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The Topography of Eleventh Century Bagdād: Materials and notes (II)Author(s): George MakdisiSource: Arabica, T. 6, Fasc. 3 (Sep., 1959), pp. 281-309Published by: BRILLStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4055365Accessed: 06/01/2010 12:40

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THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAGDAD: MATERIALS AND NOTES (II)

BY

GEORGE MAKDISI

II. THE CHANGING FACE OF BAGDAD

THE above description by Ibn 'Aqil gives a bird's-eye view of Bagdad at some point during his lifetime. It may be used

as a reliable sketch of eleventh century Bagdad within which to place the historical data of that period concerning its topography.

We have already noted that the important changes in Bagdad during Ibn 'Aqil's lifetime (43I-5I3/I040-III9) took place after the arrival of the Salguqids. These changes were the result of political as well as physical factors. The politically-strong asserted their strength by pulling down palaces and making use of their materials to build their own. They appropriated certain areas and surrounded them with walls. Two such walls are reported as being built in Ibn 'Aqil's lifetime. The most important physical causes of change were the floods and fires. The changes they brought about were important, but not always permanent. Homes which were flooded or burned were often reconstructed and inhabited again. The chronicles, especially the Muntazam of Ibn al-Gawzi, and the Mir'at al-zamdn of his grandson, Sibt Ibn al-Cawzi, report many fires, floods and demolitions throughout the liefetime of Ibn 'Aqil, as will be seen in the following pages.

These historical reports are given in chronological order; but it will be noticed, on close examination, that the significant periods of change fall into three different periods. First, the decade between 448 and 458 (I056-I066) in which two important events took place: the creation of what came to be known as Madnat Tugril, or ,,Tugril City", following upon the destruction of the riverside palaces. Second, the decade of the 460's (IO66-IO76), during which no less than four floods worked havoc, especially with the city's east side. And finally, the third period, between 485 and 5I3 (IO92-III9),

ARABICA VI I9

282 G. MAKDISI [22]

during which almost all the reports speak of destruction. It is in this last period that frequent mention is made of a new type of quarter in the east side of the city, appropriately called haraba, that is, ruin, such as Harabat Ibn Garada, quarters of the city which, once of importance, were during the last two periods, though still populated, reduced to a mere shadow of their former selves.

The most striking over-all feature of change, according to these reports, is the destruction in the east side, though the west side was not completely spared.

*

* *

The study of these changes in Bagdad provides a basis for the understanding of the political scene at the time: the desire for the control of Bagdad on the part of the Salgiiqids, especially Tugril Beg and Malik-sah, and an attempt to retrieve it on the part of the Caliphs. This contention for the supremacy of power in Bagdad, between Caliph and Sultan, has for sometime been evident to me, on the basis of other research the discussion of which, reserved for another more appropriate occasion, cannot and needs not be attempted here. This contention is sufficiently evident, I believe, in the pulling down of the riverside palaces first by the Sultan Tugril Beg, then after his death, by the Caliph al-Qa'im, for the appropria- tion of their materials; it is also evident in the construction of Tugril's Wall in 448 and that of the Caliph Mustazhir in 488, when the "great Sal'guqids" had passed away, and in the subsequent history of both walls.

Following now are the reports in chronological order 1*

DEMOLITION AND CONSTRUCTION ON THE EAST AND WEST SIDES IN 448. 2

In this year the Sal-aqid Sultan Tugril Beg, who had entered Bagdad the previous year and replaced the Buwayhid Sultan, began the construction of a broad wall around his palatial residence3, on the east side, in which he included most of the Muharrim and Dar al-FIl 4. He intended to build a palace of

I. These reports are not exhaustive; they are mainly those given separately by the chroniclers in which an important change took place, especially where names of places are given.

2. Muntazam, viii, I69; Mir'Jt al-zaman, fol. i2b-I3a; Bidaya, xii, 68. 3. Cf. Zubdat al-nusra, 24I, 1. 8, where there is mention of "the Gate of

the Sultan's Wall" in the year 550/II55: ... cabarj bihi baba sf4ri l-sultdani wa-anzaliuhu bi-Dar al-Saltana.

4. Elephant Palace (between D and E). See: LE STRANGE, 270-27I, and Map VIII, ref. n? IO; STRECK, 128; SALMON, S.V.; CANARD, I73 (situates Dar

[23] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAODAD 283

his own within this wall. He also ordered the reconstruction of Dar al-Mam- laka al-'Adudiyya 1, and had towers built on the Royal Palaces there.

The building materials were obtained by tearing down a good part of the city on both banks of the Tigris. On the east bank, the palaces and other buildings of the roads, quarters and markets adjacent to Dar al-Mamlaka were torn down for this purpose, and their materials and furniture were used. On the west bank, the palaces of the Turks were torn down also for this purpose.

FIRE ON THE WEST SIDE IN 4492.-In this year, a great fire broke out and spread over large sections of the west bank. It affected the following places: Qaticat cIsa 3, Suiq al-Ta'am 4, al-Kabs 5, Ashab al-Saqat 6,Bba-'r 7,

al-FIl within the wall of Dar al-Hilafa). Yaquit's information is somewhat faulty: it could not have been the Caliph Ta'ic who buried C;uldm al-Hallal in an area of Dar al-Fil (outside of Dar al-Hilafa) which he turned into a burial ground; for O-ulam al-Hallal died in 9'awwval of the year 363, whereas Ta'ic did not become Caliph until Dfi l-Qacda of that year. It was therefore the Caliph Mutic who first made use of Dar al-FIl, or Dar al-Afyila, as a burial ground, as correctly stated by IBN AL-cIMAD al-Hanball, gadardt al-dahab, iii, 46; see also Tarf1 Bagdad, x, 460, Mwnta;am, vii, 72.-The wall of Tugril must have been broad in order to include parts of Muharrim and Dar al-FIl. Later, in 560, Maqbarat al-Fil (Elephant Cemetery) is described as near Bab al-Azag, therefore between E and F (Muntagam, x, 2I3).

I. The Buwayhid Royal Palaces as reconstructed by cAdud al-dawla. 2. Munta;am, viii, i8i; Mir'idt al-zaman, fol. 26b; Biddya, xii, 7I. 3. The Fief of c Isa; cf. LE STRANGE, I46, and Map VI, ref. n? II; SALMON,

72. 4. The Food Market; SALMON, s.v.; cf. Suiq al-Ma'kuil, p. [ii], n. I3,

on the east side. 5. Ram Street. See: SALMON, S.V., esp. 83-84; LE STRANGE, iii, I33;

STRECK, 88, 90. LE STRANGE (P. I33) states, on the basis of Hatib al-Bag- dadi's description, that this quarter known as the Ram and the Lion (made up, according to Yaquit, of two separate streets, al-Kabs and al-Asad) was populated as late as the beginning of the Vth/XIth century, but that by about the year 450/IO58, the houses had disappeared and there were only arable fields. However, from the above report on the fire of 449/IO57, it appears that al-Kabs, or Ram Street, was still populated in midcentury. The error is not in Hatib, but rather in the date 450/1058 stated by Le STRANGE as the date in which Hatib wrote his history (see LE STRANGE, 323, and passim). There are several places in this work indicating a later date of composition. It is true that Hatib left Bagdad in 450/IO58 and did not return to it until 462, the year before his death. But, if he did not write during his absence, he must have kept notes in the form of a historian's journal or diary. For his work contains biographical notices for each of the years between 450 and 463 as it does for the years which preceded his period of absence from Bagdad. (For the last of these years, see two notices in vol. iii, io8 and 336). He also wrote notices of traditionists who died after 463, but these are without a date of death, since he himself died that year. It is therefore certain that he wrote up to 463, thirteen years later than assumed by Le Strange in his work on Bagdad. Judging from the fire report and Hatib's statement, it is possible to say that Ram Street gradually became the arable land seen by the latter sometime after 449/I057.-Instead of the word al-Kabs, the Paris MS. of

284 G. MAKDISI [24]

Sulq al-'Attarm1, Suq al-'Aruis 2, (Suiq) al-Anmat 3, (Sfiq) al-Hag'abin ', (Suiq) al-Oazzarmn 5, (Suiq) al-Naggrin 6, al-Saff (?) 7, al-Qatica 8, Bab Mu- hawwal, Nahr al-Daag 9, Suwayqat OMalib 10, (Suiq) al-SaffarTn '1, and (Suiq) al-Sabbgln. 12

Mir'ait al zaman, fol. 26b, has "al-kutubiyymn" and Bidaya, xii, 7I has "al- KanIs", both of which, I believe, are copyists' errors.

6. Vendors of Second-hand Goods; SALMON (s.v. Souq as-Sakat, march6 aux vieilleries [bric-a-brac]), 56.

7. Barley Gate. See: LE STRANGE, s.v., esp. I39; STRECK, 98, 99, IOO, I5I; SALMON, S.V.; MASSIGNON, S.v., esp. 19. Le Strange shows that there is some question of there being two different places by this same name, an Upper and Lower Barley Gate (p. I39). Massignon points the way out of this problem, I believe, when he says that the Round City, a new royal town wherein no markets were allowed, should occupy a much smaller area than it has in Le Strange's plan, and that it should be situated more to the east (p. ii8-ii9). This would obviate the necessity for two such places. Streck cites, in addition to two different positions for Bab al-Salir, earlier and later, a Darb al-Salir, or Barley Road (p. ioo); also in LE STRANGE, 95.

i. Perfume-Distillers' Market. Note that this Market is situated on the west side. For the one on the east side, see: LE STRANGE, 27I-273, esp. 272,

and Map VIII, ref. n? 6, approximate site for Sfiq al-Rayhaniyyin, near which was, according to Le Strange, Sulq al-cAttarin; MASSIGNON, 93, situates it south of Sulq al-Raylhniyyin (see also p. 94); STRECK, I3I; SALMON, 56.

