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The U.S. and Europe Between the Wars Mr. White’s World History.
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Transcript of The U.S. and Europe Between the Wars Mr. White’s World History.
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The U.S. and Europe The U.S. and Europe Between the WarsBetween the WarsMr. White’s World History
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Main IdeaMain IdeaThis period was an era of intense
economic, political, social, and cultural change that:◦Resulted in changing lifestyles for
people in the western democracies◦Saw democratic governments in the
United States, England, and France struggle to preserve democracy
◦Created fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe
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SECTION 1: CULTURE SECTION 1: CULTURE AND SOCIETYAND SOCIETY
New technology, science, and culture changed the world after World War I.
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Changing Lives for Changing Lives for WomenWomenWomen began to
challenge old social norms following the war◦ Many had worked in war
industries, and had demanded equal pay to men
◦ Many began to demand, and won, the right to vote
Many women adopted new fashions and social behavior◦ Increased use of make-
up in public (considered indecent before)
◦ Openly drinking, smoking, casually dating men
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Popular TechnologyPopular Technology New technology in
communication and transportation increased the pace of life and the interconnectedness of society◦ Automobile – increased
mobility and freedom for people (mostly for the wealthy at first)
The beginning of popular radio led to a homogenization of culture◦ Stimulated the desire for
consumer goods◦ Psychology was used in
advertisements to convince people to buy
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Leisure TimeLeisure TimeNew labor-saving devices such as
electronic appliances (vacuum cleaners, toasters, refrigerators, etc.) led to a growth in leisure time
Leisure activities such as spectator sports, athletic activities (biking, tennis), and popular reading grew in popularity
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ScienceScienceNew advances in
science changed the way that people viewed the world◦ Albert Einstein
developed the theory of relativity – governs the laws of motion and energy
◦ Sigmund Freud developed theories on the human mind and subconscious to explain human behavior – growth of psychology as a discipline
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LiteratureLiteratureMany authors of the time began to
pick new techniques and subjects to portray◦Writers were often critical of the society
of the time – materialism, middle class values
◦James Joyce – “Ulysses,” pioneered a style known as “stream of consciousness”
◦Many writers became interested in writing about social issues of the time
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PaintingPaintingNew techniques in painting
challenged old conventions about art◦Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
developed a style known as cubism – broke human and still-life forms into fragments
◦The Dada school of art stressed absurdity, and was “anti-art”
◦Surrealism developed as an offshoot of Dadaism – portrayed a surreal view on life
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This, one of Picasso’s most famous paintings, shows early elements of Cubism, which involved breaking up forms into shapes that distorted them.
Les Demoiselles D’Avignon, Pablo Picasso
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MusicMusicSergei Prokofiev composed driving
and dissonant music – often criticizedArnold Schoenberg of Austria used
12-note harmony to compose music reflecting what he saw as the decline of Western culture
Jazz developed in the U.S. as a popular style of music, incorporating West African, rhythms, classical music, etc.
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DanceDanceSergey Diaghilev developed
modern ballet by blending classical ballet elements with modern dance styles
Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham pioneered styles that laid the foundation for modern dance
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ArchitectureArchitectureThe Bauhaus school of
architecture linked beauty to practicality, and avoided using classical styles as patterns
Frank Lloyd Wright of the U.S. blended his structures with their natural surroundings – organic architecture
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The Bauhaus school of architecture grew in Germany as a break from the traditional styles and forms of the past, and tied architecture to the function of the building.
The Bauhaus Dassau
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Popular CulturePopular CultureHollywood productions began to
dominate movie theaters of the timeSilent movies were popular, at the
beginningThe beginning of sound in films
increased their popularity – musicals, gangster films, and horror movies
Dance bands popularized the dance music of the era – jazz, swing
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SECTION 2: U.S. SECTION 2: U.S. ISOLATIONISM AND ISOLATIONISM AND DEPRESSIONDEPRESSION
After World War I, the United States isolated itself from foreign influences and eventually slipped into an economic depression.
