging Director, KPMG Forensic Africa, South Africa

Dirk Matten, PhDHewlett-Packard Chair in Corporate Social Responsibility,Schulich School of Business, York University, Canada

Malcolm McIntosh, PhDProfessor of Human Security, and Director of the AppliedResearch Centre in Human Security (ARCH), Futures Institute,Faculty of Business, Environment and Society, CoventryUniversity, UK

Mark B. MilsteinCenter for Sustainable Global Enterprise, Johnson GraduateSchool of Management, Cornell University, USA

Anupama Mohan, PhDBelgacom Fellow in CSR, Solvay Business School, BelgiumIndependent consultant and researcher in corporate responsibilityand sustainability, UK

George Molenkamp, PhDChairman, KPMG Global Sustainability Services, The NetherlandsSpecial Professor of Business Studies, Economics Faculty,University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Johann MöllerFerret Mining & Environmental Services, South AfricaFormer Head of Certification Services, KPMG SustainabilityServices, South Africa

xxvi L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S......................................................................................................

Valli MoosaPresident, The World Conservation Union (IUCN), SwitzerlandFormer Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, SouthAfrica

David F. Murphy, PhDSenior Associate, Development Cooperation ResidentCoordinator System Learning Support, United Nations SystemStaff CollegeTutor, Post-graduate Certificate Programme in Cross-sectorPartnerships, University of Cambridge Programme for Industry,UK

Judy N. MuthuriDoctoral Researcher, International Centre for Corporate SocialResponsibility (ICCSR), Nottingham University Business School,UK

Jane NelsonDirector, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative (CSRI) andSenior Fellow, Kennedy School of Government, HarvardUniversity, USADirector, Business Leadership and Strategy, the Prince of WalesInternational Business Leaders Forum (IBLF), UK

Karsten Neuhoff, PhDSenior Research Associate, Faculty of Economics, University ofCambridge, UK

Jan NoterdaemeSenior Director, EU and Stakeholder Relations, on behalf of CSREurope, Belgium Maître de Conférence:Université Catholique de Louvair, Belgium

David NussbaumChief Executive, WWF-UK, UKFormerly Chief Executive, Transparency International, Germany

L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S xxvii......................................................................................................

David OwenProfessor of Social and Environmental Accounting, InternationalCentre for Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR), NottinghamUniversity Business School, UK

John OwenCorporate Secretary, International Accreditation Forum (IAF),USA

Bidhan ParmarDoctoral Candidate in Business Ethics, Entrepreneurship andStrategy, Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, USA

Ken PeattieProfessor of Marketing and Strategy, and Director of BRASS(Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainabilityand Society), Cardiff University, UK

Manfred Pohl, PhDFounder and CEO, Institute for Corporate Culture Affairs(ICCA), Germany

Chris PomfretBoard Member of Food Standards Agency, UKSenior Associate, University of Cambridge Programme forIndustry

Jonathon Porritt, CBEFounder Director, Forum for the Future, UKChairman, UK Sustainable Development Commission (SDC), UK

Scott J. Reynolds, PhDAssistant Professor of Business Ethics and Helen Moore GerhardtFaculty Fellow, University of Washington Business School, USA

Klaus RichterCoordination CSR and Sustainability, Volkswagen Group,Germany

xxviii L I S T O F C O N T R I B U T O R S......................................................................................................

The Honorable Mary RobinsonFounder and President, Realizing Rights: The EthicalGlobalization Initiative, USAFormer United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rightsand Former President of Ireland

Dick RobsonFormer Director, Sustainable Development and Responsible Care,European Chemical Industry Council, Belgium

Catherine RubbensDirector, Products and Services, CSR Europe, Belgium

John SabapathySenior Associate, AccountAbility, UKEditor, Accountability Forum, UK

Andreas Georg SchererChair of Foundations of Business Administration and Theories ofthe Firm, and Head of the Institute of Organization andAdministrative Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Katharina SchmittScientist, Environmental Law and Governance Division,Öko-Institut e.V. (Institute for Applied Ecology), Germany

Jan Aart Scholte, PhDProfessor in the Department of Politics and International Studiesand Co-director, Centre for the Study of Globalisation andRegionalisation, University of Warwick, UK

Maria SillanpääDirector, SMART CompanyFormer Managing Director, AccountAbility, UK

Erik SimanisCo-director, Base of the Pyramid Protocol, and Senior ResearchAssociate, Center for Sustainable Global Enterprise, JohnsonGraduate School of Management, Cornell University, USA