2. Bride's Market. Reported destroyed by fire in 422/I03I (see Muntagam, viii, 55). It was therefore reconstructed, perhaps when the general reconstruction of the Karh took place in the year 452 (see Muntazam, viii, 2I6, 1. I7-20), if not before.

3. Market of Felt (or Coverlet) Merchants (but see another possible translation in p. [i8], n. 8). Destroyed by fire in 422/IO3I (see Muntazam, viii, 55) and in 441 (ibid., 140); a wall was built between it and the Kar4h, then it was destroyed in this same year (ibid., I40, I4I). It was perhaps reconstructed in 452 along with the general reconstruction of the Karh.

4. Lumber Merchants' Market, on the west side. For Masra'at al-Hattabmn, or the Woodcutters' Wharf, on the east side, see: LE STRANGE, i8; STRECK,

152.

5. Butchers' Market. See: LE STRANGE, 77 (rightly prefers the reading 6azzurin to Harrazin), and Map IV, ref. n? I7; STRECK, 86; SALMON, 48. Note that this sfiq was on the west side; for one on the east side, see p. [i I], n. I5.

6. Carpenters' Market. 7. .I (sic), in Muntazam, viii, I8I; i.e., Sall al-Bawari, Row of the

Reed Mats (see Muntazam, vii, 75, 1. 2), mentioned as having been partly burned during a riot in 465/IO72, together with Sulq al-Saga in the Karh (see Muntazam, viii, 235, 1. i8); it may be that both places affected by the fire were adjacent to each other. Note that this Sulq al-Saga, or Goldsmiths' Market, was located in the Karh on the west side; there was also another such suiq on the east side.

8. The Fief; perhaps the Fief of Rabic, once associated with the Small Market of Cx;alib, according to HATIB, in SALMON, II3; see also LE STRANGE,

s.v. Fief of Rabic, and Map IV, near the Gate of the Coppersmiths, ref. n? I2.

[25] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BACDAD 285

The historian Ibn al-Sabi 1 considered this fire to have caused more damage than any previous one. He says that he crossed over to the west bank of the city and contemplated the havoc wrought by it. Vast spaces lay in ruin. All the persons he met wore clothes which were tattered or burned. In Qaticat cTsa he saw only five persons. Prayers ceased to be held in all the great mosques, except the Mosque of the Caliph, on the east side.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE KARH ill 452.2-The 'Amid AbM -Fath al- Muzaffar b. al-Husayn energetically took up the reconstruction of Bagdad, on both of its sides, but principally in the Karh which had suffered considerable damage. Within a short period of time, the Karh markets were brought back to their former condition, except for their previous roads, caravanserais and dwellings, and the dykes were reconstructed.

FLOOD ON THE EAST SIDE IN 454.3-This flood greatly affected the city, the east side of which is particularly mentioned as having been damaged. Many dwellings were destroyed; and Nahr Mucalla, Bab al-Maratib, Bab al- Azag, and the Zahir Garden are the places specifically mentioned as being flooded.

DEMOLITION ON THE WEST SIDE IN 455.4-More buildings were torn down on the west side this year. They were what remained of the palaces located on Masracat al-Rawaya 5 and the Furda Harbor 6, and a good number of riverside palaces. Their materials were carried to the palace of the Caliph.

As seen above, the Salgilqid Sultan Tugril Beg had already torn down many of these riverside palaces in 448. At the time that Tugril entered Bagdad in 447, the number of riverside palaces provided with protective dykes was I70. 7 The view of the river banks had therefore greatly changed in less than a decade.

THE EAST SIDE NAHR MUCALLA FIRE OF 458. 8-A fire broke out in a bakery in Nahr Mucalla on the east side. It extended from the New Gate 9 to the

9. Fowls' Canal. See: LE STRANGE, s.v. and Map IV; STRECK, 73, 86, 87, 94; SALMON, S.V.

IO. SmallMarket of Clib. See: SALMON, I13; LESTRANGE, 67; MASSIGNON, 58. ii. Coppersmiths' Market; reported destroyed in the fire of 422/I03I.

Cf. LE STRANGE, 68, Gate of the Coppersmiths, and Map IV, ref. n? I 2. I2. Dyers' Market.

i. See Mir 'at al-zamdn, fol. 26b. 2. Muntazam, Viii, 2I6; Kamil, viii, 90 (sub anno 452); Mir'at al-zam2n,

fol. 7ia. 3. Muntazam, Viii, 225; Mir'2t al-zaman, fol. 8ia. 4. Muntazam, Viii, 232. 5. Wharf of the Water-jars. The text has Masracat al-Zawaya: Wharf

of the Monasteries. This is a frequent variant of Masracat al-Rawaya, as in LE STRANGE, i8i; MASSIGNON, s.v. Cf. Masracat al-Ribat, or Wharf of the Monastery, p. [34], n. 8.

6. Al-Furda. See: SALMON, s.v. Fourda Djacfar; LE STRANGE, s.v. Fardah Harbour; STRECK, I34.

7. Muntazam, Viii, 232. 8. Muntazam, viii, 24I; Kdmil, viii, I04 (sub anno 458); Mir'at al-zaman,

fol. io6b; Bidaya, xii, 93. 9. Al-Bab al-Oadid. Note that this New Gate is located on the east side.

The variant reading of Hadfd for 6adfd, in LE STRANGE, III, n. I, concerns the west side, not the east. For the west side Iron Gate, see, s.v. Bab al-

286 G. MAKDISI [26]

end of the New Market. 1 There was considerable damage and loss of property: I03 shops and 3 dwellings were destroyed.

DESTRUCTION BY FIRE AND RECONSTRUCTION OF THE MAUSOLEUM OF MACRUYF AL-KARIjl IN 459 2-This Shrine 3, located on the west side, burned down accidently. Porridge was being prepared for its sick caretaker, when some nearby wood and reed matting caught fire burning the walls and the dome. The Caliph al-Qa'im gave orders for its reconstruction, placing AbM Sacd, the SOfif ayij al-Suyuh 4 in charge. The work was completed the following year, in 460, with better materials; the Shrine was reconstructed with kiln-burned bricks and plaster. 8

FOUR FLOODS ON THE EAST SIDE IN THE 460's.-The first flood of this decade occurred in 46I 6, when the water of the Tigris is reported to have risen above 2I cubits and to have flooded the east side reaching as far as the Turayya Palace 7. This means that the east side, around which the rampart was built in 488, was under water. The Turayya Palace was perhaps damaged by this flood, since it is not mentioned among the places damaged in the flood of 466. The water broke through a dyke above Bab al-O;araba 8,

and flooded Mashad al-Nuduar 9 and Mashad al-Sabti. 10 Ibn al-Banna', whose diary we have in part, gives the following report

Hadid: LE STRANGE, index; SALMON, index; STRECK, 83, 90, I i8 (in the plural: abwab al-hadid, which justifies Le Strange's reading), i66. Besides the east side New Gate, there is also the New Market, see next note.

i. Al-SUiq al-6adid. Cf. MASSIGNON, 30. 2. Munta;am, Viii, 246; Kamil, Viii, I05 (sub anno 459); Bidaya, xii, 95.

For the Mausoleum, its minaret, and its later history, see Mustafa (AWAD, al-cImarat al-islamiyya al-catiqa, in Sumer III (I947; PP. 38-59), 54 f.

3. See: LE STRANGE, 97, 98-IOO, Map IV, ref. n? 46; MASSIGNON, Saints musulmans, in RHR, LVIII (1908), 336, and Mission en Mesopotamie, II, io8; J. SOURDEL-THOMINE, Guide des Lieux de PHleyinage (Damascus, PIFD, I957), i68, and n. 2.

4. Abui Sacd Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Nisabuirl al-S-ff (d. 477), see the biographical notice in Muntazam, ix, ii.

5. See Muntazam, Viii, 248.-The year 459 was also that of the construction of two important institutions of learning, the Nizamiyya College and the Shrine College of Abil Hanifa.

6. Diary-IV, ? II2, ? I20, ? I25; Muntazam, Viii, 254; Bid2ya, xii, 98. In the Diary, Ibn al-Banna' refers to it on three different dates, over a period of more than two weeks: I2 and 25 G;umddd I, and 2 6umadd II.

7. The Palace of the Pleiades. See: LE STRANGE, s.v. Thurayya; STRECK, 115, 12I, I22; MASSIGNON, 85; CANARD, I72.

8. Bab al-(O;araba (near C, close to Tigris). See: LE STRANGE, 265-266, and Map VIII, ref. n? 8; MASSIGNON, 94; SALMON 56, 57; CANARD, I7I and n. 236. This dyke must have been located at some distance above this point in order to have flooded the places mentioned.

9. Shrine of the Vows (near B). See: SALMON, I70-I72; LE STRANGE, 205; and Map V, ref. n? 5I; MASSIGNON, 98; (AWAD, Identifications, 58I-2; CANARD, I63-I64. It is also mentioned by HARAWI, Kitab al-Ziyarat (ed. J. SOURDEL-THOMINE; Damascus, PIFD, I953), 74, who locates it near the Hayzuran Cemetery, burial place of the Imam Abui HIanifa (today's village of Mucazzam; near B).

io. Shrine of al-Sabti (al-Slbl?); unidentified. Bidaya (loc. cit.) adds the Shrine of Abui Hanifa as being affected by this flood.


based on his own experience: "On this day (Tuesday, I3 6umada I/IO March), the water increased excessively. Some said that it rose to about 20 cubits. The dwellings and shops located on the banks gave way and the road to the Azag Gate Quarter became blocked. Towards the evening, the circumstances of the people had become difficult on account of this occurrence." 1 Again, twelve days later he reports as follows: "On Sunday, the 25th of this month (22 March), the water again became excessive and destroyed a number of dwellings and stores of grain. It also broke into the shop of Abul l-Qasim b. Ridwan and destroyed a number of stores of grain in it." 2 A week later, the general area of Bab al-Maratib, and Bab Abraz 3 had not as yet drained and it was very difficult to go from place to place, as can be seen from Ibn al-Banna'Is report 4. Thus over a period of more than two weeks, this large area, including the riche.t quarters of the city which later came within the wall of 488, lay under water.