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Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonAs WWI ended, Woodrow Wilson tried
to keep the U.S. involved in world affairs, specifically the League of Nations
Congress had to vote by 2/3 to join the League of Nations for it to go into effect◦Wilson refused to compromise and work
with Congress◦Then, Wilson suffered a stroke
The U.S. did not join the League of Nations
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Red Scare and the KKKRed Scare and the KKKAmericans began to fear foreign
influences after World War IThe spread of communism in
Russia made many Americans afraid that it might spread to the U.S. – “red scare”
The Ku Klux Klan rose again with support from people who feared non-American influences
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Post-war ProsperityPost-war ProsperityWorld War I had given much of
the economy, especially manufacturing, a boost
Many Americans had a great deal of confidence in the economy◦Some industrial workers had
increased wages◦Many people began to buy on credit
or speculate in the stock market
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Weaknesses of the Weaknesses of the EconomyEconomyHowever, the economy had many
underlying weaknesses◦The farming sector of the economy
was not doing well◦Demand for products and the
increase in wages across the economy were not keeping up with production – factories were making more than could be purchased
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Stock Market CrashStock Market CrashIn 1929, the stock market crashed,
and this signaled the beginning of the Great Depression◦Loan brokers called in the collection of
loans◦Financial panic resulted in a run on the
banks – not enough cash to cover◦As banks failed, businesses closed,
wages fell, workers lost their jobsThe U.S. government mostly stayed
out of providing assistance, at first
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FDR and the New DealFDR and the New DealIn 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
was elected president of the United States
Roosevelt and Congress worked together to pass laws that provided assistance to the economy◦Regulated banks and the stock market◦Established production guidelines◦Sponsored public works programs to
provide jobsLater laws also created social security
and unemployment insurance
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SECTION 3: GREAT SECTION 3: GREAT BRITAINBRITAIN
After World War I, Great Britain experienced a loss of global power because of mounting debt and industrial competition with the U.S. and Japan.
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Economic CompetitionEconomic CompetitionDuring the war, Great Britain had to
turn all of its resources to fighting the war◦Had to borrow money from the U.S.
when it ran out◦When Britain turned most of its factories
to war production, it was no longer able to produce to trade with its partners
◦These trading partners eventually started trading with the U.S. and Japan, instead
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The Commonwealth of The Commonwealth of NationsNationsGreat Britain reorganized its
government into the Commonwealth of Nations◦Voluntary linking of Great Britain with
its colonies on an equal basis◦After a series of resistances and
uprisings by Irish nationalists in British Ireland, Britain granted self-government to the southern counties of Ireland – northern six counties remained in Great Britain
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SECTION 4: FRANCESECTION 4: FRANCEAfter World War I, France struggled to recover.
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France’s TroublesFrance’s TroublesFrance had suffered greatly
during World War I◦Much French farmland was destroyed◦Cities and towns along the battlefield
were mostly reduced to rubble◦Much of France’s infrastructure was
destroyed, which made it harder to recover
◦Half of the males aged 18 to 32 were killed
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Economic and Political Economic and Political ProblemsProblemsFrance faced economic and
political trouble after World War I◦Unemployment, inflation, war debts◦Unable to rebuild infrastructure◦Political parties competed for votes,
and these coalitions quickly fell apart◦Extremist groups such as
communists, socialists, fascists, anarchists, and nationalists began to struggle for power
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Keeping the PeaceKeeping the PeaceFrance worked to try to maintain peace
with Germany through different ways◦League of Nations and the international
community◦Forming strategic alliances with other
nations in case of German attack◦Construction of the Maginot Line – defense
line along the border with GermanyFrance also tried to work with the
government of Germany to maintain peace
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SECTION 5: ITALIAN SECTION 5: ITALIAN FASCISMFASCISM
Benito Mussolini and the Fascist party took power in Italy following World War I.
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TotalitarianismTotalitarianismDuring World War I, many
governments had adopted increased control over most aspects of life to support the war effort
After the war, many non-democratic nations adopted this approach to peacetime government, as well
Totalitarian governments resulted, in which the government sought to control every aspect of its citizens lives
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Italy’s ProblemsItaly’s ProblemsMany Italians were unhappy after
World War I◦Thought Italy had been cheated at
the Paris Peace Conference◦Heavy unemployment for returning
soldiers, strikes, peasants seized land
The Italian government wasn’t able to do anything to relieve these problems
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Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini In 1919, Benito Mussolini, a
former socialist, formed a new political party – the Fasci di Combattimento (Fascist party)
Totalitarian government that supported:◦Glorification of the state◦Single-party system with strong ruler◦Aggressive nationalism◦Expand and increase glory through
war, if necessary
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Mussolini and the Mussolini and the BlackshirtsBlackshirts Mussolini, as head of
the fascist party, was able to use the unrest and discontent, plus the violence of the fascist blackshirts, to take power as prime minister
1924 election – Blackshirts used intimidation and beatings to make sure people voted only for fascist candidates
Mussolini and the fascists worked to end democratic government in Italy
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Mussolini’s ruleMussolini’s ruleMany Italians opposed fascism –
Mussolini and the fascists responded by saying that “the masses must obey.”
Most Italians supported Mussolini◦Opposed communism and revolution◦Brought order to the nation
Mussolini rekindled feelings of patriotism in Italians and spoke of a future of renewed Italian power
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SECTION 6: NAZI SECTION 6: NAZI GERMANYGERMANY
Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party took power in Germany.
