The World Radio Congress November 2019

Satellite spectrum from VHF to V Band

• Orbcomm 137-138 MHz, 148-149.9 MHz

• 20 year history – constellation just upgraded launched by

Space X

• 31 micro satellites (170 kg) at 775 kilometres

• 250 watt communications payload

• Caterpillar, Hitachi Construction, John Deere, Komatsu,

Volvo

• Dual mode VHF + cellular modem

• AIS for maritime

GSO MEO and LEO coexistence and 5G?

GSO density

ITU now allow 2 degree orbit separation=180 satellites

But satellites could potentially be ten times larger and heavier and more powerful than existing

satellites

50,000 kilograms not 5000 kilograms

150 kilowatt rather than 15 kilowatt

Spectrum, orbits and scale

Rocket innovation – impact on flux density

Space price list

Pluto with baggage allowance

8000 LEOS ?

Iridium Globalstar Sky Space

Global

OneWeb Space X Leo SAT Boeing

L Band L and S band UHF, L and S

band

Ku and Ka Band Ku and Ka Band Ka Band V Band and C

Band

78 LEOS 24 LEOS 200 LEOS 650 LEOS 4000 LEOS 78 LEOS 2956 LEOS

780 km 1414 km 500-800 km 1200 km 1200 km 700 km 1200 km

860 kg 700 kg 10 kg (Cube SAT) 200 kg 100-500 kg 860 kg ?

Potentially six thousand cube SATS to LEO on one Falcon Heavy

Iridium Next (L band)

• January 14, 2017– the first payload of ten Iridium

Next satellites launched and deployed into low-Earth orbit

(LEO) by Space X

• First of seven launches over the next 15 months - 10 per

launch - largest ever and fastest ever slot swop

• Includes real time global aircraft tracking (includes polar orbits)

Commercial innovation Inmarsat L Band S Band

Band 1 Inmarsat Band 1 Inmarsat

Mob TX Earth to Space Mob RX Space to Earth

1920-1980 1980-2010 2110-2170 2170-2200

• Partnered with Deutsche Telekom, Nokia and Thales- regulatory issues and or Band

1 5G pass band extension opportunity ?

Regional interests - Dish Networks S Band in the US

• Jun 16, 2016 10:41am

• 3GPP formally approved Band 70

• Aggregation of three bands owned by Dish Networks

• AWS-4 spectrum (2000 MHz to 2020 MHz)

• H Block downlink spectrum (1995 MHz to 2000 MHz)

• Unpaired AWS-3 uplink spectrum (1695 MHz to 1710

MHz).

• Regulatory challenge- TV broadcast +mobile and fixed

wireless broadband

Satellite Pay TV

• C-Band (3.7-4.2 GHz)

• 250 channels of video and 75 audio services using dishes which

average 7 feet in diameter. C-Band dishes are steerable, enabling C-

Band users to receive signals from 20 or more satellites.

• Ku-Band (11.7-12.2 GHz) (12.2-12.7 GHz)

• 200 channels to 18 inch diameter dishes (MVDDS coalition is asking

the FCC to re-examine technical limits in the 12.2-12.7 GHz band so

that it can offer 2-way mobile broadband services instead of 1-way

fixed service as currently permitted).

• Ka-Band (18.3-18.8 GHz + 19.7-20.2 GHz) – high definition

broadband

ITU WARC 2019

28 GHZ band HTS GSO incumbentsAustralian National Broadband Network satellites (2 satellites), IPStar (4 satellites), Inmarsat Global

Xpress (4 satellites), O3b MEO (12 satellites), Viasat (4 satellites), Jupiter (2 satellites), Hylas/Avanti

(2 satellites), Amazonas 3, Space way 3, Wild Blue1, Superbird4, AMC 15 and 16 and a bunch of

direct TV satellites.

The NEW LEOS Ku-band spectrum rights acquired from Skybridge by OneWeb (from the July 2016 FCC Filing).

O3b MEO Ka Band

• Angular power separation

Constellation coexistence - SES/O3b

• Angular power separation

30,000 formed beams system wide

12 satellites in MEO (8 more in 2018)

50 satellites in GSO

Digicel and Singtel as customers

Coverage of +/- 50 degrees latitude for nearly 400 million km²

Full global coverage possible via inclined planes

1gbps trunking for 5G

Constellation coexistence- SES/O3b

With thanks to SES

New LEOS OneWeb Ku and Ka Band

Definition of the avoidance angle

HAPS angle of arrival as comparison

HAPS at 21 km

http://www-tsc.upc.es/haps/docs/full_space-time_coding.pdf

Could angular power separation support

band sharing between 5G and satellite?