The second reported flood of the decade, that of 466 5, greatly affected the city on both banks of the raging Tigris. A torrential rain, coupled with a violent wind and an excessively augmented river, all concerted to flood the very same area as that of 46I and others besides. Water came not only from the Tigris but also from the excessive rain flowing abundantly over an already saturated earth. The individual walls of the various quarters gave way. Water flooded the earth's surface and, finding its way into the subterranean vaults, came up through the trapdoors of the dwellings, destroying them completely and piling their materials on top of each other so as to form hills of debris. Dar al-Hilafa was likewise greatly affected. The water entered it from the following places: Bayt al-Nawba 6, the wall of Bab al-Oaraba, Bab al-Nfibi 7 and Bab al-cAmma 8. It entered the Caliph's palace as far as his throne where he was sitting. One of his bodyguards carried him on his back to the Tat Palace. The Caliph's Wazir rode to his master's palace wading in water. But on the advice of the latter, he went back to Bab al-Caraba and sought refuge on the Caliph's tayyar-vessel which was moored there. Considerable loss of life occurred among the residents of Darb al-Qibahb . People, in a great panic, fled to safety to the following

I. See Diary-IV, 293 ( ? II2). 2. See ibid., 295 (? 120). 3. Abraz Gate. See: LE STRANGE, S.V.; STRECK, I17, I41, I63; MASSIGNON,

S.V.; 6AWAD, Identifications, 577-578. 4. See Diary-IV, 295-96 (? 125). 5. Munta;am, viii, 284-286; K2mil, Viii, I I9 (sub anno 466); Mir'at

al-zam2n, fol. I46b-I47a; Bidaya, xii, I09; gadarJt al-dahab, iii, 324-325. 6. Sentry Hall. Not to be confused with Bab al-Nubi. 7. Nubian Gate. Bab al-Nub!, rather than Bab al-Nawbi, appears to be

the correct reading: named after Sacid (Sacd?) al-Nub!, biographical notice in Biddya, xi, 154. See: LE STRANGE, index, and Map VIII, ref. n? I I; STRECK, 130; SALMON, 56-58; CANARD, 173 (where the reading is: NilbI); HOUTSMA, in BUNDARI, Zubdat al-Nusra, index; R. LEVY, Baghdad Chro- nicle (Cambridge, 1930), 266, n. I of p. 2I6 (where it is: Naub!).

8. Public Gate. See: SALMON, 58, I36; LE STRANGE, s.v., and Map VIII, ref. n? 12; STRECK, II5, 130; CANARD, 173.

9. Road of the Domes. Perhaps identical with Qubaybat Quarter (Quarter of the Little Domes), located in this same general area, cf. LE STRANGE, 289, and Map VIII, between ref. n? I8 and 25.

288 G. MAKDISI [28]

places: Bab al-Taq, Dar al-Mamlaka, the highlands I and the west side. The raging waters carried the debris of demolished dwellings: doors, lumber, furniture. Several palaces fell in Bab al-Maratib, among which that of the wealthy IHanbalite merchant Abul 'Abd Allah b. 6arada (d. 476) which was composed of 30 separate buildings, a garden, and a bath-house, reported as worth tens of thousands of dinars 2. Both Mashad Bab Abraz 3 and its minaret fell. The cemeteries were flooded and coffins were carried away. The water also broke through Mashad al-Nuduir, the Hayzuran Cemetery 4

and the Cemetery of al-Sabti. 5 The Harim was greatly affected, along with a large area described as

follows: all the way from Bab al-Ndbl to most of the Ma'muiniyya; Bab al-Azaj; Harabat Zafar 6; Darb al-Sakiriyya 7; Darb al-Matbah 8; Darb al-Ilalawa 9; the Masc'ida 10; and the Samciyya jl. All of these places were abandoned by their inhabitants. Darb al-Qayyar 12, flooded, was the scene of

i. Tilal al-sahra' al-'caliya; no doubt the deserted highlands of Sam- masiyya above Rusafa; cf. YAQUT, Muc?am al-buldan (ed. WtST.), iii, 318, s.v. al-Sammasiyya; and IBN CABD AL-HAQQ, Mardsid al-I.ttilc (Leiden, I852), ii, 124.

2. For this merchant, see Diary-II, 248 (? 3), and n. 6; see also, Diary- III, ? 85, where he offers one of these buildings of his palatial residence to the Hanbalite Sarif AbuT 6acfar as a temporary residence.

3. Shrine of the Abraz Gate. Perhaps this cemetery was referred to as a shrine (maghad) because Abui Ishaq al-Sirazi (d. 476/IO83), first professor of the Nizamiyya College of Bagdad, highly regarded for his learning and piety, was buried there. See STRECK, I63.

4. Maqbarat al-Hayzuran (near B). See: SALMON, s.v.; LE STRANGE, S.V., and Map V, ref. n? 40; STRECK, I6i; MASSIGNON, 77-79.

5. Qabr al-Sabti. 6. Zafar's Ruin. These so-called Ruins, of which there were several in

Bagdad, were not ruins in the literal sense, but rather quarters, still inhabited, of former, more prosperous, quarters. Such was Ibn 6arada's Ruin. For Zafar, see LE STRANGE, s.v., esp. p. 288, and Map VIII, ref. n? I7; a garden, a quarter and a ruin are known by his name, all of which referred to the same general area. Bagdad, because of its frequent calamities, seemed always to have ruins to be bought and reconstructed; cf. Munta.zam, 142 (1 II-I2).

7. Road of the Mercenaries. See Muntax,am, vii, 44 (1. 3: where it is said to be located in Nahr al-Mucalla) and x, 8o (1. 22 : where the reader will find an interesting description of a palatial residence of a favorite of the Caliph Mustarsid [reign: 512-529/IIi8-iI35]), 125 (1. i8), I90 (1. 5; flooded in 554/ I159). Note that this prosperous road was on the east side; for a quarter by this same name, on the west side, see YAkQft, ii, 234, penult, based on a report by Samcani (d. 543), who was informed by the contemporary Abui Bakr ibn cAbd al-Baql [442-535]); see also STRECK, 101.

8. Kitchen Road. See IBN RAGAB, Dayl cald Tabaqat al-Hanabila, i (ed. H. LAOUST-S. DAHHAN, Damascus, PIFD, I95I), 26 (1. 12), 63 (1. 5-6).

9. Sweetmeat Road. IO. Al-Mascfida. See: LE STRANGE, 296, 297, and Map VIII, near ref. n?

31; STRECK, 142. II. Al-Samciyya. I2. Dar Merchant's Road. This road was reconstructed in the reign of

the Caliph Muqtadi (467-487/IO75-1094), affected by a fire in 5oI/II07,


one of the tragedies. A bale of cotton had fallen onto the road and some people who tried to cross by means of it, drowned when it sank into the water. The Friday Service of worship was held in the Caliphal tayyar-vessel for two weeks, and at the IIalba 1 for the three following weeks. Here, a stand improvised from three large wicker baskets was set up for the preacher to deliver his Friday sermon. In the Mosque of the Caliph the water stood above a man's height. Most of the Mosque fell.

All of this destruction took place on the east side of the city. But the west side too received its share. The Shrine of the Palm 2 caved in. The Qurays Cemetery 3 and the Cemetery of Ahmad b. IHanbal 4 lay under water. The

completely destroyed in a flood in 554/II59 (see Muntazam, x, I90); in the year 606/I209, we find it again inhabited (see IBN AL-SAcI, al-(6dmi' al-muhtasar ft cunwan al-tawZrib wa-cuyuin al-siyar [ed. by M. 6AWAD and Anastase-Marie AL-KIRMILI, Bagdad, I353/I934], s.v., esp. 289, 1. 6;-this historical work, which covers the years 595-606/II98-I209, is provided by its learned editors with excellent indexes of which a topographical one, very useful for readily determining the existence of certain Vth/XIt) century places up to the end of the VIth/XIIth century and the beginning of the VIIth/XIIIth)-.This is one of the many cases wherein a residential area is completely destroyed and evidently again reconstructed. Therefore, as has already been stated, the destruction reported by a chronicler should not be taken as definitive, since its reconstruction could have been undertaken in the meantime without its having been reported.

i. Polo-ground. See: LE STRANGE, 292, and Map VIII, ref. n? I8; STRECK,141. 2. Mashad al-Kaff; i.e., the Shrine of the Palm (of the Prophet's Hand);

see Muntagam, vii, 149, for the origin of this shrine, originally a mosque, but made into a cathedral-mosque by permission of the Caliph Ta'ic after the Prophet appeared to a woman in a dream telling her that she would die the next day and that the funeral prayers would be said in this mosque located in Qatilat Umm xacfar (west side), where he would leave the imprint of his palm on the wall facing the direction of Mecca. Its reconstruction into a cathedral-mosque was undertaken by the ascetic Syndic of the cAlids, Abua Ahmad al-Muisawi (d. 400/1009). It was reduced to ruin by a flood in 401/100 (Muntazam, vii, 25I; this text locates it in Qaticat al-Raqlq which is in the same general area as Qaticat Umm eacfar, cf. LE STRANGE, Map V, ref. n? 14 and 20). In the following year, it was reconstructed on a grander scale, and a special plaque of sandal wood clamped with silver appeared at the place of the palm of the Prophet, guarded by a railing (ibid., 255; Bid2ya, xi, 354).

3. Maqabir Qurays. See: LE STRANGE, I 58, and Map V, at the Straw Gate (Bab al-Tibn), ref. n? I5; STRECK, I03, io6, I56, 157, i6o. The name of this cemetery, which is located on the west side, is sometimes used to designate the Hayzuran Cemetery on the east side; see SALMON, 147, n. I, according to Ibn Hawqal, and MASSIGNON, 77. Le Strange attributes this designation to "some confusion" occuring after the IVth/Xth (thus-rather than sixth/tenth) century, which would include the geographer Ibn Uawqal see LE STRANGE, 193, n. I.