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Weimar RepublicWeimar RepublicGermany had adopted a
democratic form of government after the war known as the Weimar Republic
This government struggled with Germany’s post-war problems and tried to hold onto power◦In 1920, nationalist army officers
tried to overthrow the government; failed
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Germany’s ProblemsGermany’s Problems German war reparations had been set
at $35 billion – German government, in 1922, said it couldn’t pay the reparations
France sent troops into Germany and took over coal mines and steel mills; German workers went on strike
To make the payments, the German government began to print more money – inflation soared
In the mid 1920s, Germany and France made an agreement to decrease the payments – Germany began to recover slightly
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Hitler and the NazisHitler and the Nazis Many different political parties opposed
the Weimar government – among them was the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party after World War I, and formed the Sturmabteilung (SA), or brownshirts, a paramilitary group of young veterans and street thugs
Hitler attempted to seize power in 1923, but was arrested
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Mein KampfMein Kampf In prison, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf, a book that outlined the basic beliefs of Nazism◦ Communists, Jews, and
other groups were responsible for Germany’s defeat in World War I
◦ Germans made up a master race that should rise in power and expand
Hitler and the Nazis created a false history behind why the Germans were a master race
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Hitler’s RiseHitler’s Rise After Hitler got out of prison, he
continued his leadership of the Nazi party◦During the Great Depression, he promised
to end unemployment in Germany◦Also promised to restore Germany’s
military power In the early 1930s, the Nazis gained a
large number of seats in the Reichstag, Germany’s law-making lower house
In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany
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Reichstag FireReichstag Fire Hitler still didn’t have enough power
to set up a totalitarian government A week before new elections were to
be held, the Reichstag building burned to the ground – Hitler blamed communists
The SA forced German voters to back the Nazis, who took many more seats in the Reichstag
After the elections, Hitler was granted emergency powers to deal with the “communist threat.”
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Nazi ReformsNazi ReformsAll parties except the Nazi party
were bannedFreedom of speech, press,
religion, and assembly were limited
Nazi government took over factories and production, also controlled churches
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Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws 1935 – Nazis passed the Nuremberg
Laws, taking away citizenship from Jews, banning them from schools
November 9 and 10th, 1938 (Kristallnacht) – Nazis attacked Jews on the streets and vandalized Jewish property; Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei) arrested Jews and political opponents, some shot
Jews and others were rounded up and sent to concentration camps
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Hitler’s RuleHitler’s RuleNow with absolute power, Hitler
adopted the title, “der Fuhrer” – leader
Set about to restore Germany’s power◦Ignored the Treaty of Versailles and
ordered German factories to begin building weapons, ammunition, planes, tanks, etc.
◦Stopped payments to the Allies
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Nazi ControlsNazi Controls To glorify Nazism, the Nazis brought
all art, architecture, learning, etc., under the control of the government – many of Germany’s brightest minds left
Propaganda praising the government flooded the population◦Stressed the importance of devotion to
the nation The Nazis even set up youth
organizations to teach young children the beliefs of Nazism (Hitlerjugend)
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SECTION 7: THE SECTION 7: THE USSRUSSR
Lenin and Stalin worked to increase the power of the USSR, and the power of the communist government.
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Lenin and the USSRLenin and the USSR V.I. Lenin had taken
power in Russia as part of the communist revolution
Lenin brought all major industries under state control, but early in his rule, allowed some small industries to operate privately
Russia changed its name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR
In theory, the state was controlled by the workers, but in reality, it was controlled by the government and the Communist party
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Josef StalinJosef StalinLenin dies of a stroke; in 1922
Josef Stalin takes overStalin thought the USSR should
concentrate on growing strong, and that this would encourage communist revolutions in other nations
Stalin was a capable administrator, and was also paranoid, cold, and ruthless
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Five Year PlansFive Year Plans Stalin wanted to
transform the USSR into an industrial power
Announced Five Year Plans to reorganize industrial and agricultural production under government control◦ Built heavy industry and
collectivized farming at the expense of consumer goods
The Five Year Plans and Stalin’s reign were characterized by tight control and careful planning – often inefficient and clumsy
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Farm CollectivizationFarm Collectivization Stalin brought farms under
government control; thought it would be more efficient and would allow for a surplus
He also used collectivization to intimidate anti-Communist peasants
Many collectivizations resulted in revolts by the peasants; the government put down this resistance and often sent these people to prison camps or starved them into submission
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Terror and ControlTerror and ControlStalin demanded complete
obedience from his people and used terror as a government tool
Used secret police to keep an eye on people and their actions
Stalin purged the government and Communist party of elements that he thought might be disloyal; extremely paranoid
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In Soviet Russia, the In Soviet Russia, the picture Photoshops YOU!picture Photoshops YOU!
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