KA Band HTS commercial/military dual band

• Most HTS entities typically file for 3.5 GHz bandwidth in the following

Ka-bands:

• 27.5 – 31 GHz uplink

• 17.7 – 21.2 GHz downlink

• with the following bands for the military .

• 30 – 31 GHz (uplink)

• 20.2 – 21.2 GHz (downlink)

• Ka-band payload of the Inmarsat Global Xpress™ satellites can be

switched between military and commercial frequencies – ambitions to

serve Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) military market.

• Landing rights have to be negotiated on a country by country basis

• Spectral and space and terrestrial ground station assets the basis for

satellite industry gearing

5G PPP E Band

Do we need satellite in 5G phones?

• In 4G and 5G smart phones as data rate increases data reach reduces

• More bands, wider pass bands and more technologies and parasitic loss

and RF efficiency loss at mm frequencies

• High surface absorption and scatter in millimetre bands at lower inclination

angles

• High count LEO constellations will be Nearly Always Nearly Overhead

(NANO)

• Flux density from fractional beam antennas can be higher than terrestrial

and long distance latency for inter satellite switched constellations (over

10,000 kilometres) will be lower due to slowness of fibre

• Twenty year operational life expectancy of LEO’s

• Lower launch costs

Do we need satellite in 5G phones?

• The cost of getting to space is measured by weight. The OneWeb

satellites being built by Airbus in Toulouse and Florida are,

unusually, lighter than planned, weighing in at 145 kilogrammes.

• Each 14.5 kilogrammes yields 1 gbps of throughput.

• With nearly 2000 satellites in orbit and ten gbps per satellite that

suggests a 20 terabit per second network with Mr Musk probably

thinking about something significantly larger with tighter more

controllable latency than anything deliverable across future 5G

terrestrial networks.

• No site costs, no electricity costs, bandwidth where you need it

when you need it with a higher flux density than 5G in many urban

and rural environments.

VSAT innovation VHF to V Band

VSAT innovation

• Kymeta meta material based antennas

Materials that have properties that are not found in nature and are usually

arranged in repeated patterns at scales that are shorter than the wavelengths

of the medium with which they are intended to interact.

VSAT innovation

• Metawave 32 element antenna

VSAT innovation

• NANO coverage

Nearly always nearly overhead would support low cost passive high count antennas with narrow cone of

vertical visibility

Smart phone screen could have a 8, 16 or 32 element embedded antenna – put it on its back and it will

work- anywhere in the world

VSAT in a smart 5G/satellite phone

Existing satellite phones designed to capture flux density from low elevation to high elevation angles

5G satellite phone could have a 8, 16 or 32 element embedded antenna

Put it on its back looking directly upwards and it will work - anywhere in the world

Standards and spectrum FR1 and FR2

• 5G spectrum is closely coupled to the 3GPP ‘new radio’

(NR) standards process. The relevant work group is

RAN4, with 5G new radio defined from Release 15

onwards in two frequency ranges (FR), FR 1 from 450

MHz to 6000 MHz with bands numbered from 1 to 255

commonly referred to as sub 6 GHz and FR 2 from

24250 MHz to 52600 MHz (24.252 GHz to 52.6 GHz)

with bands numbered from 257 to 511.

• The channels within the bands are a maximum of 100

MHz for sub 6 GHz scaling from Bands 41, 42 and 43

upwards and 400 MHz for mmWave.

The 27 RAN4# defined bands for FR1

Band number Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) Duplex Mode

N1 1920-1980 2210-2710 FDD

N2 1850-1910 1930-1990 FDD

N3 1710-1785 1805-1880 FDD

N5 824-849 864-894 FDD

N7 2500-2570 2620-2690 FDD

N8 880-915 925-960 FDD

N20 832-862 791-821 FDD reverse duplex

N28 703-748 758-803 FDD

N38 2570-2620 2570-2620 TDD

N41 2496-2690 2496-2690 TDD

N50 1432-1517 1432-1517 TDD

N51 1427-1432 1427-1432 TDD

N66 1710-1780 2210-2200 FDD

N70 1695-1710 1995-2020 FDD

N71 663-698 617-652 FDD reverse duplex

N74 1427-1470 1475-1518 FDD

N75 1432-1517 SDL

N76 1427-1432 SDL

N77 3300-4200 3300-4200 TDD

N78 3300-3800 3300-3800 TDD

N79 4500-5000 4500-5000 TDD

N80 1710-1785 SUL

N81 880-915 SUL

N82 832-862 SUL

N83 703-748 SUL

N84 1920-1980 SUL

N85 2496-2690 SUL

FR2 bands in Release 15

Band number Uplink (GHz) Downlink (GHz) Duplex Mode

N257 26.5-29.5 26.5-29.5 TDD

N258 24.75-27.5 24.75-27.5

N259 31.8-33.4 31.8-33.4

N260 37-40 37-40

The US, Korea and Japan are also planning to deploy in the 28 GHz band, coexisting with

existing backhaul allocations and therefore supporting in band backhaul. Other regions are

proposing other bands

5.925-8.5 GHz, 10-10.6 GHz in Europe

7.075-10.5 GHz and 15.35-17.3 GHz in Africa.