4. Maqbarat Ahmad b. Ijanbal. This cemetery is also known as the Cemetery of the Harb Gate, and the Cemetery of the Martyrs. See: SALMON (Hatib), I67, I73, I74; LE STRANGE, s.v., esp. IS8 (see also Munta;am, x, 98-99, for a historical note on the name Maqabir al-guhada', or Cemetery of the Martyrs), and Map V, ref. no I2.

290 G. MAKDISI [30]

cAdudi Mdristan-Hospital was flooded, the water entering it by the windows. The results of the havoc remained for a long time afterwards. When the

water receded, the foul odor of dead matter lingered on. This is the flood by which, afterwards, events were sometimes dated; the year 466 came to be known as "the year of the flood." 1

The following year, in 467 2, a torrential rain threatened to repeat the previous year's experience. Most of the construction that had taken place after the flood had not yet been completed. The inhabitants, carrying what they could of their belongings, fled once again to the highlands.

The fourth and last reported flood of the decade occurred in 469 3. The waters of the Tigris increased by 21 1/2 cubits flooding Dar al-Hilafa. Once again, the people took to the hills carrying what they could of their possessions. The Caliph al-Qa'im had died two years before and his remains had been provisionally inhumed there. The Wazir transferred the coffin to the Mausoleums 4 in the Rusafa.

FIRE ON THE EAST SIDE IN 46I. 5-A great fire broke out at night in Bab al- Azag on the east side. Though no losses were reported, the damage must have been in cotton where the fire had started. It was apparently extinguished before it had spread throughout the residential sections.

FIRE ON THE WEST SIDE in 465. 6-This fire was the result of a riot between the Sicites and Sunnites, on two different occasions during the month of Sacban. The area affected, at least on the first occasion, was the Karh, particularly Suiq al-Saga and part of the Saff.

FIRE ON THE EAST AND WEST SIDES IN 467. 7-After the destructive flood of the previous year, Bagdad was once again laid in ruins by a ravaging fire on both sides of the Tigris. The fire began in a baker's shop in Nahr Mu'alla and soon spread throughout the market of this quarter destroying 82 shops, not counting residences. It then spread throughout the east side as follows: al-Ma'muaniyya, al-Zafariyya, Darb al-Matbah, Dar al-Hilafa, Hammam al-Samarqandi, Bab al-Azag and Darb al-Farrasa. 8 On the west side, the following places were affected: Nahr TTbiq 9, Nahr al-Qalla'n 10 al-Qatica, Nahr al-Bawwabin 11 and Bab al-Basra.

SMALL FIRE ON THE WEST SIDE IN 470. 12-A thunderbolt struck two date-

i. For a more recent flood reminiscent of that of 466, see the report by Muhammad DARWIS, Bagddd wa-layadan Digla (Bagdad and the overflowing of the Tigris), in Hildl, vol. 2 (i894), 66o.

2. Muntazam, viii, 289-290; Mir'at al-zaman, fol. I53a; Biddya, Xii, IO9.

3. Muntazam, viii, 305; Mir'iit al-zaman, fol. i65b. 4. Cf. p. [I2], n. 5; Sric al-Turab (Street of the Mausoleums); also Muntazam

ix, 25 (1. i8). See also HARAWI, Kitab al-Ziyydrt, 74 (transl. p. I63, and n. 9). 5. Diary-V, ? I79 (Arabic text, p. 429; English transl., p. 440). 6. Muntazam, viii, 277-278; Biddya, xii, io6. 7. Muntazam, viii, 294; Mir'at az-zamdn, fol. I55a; Biddya, xii, III. 8. Chambermaid Road. Cf. the Fief of the Farrashes or the Carpet-

spreaders, in LE STRANGE, I49, but on the west side. 9. TTbiq Canal; see, inter alia, LE STRANGE, S.V.

IO. Qalld'ln Canal; see, inter alia, LE STRANGE, S.V. (Canal of the Cooks who sold fried meats).

i i. Sic; more likely: Nahr al-Bazz2zin, Clothes Merchants' Canal (see, inter alia, LE STRANGE, S.V.).

I 2. Munta;am, viii, 3II; Biddya, xii, II7.

[31] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BA6DAD 29I

palms in a mosque in the Tulta. It started a fire, which was, however, put out before it could do any further damage.

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DYKE OF NAHR CISA 1 ON THE WEST SIDE IN 474. 2

-Destroyed 23 years before, it was repaired by 7,afar al-Qa'imi 3. It had been repaired several times before.

THE EAST SIDE MOSQUE OF THE CALIPH 4 RECONSTRUCTED IN 475.-This Mosque had been greatly damaged in the flood of 466. Nine years later, in 475 5, its reconstruction was completed. All that had been destroyed was reconstructed; and it was further expanded and a new minbay was built for it. The Wazir Fahr al-dawla b. Cahir (d. 483/lO90) had built a fountain for it, had the water brought to it by means of subterranean conduits, and provided it with water spouts. 6

THE TORRENTIAL RAINS OF 478. 7-Torrential rains such as had not been seen for several years previously (perhaps since the year of 466) poured over the city for a day and a night flooding its dwellings. No specific damage is reported.

BURNING OF TWO WEST SIDE QUARTERS IN 478.-In this same year 8, as a result of the riot between Sunnites and gicites on the west side, part of the Sicite Kar4h and part of the Sunnite Bab al-Basra were burned.

SMALL EAST SIDE FIRE IN 479.-In the month of Ragab 479 9 a thunderbolt struck Han al-HalIfa 10 facing Bab al-Nuibi and burned a part of it.

THE EAST SIDE HALBA FIRE OF 480. 11-This fire started at the Halba in stocks of wood which had been gathered there for months in order to fire kiln- burned bricks. It was started by an anemy of the proprietors. Sparks of it spread throughout the Harim People ascended to the terraces of their homes to protect them from possible fire. The heat of the fire at the Halba was so intense that attempts to save the wood failed completely. No specific damage to the quarter is reported.

EAST SIDE CONSTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION IN 48o.-This year was also a period of important construction and reconstruction. 12 The Tagiyya

i. Butq Nahr cIsa, Dyke of the c isa Canal. For the C Isa Canal, see: SALMON, s.v. Nahr cIsa; LE STRANGE, s.v., and Map IV; STRECK, 79, 8o, 8i, 94, I59.

2. See Kamil, Viii, I30 (sub anno 474). 3. This Zafar, an officer of the personal guard of the Caliph Qa'im,

is very likely the same Zafar by whose name the following places are known: the Zafariyya Gate, the Zafariyya, Zafar's Garden, and Zafar's Ruin. For another such officer of the Caliph Qa'im, cAfif al-Qa'imi (d. 484), see Muntazram, ix, 59. See also, on Zafariyya in 55I/II56, STRECK (Yaqult), I4O, n. I.

4. See LE STRANGE, s.v., and Map VIII, ref. no 3; MASSIGNON, 94. 5. See Muntazam, ix, 3. 6. IBN AL-ATIR, Kamil, viii, I44, reports the completion of the minaret

in the year 479. 7. Muntazam, ix, i6. 8. Ibid. 9. Muntazam, ix, 28.

io. The Caliph's Caravanserai; this is like the "Han al-Hayl" cited in SALMON, I36, LE STRANGE, 255; cf. Munta;am, viii, 59 (1. 8), where the Caliph Qa'im is said to have had a caravanserai in one of the fiefs (unde- signated). CANARD, I73, cites it within Dar al-Hilafa, the Caliphal Quarter.

ii. Munta.zam, ix, 37. 12. Muntazam, ix, 38; Biddya, xii, I33.

292 G. MAKDISI [32]

College 1 was founded in Bab Abraz. The dyke of the Zahir Garden, its foundations still firm, was reconstructed; date-palms and other trees were planted in the garden and a wall was built around it. 2

EAST SIDE CONSTRUCTION IN 485. - At the beginning of this year 3, the Salgiuqid Sultan Malik-sah, his wazir Nizam al-Mulk and his financial agent Tat al-Mulk, all three of whom died this same year, gave orders for constructions, each for his own use.

Malik-sah gave orders for the construction of Suq al-Madina 4, that is Madnat Tugril, or "Tugril City", near his palatial residence. In it he built roads, palaces and vendor's shops. He also built a Sulq where he was staying, within the area of his own palace. Hatiun, his wife, had a place built for the mint. 5 Malik-sah also ordered the building of the Mosque of the Sultan 6,

which was not completed however until later by Bahriz. 7

Nizam al-Mulk leased the Bridge Garden 8 and the endowment lands of the Maristan-Hospital closeby, for a period of 50 years, in order to turn it into a palatial residence.

Tag al-Mulk Abui l-(and2im purchased the Palace of Humam 9, the property linking it with the Ma'muini Palace 10, and the Palace of Hitlig 11, the Leader of the Pilgrims' Caravan (Amir al-Ha##), reconstructing them all into a palatial residence.

Each had set up an agent in charge of construction. But, as has already been mentioned, none of the three lived beyond the year.

THE EAST SIDE NAHR MUCALLA FIRE OF 485 12-In this year too, a fire broke out in Nahr Mucalla. It extended from Nahr al-Hadid 13 to Harabat al-Har-

I. (Al-Madrasa) al-Tagiyya. See: LE STRANGE, 288, and Map VIII, ref. n?. 211; STRECK, I44; 6AWAD, Identifications, 576.

2. This being at the orders of the Salgilqid Sultan Malik-sah (465-485/ 1072-I092).

3. Muntazam, ix, 6o-6i; Kamil, viii, I59 (briefly announced for 485 among events of the year 484); Mir'at al-zamdn, fOl. 205 b; Biddya, xii, 137 (year of 484 according to Kamil), and xii, 138-139 (year of 485, according to Mun- tazam).

4. The City Market, i.e. the "Tugril City" Market. 5. Dar al-Darb. For the gate, Bab Dar al-Darb, see Index. 6. Camic al-Sultan (between A and C, near Tigris). See: LE STRANGE,

S.v., esp. 240; STRECK, I35, I53; SALMON, S.V.; MASSIGNON, 43, and n. 7. Note that Malik-sah did not in fact live to see the Mosque built; this did not come about until later. IBN AL-ZAWZI says in 524, though he does not mention it among the events of that year.

7. Mugahid al-din Abui l-Hasan Bahruiz ibn 'Abd Allah al-Giyati (d. 540), see the biographical notice in Muntazam, x, II 7.

8. Bustan al-CYiisr. See: SALMON, i i8, I52; LE STRANGE, 75-76, and Map IV, ref. n? 39 for the "Garden Bridge" ("Kantarah al-Bustan").

9. Dar al-Humam (al-Hammam ?). IO. Qasr Ban! l-Ma'mfin. See: LE STRANGE, 243-245; STRECK, I20-121;

SALMON, 53. CANARD, 170, says that it had disappeared in the IVth/Xth century.

I I. Dar Hutlug (5; vocalization uncertain). For Hutlug, see biographical

notice in Muntazam, ix, 31 (d. 479). I2. Munta;am, ix, 6I; Kamil, viii, i66 (sub anno 485); Biddya, Xii, I39. I3. Iron Canal; cf. the Iron Gates, on the east bank, LE STRANGE, 207, 2I5.

[33] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BA0;DAD 293

rds I and Bab Dar al-Darb. 2 The following places caught fire: Suiq al-Saga, (S&q) al-$ayarif 3, (Suaq) al-Muhallatiyyln 4, and (Suiq) al-Rayhaniyyin. 6 The fire lasted from the zuhr- to the casr-prayer. There was considerable loss of life and property. The fire surrounded the Masgid al-Zarraqmn 6 which, however, did not catch fire. The Caliph al-Muqtadi ordered his Wazir to have the fire extinguished; and the latter stood by Ibn Garada's Mosque 7

supervising the work of the water-carriers and journeymen until the fire was out.

CONSTRUCTION OF MUSTAZHIR'S WALL IN 488 8.-Under the orders of the Caliph Mustazhir, the Wazir cAmid al-dawla b. Cahlr supervised the building of a wall encompassing one-third of the lower east side of Bagdad, an area which came to be known under the designation of al-Harim. 9 Among those who took part in the merry-making which accompanied the great undertaking were the residents of Suiq Yahya.

THE EAST SIDE FIRE OF 493 IN HARABAT IBN (ARADA.-In 493 10, a fire broke out in Harabat Ibn Carada 11 destroying the greater part of it. A strong wind carried sparks onto a palace in Rah.bat al-Cmic 12, burning it, and onto the Wazir's palace in Bab al-cAmma.

THE EAST SIDE NAHR MUCALLA FIRE OF 495.-In this year 13, a fire again broke out in Nahr Mucalla, between Darb Surur 14 and Darb al-Matbah. A lamp, which a sweeper had placed near a reed basket, caused it to catch fire.

i. Harras's Ruin. It was among the places reconstructed under the reign of the Caliph Muqtadi (467-487/1075-IO94), after this fire, see Munta.sam, Viii, 293.

2. Gate of the Mint. 3. Money Changers' Market. See: LE STRANGE, 272; STRECK, I32; SAL-

MON, 56; MASSIGNON, 92. Cited also in Muntazam, ix, 38 (1. Io); Suiq al- Sayarifa, in Nahr Mucalla on the east side.

4. Dried-Fruit Merchants' Market; cf. the nisba "al-Muhallati" in IBN RA6AB, Dayl cald tabaqat al-Han2bila, i, I39, lines 13-I4, where al-muhallat is explained as al-nuql (= al-naql); cf. also LE STRANGE, 266 ("sellers of dried fruits").

5. Perfumers' Market. 6. Read Naphtha-Throwers, Mosque, Masgid al-Zarraqln, instead of

Masgid al-Razzaqln in Muntazam, loc. cit.; cf. zarraq in Dozy, Supplement, s.v. 7. Masgid Ibn 6arada. 8. Muntazam, ix, 85; Kdmil, viii, I78 (sub anno 488); Mir'at al-zaman,

fol. 22ia-b; Bidaya, xii, 149. This wall (2, on sketch) is referred to as Suir al-Harim.

9. For the concept of Harim, see below, p. [40]. i o. Muntazam, ix, I I 3. II. Ibn Oarada's Ruin. A residential quarter (cf. Ibn al-Naggdr, Dayl

Tdrih Bagdad, MS. Paris 213I, fol. i63b-i64a). It was among the places reconstructed under the reign of the Caliph al-Muqtadi (467-487/Io75-Io94), see Muntazam, viii, 293. Cf. STRECK, 14I, n. I. Ibn aarada's palatial residence was located in Bab al-Maratib (near F), see Diary-III, ? 8o.

12. The Mosque Square. Cf. LE STRANGE, 272, 284; "The square of the great mosque of the Palace (Rahbah Jamic al-Kasr)". A residential quarter (cf. Ibn al-Natgar, Op. cit., fol. 4b).

I3. Muntazam, ix, I3I-I32; Biddya, xii, I62. I4. Joy Road.

294 G. MAKDISI [341

The result was considerable loss of property throughout the area indicated; but the report gives no specific estimate of the loss.

DEMOLITION ON THE EAST SIDE IN 496.1 - The Caliph al-Mustazhir gave orders this year for the demolition of the following places: Suiq al-Madina, newly constructed by the Salgaqid Sultan Malik-sah and which was named Sfiq al-Sabbagin 2 after he left Bagdad; the market where the clothes merchants were located when he was in Bagdad 3; and the college (madrasa) founded by Turkan Hatuin . Considerable amounts of money had been expended on the construction of these places.

THE EAST SIDE FLOOD OF 499. 5-This flood was reminiscent of the flood of 466, some people reporting that the Tigris had swelled to even greater heights. Stores of grain were destroyed in considerable quantity and many palaces were ruined. The Palace of the Syndic 6 Abui l-Qasim al-Zaynabi (d. 543) 7 in Bab al-Maratib was about to be flooded when he attempted to move to Bab al-Basra on the west side by means of sumayriyya-vessels. But he desisted when nine women of his household sank with the first of these vessels after reaching Masracat al-Ribat. 8

THE EAST SIDE FIRE OF 501 IN HARABAT IBN CxTARADA. 9-Once again, a fire broke out on the east side in IHarabat Ibn Oarada, lasting several hours. The damage which it caused to property was estimated to be over 300,000 dinars. Along with this material loss, there was considerable loss of life. The inhabitants of this quarter made breaches in its wall and escaped through them to the safety of the Bab Abraz Cemeterv. 10

Several times in succession, after being extinguished, the fire would again break out in a number of places on Darb al-Qayyar and elsewhere. The inhabitants were in a state of extreme anxiety. They hired people to guard their homes from the terraces and on the roads. Some put up tents on the terraces, in spite of the intense heat, and stayed there with supplies of water kept in readiness. This went on for days, the people foregoing their means of subsistence.

i. Munta;am, ix, 135. 2. Dyers' Market; another such suiq is mentioned for the west side. 3. Suiq al-BazzazTn. This was perhaps the Suiq located in Suiq al-Talata',

in the area, therefore, of the palatial residence of the Sultan; cf. YAQfiT, I, 932, S.V. Suiq at-Taladta. Note that this Clothes' Merchants' Market was located on the east side. For the west side market by the same name, see: SALMON, 48, I54; LE STRANGE, s.v., and Map IV, ref. n? i6; STRECK, 86.

4. For Turkan Hatuin, wife of the Salgiiqid Sultan Malik-sah, see biographical notice in Muntazam, ix, 84.

5. Muntazam, ix, I46; Bidaya, xii, i65. 6. Naqlb al-Nuqaba'; cf. Diary-II, ? I7 (252, n. 9), Abui l-Fawaris al-

Zaynabi (d. 49I/I097-8), father of Abui l-Qasim, (see next note); cf. also Dar al-Niqaba, the Syndicate's Palace, on the west side.

7. See his biographical notice in Muntazam, ix, I35-I36. 8. Wharf of the Monastery, located on the east side, see Muntazam, x,

249-250. 9. Munta.-am, ix, 157; Kimil, Viii, 25I (sub anno 50I).

Io. Maqabir Bab Abraz. Cf. Mashad Bab Abraz, p. [28], n. 3. MASSIGNON writes (p. 59) that the Cemetery of Bab Abraz has disappeared and is now replaced by a Jewish Quarter; cf., in this regard, the present report where Jews are said to have lived in the nearby Harabat Ibn larada.

[35] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAC;DAD 295

A certain group of Jews, inhabitants of Harabat Ibn Oarada, did nothing to move their possessions away, because the fire had occurred on the sabbath.

Some of the inhabitants had crossed over to the west side in order to see the shows, as it was their custom to do so on the Saturday following the feast. On returning to their quarter, they discovered their homes burned, their property destroyed, and that members of their household had perished. Qarah Ibn Razin was among the places which had caught fire.

CONSTRUCTION ON THE EAST SIDE IN 502. 2-Bahruiz continued this year the construction of the Sultan's Mosque which was begun in 485 under the Sultan Malik-sah. The Sultan Muhammad charged him further with the reconstruction of Dar al-Mamlaka and the supervision of public works in the city. He constructed wells provided with waterwheels, founded a monastery for the Sufifs 3 near the Nizamiyya College, and did other construction work.

FIRE ON THE EAST SIDE IN 5o8. 4-A great fire broke out this year in (Dar) al-Rayh. niyyln 5 and the Belvedere of Bab Badr. 6 The result was a considerable loss of property.

RECONSTRUCTION AND FIRE ON THE EAST SIDE IN 509. 7-Jn 509 Bahruz

completed the reconstruction of the Palace of the Sultan 8. Gifts were brought to it from all the dignitaries; Koranic reciters, jurisconsults, qadis and sfifis were invited; and Koranic reciting took place for 3 consecutive days.