LTE and or 5G carrier combinations (CC)

Carrier combination Total number of combinations proposed

LTE_1CCNR_1CC 99

LTE_2CC_NR_1CC 101

LTE_3CC_NR_1CC 69

LTE_4CC_NR_1CC 24

LTE_5CC_NR_1CC 1

CA intra-band x DL/1UL 2

CA intra-band 2DL/1UL 13

LTE_1UL_NR_ULDL 4

LTE_1CC_NR_2CC 5

LTE_2CC-NR_2CC 6

LTE_3CC_NR2CC 4

LTE_4CC_NR_2CC 1

Total 329

5G and satellite channel rasters

Satellite FDD pass bands of 3.5

GHz typically deployed with 250

MHz channel rasters

5G and satellite network coexistence

• The proposed extended FR1 C band and FR2 Ku, K and Ka band spectrum options

are proposed as TDD deployed in bands that are either expected to coexist or be

adjacent to satellite FDD uplinks and downlinks.

• Apart from the timing and clocking issues of TDD, the channel raster allocations for

5G based on multiples of the 15 KHz sub carriers and are expected to co-exist with

the 250 MHz channel raster used in satellite uplinks and downlinks which then scale

to 1 GHz and 2 GHz pass bands in V and W band and E band.

• The channel throughput constraints in 5G are countered by the use of 1024 QAM

(assuming high SNR) which could cause significant spectral splash into adjacent

channels including satellite receive channels.

• Other modulation options with less envelope variation are supported including lower

order QAM and BPSK though there is no support for the default PASK used in most

satellite transponders.

• Note that PASK is used to deliver maximum RF Power amplifier efficiency and would

be equally useful for terrestrial node B transceivers in applications where energy is

scarce and expensive – rural Africa and Latin America being two examples.

5G and satellite network coexistence

• In order to improve bandwidth efficiency, 5G resource blocks are supported to the

band edge, for example the whole 20 MHZ of a 20 MHz carrier compared to LTE

where 100 resource blocks sit within an 18 MHz channel in a 20 MHz carrier. This

trades an improvement in in band efficiency against higher Out of Band (OOB)

transmissions.

• The 3GPP standards process is therefore producing the worst possible coexistence

conditions, guaranteeing adversarial arguments over future 5G to satellite protection

ratios. Vertical to horizontal power separation will solve some of these problems but

not all of them.

Why high count LEOS are useful to 5G

• The FCC has given OneWeb the regulatory authority to deploy a minimum of 720

satellites and a maximum of 1980 satellites into low earth orbit at 1200 kilometres

using Ku band spectrum with full deployment by 2027. Space X has clearance to

deploy 4425 satellites using Ku and Ka band again with a nine year deployment

requirement with 50% deployment within six years.

• In telecoms time this is the equivalent of tomorrow and would produce two networks

with complete global land and sea coverage where at least one satellite will be

nearly always overhead nearly all the time.

• Combined with intersatellite switching (for example in the proposed Space X

constellation) long distance end to end latency will be significantly faster over

satellite when compared to fibre

•

LEO latency

Australia from the east coast to west coast is 4000 kilometres - a coast to coast

travel time of 13 milliseconds. Africa North to South is 8000 kilometres=26

milliseconds

The size of Africa

Satellite latency-LEOSAT

• LEOSAT has a similar constellation proposal to Iridium based on the same space

system platform provided by Thales but utilising 7 GHz of paired spectrum (3.5+3.5

GHz) at Ka band for individual user uplinks and downlinks (compared to 10+10 MHz

of paired spectrum in L band available to Iridium) and optical inter satellite switching.

• The FCC filing is based on 120 to 140 satellites in a similar polar orbit to the Iridium

Next Constellation.

• The business model is however focussed on delivering a performance gain over long

distance fibre based on the fact that radio and light waves in free space travel faster

than radio and light waves in fibre.

• Over distances of more than 10,000 kilometres this speed advantage outweighs the

additional route length (the earth to space, space to earth hop) providing a latency

gain for high value applications such as high frequency trading, the oil and gas

industries, corporate networking and government agencies

• LEOSAT are working with the European Space Agency on 5G and satellite

‘transversal’ activities.

•

Coca Cola and OneWeb

Guinness

40% of Guinness production worldwide is drunk in Africa

By 2010, Nigeria surpassed Ireland to become the second largest

market for Guinness consumption.

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