In this same year 9, a fire again broke out on the east side, this time in Qarah Abi l-Sahm 10 destroying many palaces and shops there.

FIRE ON THE EAST SIDE IN 5IO. 11-Once again, a fire occurred on the east side, in the period between the two cisa'-prayers. It started in stores of wood

i. Ibn Razin's Garden. See STRECK (Yaqult), I40. 2. Muntazam, ix, I59; Kamil, viii, 257 (sub anno 502).

3. WVhich went by the name of Ribat Bahrfiz. On Silfi Monasteries in Bagdad, see Mustafa 6AWAD, al-Rubut al-bagdadiyya, in Sumer X (I954), 2I8-249, who, here as elsewhere before ('Imarat al-qarn al-sadis al-ldajma, in Sumer, II, 1946, 57ff.) attributes the founding of two such monasteries to Bahruiz.

4. Muntazam, ix, i8o; Bidaya, xii, I78. 5. (Dar) Al-Raylaniyyln. See LE STRANGE, S.V. See below, p. [39], for

some details on the construction of this palace by Mustazhir between the years 503 and 507.

6. Manzarat Bab Badr. This Belvedere was therefore constructed long before 557/Ii62, at which date a reconstruction, rather than a construction (as stated by Le Strange, 273) had taken place.

7. Muntazam, ix, I82. 8. Al-Dar al-Sultaniyya (between A and C, on Tigris). This palace was

burned to the ground in 5I5/112I, and the Sultan Mahmuid, in Bagdad at the time, decided not to reconstruct it, but to build another one. His reason was that his father, Malik-sah, had not lived long after moving into it and that it had already heavily drained the treasury. See Munta;am, iX, 223-224.

9. Munta;am, ix, I83. IO. Abu l-Sa1ahm's Garden. See: LE STRANGE, 289, and Map VIII, near ref.

no i8, and STRECK, I4I, both based on YAQUT, IV, 45. ii. Muntaz-am, ix, i84; Kamil, viii, 276 (sub anno 5IO); Mir'at al-zaman,

fol. 284b; Bidaya, xii, I79.

296 G. MAKDISI [36]

on the riverside and sparks of it flew to the roads of Bab al-Maratib ' burning parts of it. Several palaces burned on Darb al-Silsila 2 as well as those over- looking the Tigris, among which were the following: the Palace of Nuir al- Huda Abul Talib al-Zaynabi (d. 5I2) 3; the Bahruiz Monastery; and the library of the Nizamiyya College whose books were, however, removed in time to safety by the students.

FIRE ON THE EAST SIDE IN 512. 4-There was another great fire on the east side in Suiq al-Raylhniyymn and in Suiq cAbduln 5. It extended from cAqd al- Hadid 6 and cAqd Hammam al-Samarqandi I to Bab Dar al-Darb, Han al-Raqlq 8 and (Suiq) al-Sayarif.

TORRENTIAL RAINS IN 5I3.-In this year of the death of Ibn cAqll, torrential rains hit Bagdad and the city was panic-stricken. But no specific losses are reported. 9

III. SOME CONCLUSIONS

The foregoing reports show that Bagdad was subjected to a great amount of destruction due to physical causes; the most devastating period being that of the 460's, the period of the floods. Le Strange did not exaggerate the character of the great flood of 466, but he did attribute to it a role more definitive than in actual fact. For floods, like fires, were part and parcel of Bagdad's medieval history, not merely of the eleventh century; yet they brought no change in the position of the east side city before this time. When the shift began to take place, the east side city was already two centuries old; yet the raging Tigris, with ample time to effect a shift, if it could, had not done so during the long period between the ninth and the eleventh centuries. Moreover, the floods of the 460's devastated the very area which was later included in the new wall of 488, namely,

i. Notice that Darb al-Silsila (Chain Road) and the Nizamiyya are located in the vicinity of Bab al-Maratib (near F) not as Mustafa Tawad shows them on his maps (near D, on Tigris); for these maps see p. [41], n. i.

2. Chain Road. See: SALMON, S.V.; MASSIGNON, 94. 3. See his biographical notice in Muntazam, ix, 20I. 4. Muntaxam, ix, I96-197. 5. cAbdfn's Market. 6. The Iron Archway. 7. The Archway of Samarqandi's Bath-house. 8. The Slaves' Caravanserai (text: Han al-Daqiq, the Flour Caravanserai,

a common copyist's error, cf. LE STRANGE, I23n.) 9. Muntazam, ix, 206. IBN AL-AT1r, Kamil, viii, 291, reports, among

the events of the year 5I3, that the -Td Palace was demolished for fear of its falling and causing damage. It had been built by the Caliph Muk- taft before the year 290, according to Ibn al-Atir. However, Ibn al-6awzi, a source frequently used by Ibn Atir, does not report the demolition of the Tat Palace until the year 524 (see Muntapam, x, I4) and says that it was again reconstructed the same year.


Nahr Mucalla and Bab al-Maratib. Such destruction did not cause the inhabitants to retreat permanently to another safer area. Indeed, the temporary retreat which did take place was from southeast to northwest, in a direction opposite to that taken by the shift: the inhabitants of Bab al-Maratib and Dar al-Hilafa, during the flood of 466, are reported to have taken refuge, among other places, in Bab al-Taq, and above it in the highlands of Sammasiyya. Destruction by natural causes brought in its wake, not a permanent retreat from the favorite spots along the Tigris, but reconstruction of the devastated area. Reconstruction was still under way when the flood of the following year took the people by surprise. The inhabitants of Bagdad were forever reconstructing after floods and fires. The flood of 466, devastating as it was, could not have caused the shift in east Bagdad, and Le Strange's thesis thus rests on inadequate grounds.

In rejecting altogether Le Strange's thesis of a shift, and replacing it with his theory of fixity, Massignon poses a pertinent question. Why should the Caliph Mustazhir, in 488, suddenly reduce the east side city to one-third of its former area? Between 463, date of al-Hatib al-Bagdadi's death, and 488, no cataclysm of a physical or political nature occurred. The role attributed to the flood of 466 is exaggerated. As for the political scene, the year 488 was in the heart of the Salgiiqid period, and a split had already occurred, making the Sultans the holders of temporal power, and the Caliphs, the spiritual sovereigns.

Thus Massignon cites two possible causes which could have accounted for the shift, but neither of which he believes took place. He dismisses the flood of 466 upon which Le Strange had laid so much stress, and in this regard, the evidence of the foregoing materials supports his views.

But Massignon, with his usual discernment, sees where a political factor could have brought about the shift in question. If he dismisses this factor, it is, I believe, because the historical sources at the time he wrote his "Notes", half a century ago, fostered a certain picture of the political scene which, to my mind, is no longer tenable. For it is indeed the political factor which can and does account for the permanent shift.

Until this day, it is the generally accepted thesis of historians that the Caliphate of the eleventh century, in reaction against the oppressive tutelage of the Buwayhids, called upon the Salguqids ARABICA VI 20

298 G. MAKDISI [38J

for liberation. The Salguqids are depicted as staunch champions of sunnism-they, like the Caliphs, being Sunnite-against the unorthodoxy of the Si'ite Buwayhids. But in view of the new- sources which have come to light, a close examination of them will no longer allow of such an interpretation. That there was a clash of interests between Caliph and Sultan during the period of the Salgiiqids, there can no longer be any doubt. This is not the place to discuss the matter in detail, as I hope to do so, on a later occasion, when treating of the political scene during Ibn 'Aqil's lifetime. The opposition which I hope to show here between Caliph and Sultan has a direct bearing on the topographical problem with which we are presently concerned. If a shift can be demonstrated on the basis of a strong political factor, a "cataclysm" of a political order, then Massignon's pertinent and revealing question will have been answered.

TwO ELEVENTH-CENTURY WALLS ON BAODAD' SEAST SIDE

This strong political factor can be seen in the history of two walls on the east side: Tugril's wall of 448, and Mustazhir's wall of exactly four decades later. Whereas the wall of Mustazhir has long been a point of contention among topographical historians of Bagdad, that of Tugril has not to my knowledge been considered as yet in dealing with the topography of this city. The little information we have concerning it we owe to a brief passage in certain important chronicles.

In 448, the year following his arrival in Bagdad, Tugril had his wall constructed. In the report of that year the wall is described as a broad one, on the east side, taking in most of Muharrim and Dar al-Fil. Within this wall he is said to have intended to build a palace of his own, which is to say that he intended to build one anew. But nothing more is said about this intention. With the materials of the riverside palaces which he pulled down, he reconstructed the former Buwayhid palaces and fortified them.

The year 455 was the year of Tugril's death. It is also the year in which the Caliph Qa'im ordered the demolition of riverside palaces which survived Tugril's demands, and their materials were carried to the palace of the Caliph. No mention is made in the report of this year as to the immediate purpose these materials were to serve. It would appear that Qa'im took the opportunity to collect these materials during the interregnum following upon the death of Tugril. These materials at least could not be used by the new Sultan.

But the new Sultan, Alp Arslan, who held the sultanate for ten years, 455 to 465, never set foot in Bagdad. This was not the case with his successor Malik-sah.

The report of the year 485 is important for the light it throws on the former building activities of Tugril. For the first time in these reports mention is made of a suiq (market) in a place called Madnat Tugril (Tugril City), in the vicinity of a palace belonging to Malik-sah. There can hardly be any

[39] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BA6DAD 299

doubt that "Tugril City" refers to the area enclosed within the wall built by Tugril. Malik-sah constructed a Suiq, near his palatial residence, along with roads, palaces, and shops. His wife built a minting house, and he began the building of the Mosque of the Sultan (nami' al-Sultan) which was not completed however until some decades after Malik-sah's death.

Such was the aspect of Tugril City at Malik-sah's death in 485, occupying the enclave which Tugril had appropriated and encircled with a broad wall.

With the death of Malik-sah came the beginning of the decline of Sal- guiqid power. The contemporary Caliph Muqtadi died two years later. The following year, in 488, his successor, Mustazhir, constructed a wall of his own. The northwestern part of the area encircled by this wall contained Suiq al-Talata' or Silq al-Sultan 1. It is known that Suiq al-Talata' was part of Muharrim, and that Mustazhir's wall included part of Muharrim. The report of 448 describes Tugril's wall as encircling part of Muharrim also.

Subsequent history brings further light to this interesting development. Eight years after the building of his wall, Mustazhir ordered the demolition of the Sfiq of Tugril City which had in the meantime been renamed Suiq al- Sabbagmn, as well as a madrasa (college) founded by Turkan Hatuln, wife of Malik-sah 2 This took place in 496. Between the years of 503 and 507, Mustazhir ordered more demolition work and some construction as well. He demolished a palace of Hatuin located near Bab al-O,araba, first northwest gate of Dar al-Hilafa, as well as a palace of his own sister, daughter of the Caliph Muqtadi. He demolished other places, especially sfiqs, and turned the whole area into a vast palatial group called Dar al-Rayhaniyymn, the last of its buildings reaching as far as the gate called Darkah Hatuin, near Bab al- Niabi, a gate of the wall of 488 3. It will be remembered that Hatuin built a mint in Tugril City. All these places are later spoken of as within the wall of Mustazhir, the mint of Hatuin being cited as the name of a gate, or quarter, not as a mint. It is therefore safe to say that Mustazhir enclosed within his wall at least a good part of what had been since the beginning of the Buwayhid period the palatial residence of the Sultans below the Zahir Garden. His wall enveloped not only the wall of Dar al-Hilafa, but also an area formerly encircled by Tugril's wall of 448.

Le Strange's Map N? VIII shows Bab al-Sultan to be the northwestern gate of Mustazhir's wall; and below this gate, to the south-east, it shows Suiq al-Sultan. Both the Bab and the Suiq no doubt refer to what was part of "Tugril City." It appears that Mustazhir took over the area of the Suiq which used to be within the area enclosed in the older wall of Tugril. The gate "Bab al-Sultan" was so-called apparently because it gave access, on the one hand, to what was referred to as Suaq al-Sultan, and on the other hand, outside Mustazhir's wall, to the Palace and Mosque named after the Sultan Malik-sah, in the area of Suiq al-Talata' where the Sultans always had their group of palaces. Thus Mustazhir's Wall enclosed at least part of the area formerly enclosed by Tugril's wall. Sfiq al-Talata' was thus divided between Mustazhir's area and that of the Sultan's. Thus also Mustazhir's wall of 488 enclosed two other walls: the wall encircling Dar al-Hilafa, and the wall encircling "Tugril City." This latter wall may have fallen into disrepair by 488, but it appears that its northeastern section was in part identical with

i. See Map VIII in LE STRANGE. 2. There is no previous mention of this; was this perhaps the mint or a

madrasa near the mint? 3. YAQUT, II, 519-521.

300 G. MAKDISI [40]

the northeastern section of the wall around "Tugril City." Outside this wall lay the area in which the Sultan's (Malik-sah's) Palace and Mosque were later to be built. Malik-sah had ordered them to be built in 485 but they were not completed until after the construction of Mustazhir's wall.

Subsequent history shows the location of Oamic al-Sultan (i.e. Malik- sah's Palace) outside the wall. For on the 2nd of Ramadan 530, Zanki advised the Caliph to set up camp against the Sultan Mascfid near 6amic al-Sultan on the river bank and the Caliph did so. Two days later, being informed by one of his spies of an impending attack by the Sultan Masc'id, Zank! moved back with his men and the Caliph setting up camp within the wall (of Mus- tazhir). 1

In the previous year, 529, Masc'id's representative in Bagdad, the gihna, had ordered the demolition of Mustazhir's wall, telling the people of Bagdad "You made merry when building it, make merry destroying it!" 2, The wall, demolished in several places, must have been repaired by 530 when Masc'ud besieged it. Another restoration of the wall took place in 568, under similar circumstances, when the Caliph Mustadli' was threatened by the arrival of the hostile forces of the Sultan Arslan-sah. 3

Thus, from the very beginning of the Salgufqid period in Bagdad, there was a clash of interests between Caliph and Sultan in the city which was traditionally the capital of the cAbbasid Caliphate.

* *

To Le Strange, Mustazhir's wall of 488 had the function of surrounding a new city which had sprung up around Dar al-Hilafa under the previous Caliph Muqtadi. Le Strange calls it a city wall, with the understanding that that which lay outside of it was no longer inhabited. This conception was supported recently by Canard on the basis of a statement by Ibn cAbd al- IIaqq (VlJth/XlJJth C.) to the effect that the city on the left bank had fallen to ruin from gammaslyya to Mutharrim, so a wall was built around what remained and the city remained in this state down to the advent of the Mongols in I258. 4

But the history of the period subsequent to the building of this wall contradicts this assertion which comes from a writer of two centuries later. Among those who contributed to the building of the wall were the residents of Suiq Yahya, admittedly located in that part of the city which was supposed to have fallen to ruin. This is but one example among others capable of contradicting such a notion.

The fact of the matter is that the wall of 488 was not a city wall; that is, it was not a wall which was built to surround the city which existed at the time on the east side. In order to attain to a better understanding of its function, it is necessary to consider some other walls which had come into existence before it and the function which they fulfilled; and this necessitates going into the meaning of the term "Harim".

An anomymous article in the Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam 5 describes a harlm as a piece of ground "withdrawn from cultivation or building without

I. Muntazam, x., 57 (I. 13). 2. Munta;am, x, 48-49. 3. Muntazam, x, 240. 4. CANARD, I63-I64 and n. 209. 5. S.v. lJarim.

[4I] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAODAD 30I

the owner's consent ... such as the HIarim Dar al-Hilafa and the Harim al-Thhirl in Bagdad, which included whole stretches of the town."

An essential part of such a harlm was the wall which surrounded it, judging from the good many places in Bagdad, described as such, and surrounded by a wall; moreover, an important feature of such a place was the character of asylum which it possessed. In his description, Ibn cAql speaks of a wall surrounding the Harim al-TThirl 1. The Dar al-Hilafa is already known to have had such a wall 2, described by Yaqfit.

In addition to these two haryms, other "whole stretches" of the town on the east side possessed, or attempted to possess, the character of harim. Madinat Tugril, or "Tugril City", was one of these. Another was Bab al- Maratib which had its own gatekeeper, a man of influence who controlled accession to this exclusive place 3. And another was the Suiq of the Madrasa al-Nizamlyya. This appears clearly from the declaration made by the Sal- gulqid Sultan Malik-sah in 480/I087, in the month of Safar, one month after the marriage of his daughter to the Caliph Muqtadi, and at a time when their relations were at a high degree of amity. In evidence of this amity, Malik- sah had a proclamation read in the Sulq of the Madrasa al-Nizamiyya founded by his minister :"There is no harim save that of the Commander of the Believers (= Caliph); this place (= the Sfiq) forms a part of his harim!". The point here is that the Suiq, when built by Nizam al-Mulk, possessed, along with the Madrasa, or College, the character of hayim. This was also where a palace was built for one of Nizam's sons, where Nizam stayed on a visit to Bagdad.

By the year 485, relations between Caliph and Sultan had completely deteriorated. Malik-sah, who had in 480 considered the Caliph as alone entitled to the privilege of harim, now reclaimed it for himself. He ordered the reconstruction of Tugril City, and ordered the Caliph out of Bagdad.

But Malik-vsh died before this calamity befell the Caliph Muqtadi, who also died two years later in 487. It was Mustazhir, his successor to the Caliphate, who gave Bagdad its most important and most permanent harim, when he built the wall of 488. It encircled roughly one-third of the city which existed at the time, including not only the Harim of Dar al-Hilafa but also, and significantly, the Harim of Tugril City. One of his purposes in building his own wall was to reclaim these harims. His wall did not therefore encompass the whole of Bagdad's east side, but enough of it to include the area involved.

Thus there is no need to assume that the area outside of the wall, to the northwest, had fallen to ruin. That it was very prosperous indeed is confirmed by the reports on fires and floods in the area. As previously pointed out, the residents of Suiq Yahya (see sketch, near the Bridge between A and B), in the interior of Bab al-Taq, were among those who built the wall. Likewise, the area enclosed within Mustazhir's wall did not include suburbs

i. This wall rightly appears on the Map prepared by Ahmad Suisa, Mustafa 6awad and Ahmad Hamid al-Sarraf (a publication of al-Magmal al-cIlmh al-cIrdql. Bagdad: M. al-Masaha, no date), though not on the one attached to the end of the edition of IBN AL-SACI, al-(amic al-Mubtasar (ed. Mustafa 6AWAD-ANASTASE-MARIE. Bagdad: The Syrian-Catholic Press, 1353/I934).

2. Cf. LE STRANGE, 264. 3. Cf. G. MAKDIsI, L'Affaire d'Ibn cAqll, in Melanges Louis Massignon,

III, I04-105, and passim; cf. also YAQUYT, Mucgam al-buld2n, s.v. Bab al- Maratib.

302 G. MAKDISI [42]

which had only just mushroomed into existence under the reign of Muqtadi, as held by Le Strange; "suburbs" or quarters were already there in the XtI' century, or early XIth century, as may be seen in the historical accounts of that period. 1

The area enclosed within Mustazhir's wall was referred to as "al-Harim", and this was quite in contradistinction to the Harim of Dar al-Hilafa, as a close reading of the history of the period would indicate 2. Mustazhir later in the course of his reign, proceeded to demolish the constructions of the Salgfqids within his new wall. This was a bold move on his part, a move which demonstrates an increase in the measure of his power brought about by the decline in power among the Saluiiqids who were involved in inter- necine wars for the succession to the Sultanate.

DAR AL-MAMLAKA

This is the term used to designate the palatial residence of the sultans; a group of palaces occupied first by the Buwayhids, then by the Salgfiqids. These were not always the same palaces, nor were they always in the same place.

Our knowledge concerning the palaces which came first under the designation of Dar al-Mamlaka, but later, under the Salgulqids, was changed to Dar al-Saltana, or al-Dar al-Sultaniyya, has for the most part been based on al-H51tb al-Bagdadi (d. 463/1070). 3 But further information concerning them may be found in a brief historical account in the Munta;am of Ibn al-Oawzl (d. 597/I200). 4 Elsewhere in this same work 5, Ibn al-(awzl had copied the passages of al-Hatib on these palaces. His own synopsis, however, offers important details supplementing al- Hatib's information.

The Buwayhids discussed in both accounts are: Mucizz al-dawla (320-

356/932-967), cIzz al-dawla (356-367/967-977), cAdud al-dawla (367-372/977- 982), Baha' al-dawla (379-403/989-IOI2), and Galal al-dawla (416-435/I025-

1043). Mu'izz al-dawla, first to complete a palatial residence in Bab al-Samma-

siyya 6, was not the first to attempt it. The Caliph Muctad.id (279-289/892-902)

i. See Eclipse of the cAbbasid Caliphate (ed. H. F. AMEDROZ-D. S. MAR- GOLIOUTH. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 192I), VII, index, under "Baghdad Localities", and other histories such as Muntazam and Mir'at al-zaman).

2. See, for example, Muntazam, ix, I34, where, in 496, the inhabitants of the west side are reported to have taken refuge in the Harim of the east side (meaning the area within the wall of 488) and from there to Dar al- Hallfa (meaning the area within the wall surrounding the caliphal palatial residence).

3. See SALMON, I4I ff. (and Arabic text, 56 ff.); LE STRANGE, 23I and Map VII; STRECK, I34 f.

4. Muntazam, viii, 3 I. This account was partially used by Kuirkis 'AWWAD in his article on the Mucizziyya Palace, Ad-DJr al-Mucizziyya min a?hari mabani Bagdad /i'l-qarni 'I-r2bici li 'I-higra, in Sumer, x (I954), I97-217, esp. 2 I 3.

5. Vol. vii, 77-79. 6. gammasiyya Gate (above B). See: LE STRANGE, index, s.v.; SALMON,

S.V.; MASSIGNON, S.V.; CANARD, 159; RafWH11 BABU ISHAQ, Mahallat al-?am- maisiyya bi-Bagdad, in Sumer, ix (I953), 132-154.


had done so before him, in the year 289/902 shortly before he died. The residents of Bab al-Sammasiyya, whose houses and shops occupied the spot on which Muctadid intended to build this palatial residence, were ordered to vacate. The wall which was to surround the residence was outlined, its foundations were partly dug, and the construction of a dyke was begun on the Tigris. But Muctadid died before the work was completed. 1

After him, Mucizz al-dawla succeeded in building the residence which came to be known as al-Dar al-Mucizziyya. 2 Its location was, according to the Muntazam, in Sammasiyya, above Rusafa, and this is confirmed by Ibn 'Aqll's description. Mucizz al-dawla built a wall around it 3 and began the building of a dyke which was not, however, completed in his lifetime. 4

Before this, Mucizz al-dawla had lived in Sfiq al-Talata' 5 to the southwest of the Zahir Garden. 6

After the death of Mucizz al-dawla, his son cIzz al-dawla made use of it as a headquarters for the army 7; but sometime prior to the death of Subuk- takin (d. 364), lHagib of Mucizz al-dawla, its possession came into the hands of the latter. clzz al-dawla lived neither in Sammasiyya nor in Sulq al- Talata', but rather in a palace which formerly was that of the Caliph Mut- taql. 8 This certainly does not mean that he lived in Dar al-Hilafa, itself, the palatial residence of the Caliphs; but rather in the palace which Muttaqi occupied before his accession to the caliphate, and which was located above the Harim al-Tahirl on the west side of Bagdad. 9

From the west side of Bagdad, the palatial residence was moved back to tle east side under cAdud al-dawla. He demolished most of the Mucizziyya, leaving only the part called al-Bayt al-Sittinm, and replacing what he had demolished with new constructions. 10

Baha al-dawla, son of CAdud al-dawla, took over a palatial residence of Mu'nis, the HdIib, located near Masracat al-Qattanin in Suiq al-Talata' 11, and reconstructed it into his own palatial residence. 12 As for the Mu cizziyya, he turned it into stables, according to Hatib. 13

The account in the Muntaxam concerning the Mucizziyya was given by Ibn al-6awz! on the occasion of a report he was making concerning its continued demolition in the year 418/027, during 6alal al-dawla's reign and

i. Muntazam, v, I 44; vi, 3 1. 2. For this particular Dar, see the above mentioned article by Kuirkis

CAWWAD.

3. Ibid., 208, according to Tanuihi, Ni?wdr al-muha.dara. 4. Muntazam, Viii, 3I, lines I-I I. 5. Tuesday Market (between C and D, on the Tigris). See: LE STRANGE,

index, s.v.; SALMON, S.V.; MASSIGNON, S.V.; CANARD, 159 ff. 6. Muntazam, Vii, 2. 7. The area, on previous occasions, before the building of the Mucizziyya,

had served as a camping area for the troops; cf. Munta;am, v, I36; Vi, 206, 243; vii, i68.

8. Muntazam, viii, 31. 9. See Muntazam, vi, 316, lines I3-I4.

IO. See SALMON, I42 (Arabic text, lines II-I2). According to this text of Hjatib, these reconstructions belong to cAdud al-dawla, and his son or sons, depending on how one reads the vocable wid.

Ii. See Munta;am, vii, 7I (penult), and viii, 31, 1. I4. 12. Muntazam, viii, 3I. 13. SALMON, loc. cit.

304 G. MAKDISI [44]

long after its founder's death. After 'Adud al-dawla, who reconstructed it-which explains why the Mucizziyya is at times called Dar al-Mamlaka al-'cAdudiyya-none of the Buwayhid Sultans is reported to have lived in it; after him it simply entered a long period of gradual disintegration, especially tbrough pillage, Baha' al-dawla being among those who contributed to the process of disintegration in this manner. The gold-plated roof of its dining room was so valuable that a sum of 8,ooo gold dinmrs was offered a man for peeling off its gold, but he refused, presumably because there was so much gold to peel off that the amount offered was not commensurate with the work required.

When Tugril entered Bagdad in 447/I055, he is reported to have taken up his residence in Dar al-Mamlaka 1, a term which could have referred equally as well to the palatial residence of the Buwayhids in Suiq al-Talata', or in ;ammasiyya, above Rusafa. The latter, however, was in a state of ruin and the report of the following year yields the precise location: In 448, so goes the report in substance, Tugril Beg began the construction of a broad wall around his palatial residence, in which he included a large section of Muharrim and Dar al-Fil. He also intended to build a palace [of his own] in it. He then called together craftsmen for the reconstruction of "Dar al- Mamlaka al-cAdudiyya", and he had towers built on its palaces 2. This part of the report is sufficient to show that Tugril Beg took up his residence in Suiq al-Talata', which he now enlarged in the direction of Muiharrim and Dar al-Fil. This is what is later referred to as Madnat Tugril, or Tugril City, a walled city to the northwest of another "walled city", Dar al-Hilafa, palatial residence of the Caliph. Dar al-Mamlaka al-'Adudiyya was obviously to serve as a fort in times of trouble, since the towers were to be built there.

Tugril's successor, Alp Arslan, did not set foot in Bagdad. When his successor, Malik-sah, came to the city in 479/I086, he is said to have taken up his residence in "Dar al-Mamlaka" while Nizam al-Mulk camped in the Zahir Garden, so that the troops would follow his example rather than take up their quarters in the dwellings of the people 3. Presumably, Nizam al-Mulk would make his headquarters near the Sultan, and therefore, "Dar al-Mam- laka" here would be the same palatial residence as that of Tugril Beg, southwest of the Zahir Garden. The report of the year 485 is very clear as to which location was meant. Malik-sah gave orders that year for the reconstruction of Sfiq Madinat Tugril, the "Suiq of Tugril City" described as being near his palatial residence. 4

Thus the palatial residence, or Dar al-Mamlaka, which was the first residence of the first Buwayhid in Bagdad, Mucizz al-dawla, changed in location throughout the period just discussed, but occupied ultimately its first location, Suiq al-Talata'. In the interim, it had been set up lo the northwest, in Sammasiyya, above Rusafa, and for a brief period, in the upper part of the IIarim al-Tahiri on the west side, across from 8ammasiyya.

i. Muntazam, Viii, I65. 2. Muntazam, viii, I69; Mir'at al-zaman, fol. I2a. 3. Muntazam, iX, 29. 4. See Muntazam, ix, 6o: "ta qaddama [Malik-sah] ft l-Muharram [485]

bi-bina'i Siiq al-Madina li-muqarabati darihi 'llatf tu'ra/u [cf. errata] bi- Madinat Tu gil Beg.. ." (In Muharram, 485, Malik-sah gave orders for the reconstruction of Suiq al-Madina, known as Madinat Tugril Beg, because of its proximity to his palatial residence).

[45] THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BA6DAD 305

Le Strange, in his description of Dar al-Mamlaka 1, gives it a considerable area stretching all the way from gammasiyya down to the Zahir Garden. He states that Mu'izz al-dawla first lived in Dar Mu'nis, the Palace of Mu'nis, but locates this palace in 8ammasiyya, rather than in Suiq al-Talata', below the Zahir 2. He was undoubtedly led to believe that the Palace of Mu'nis which Mucizz al-dawla occupied was in 8ammasiyya because of a certain passage in Ibn Atir's Kamil 3 in which the latter is reported, first, as taking up residence in Bab al-gammasiyya, then, as doing so in the Palace of Mu'nis. But there is nothing in the text which specifies the location of this Palace. 4

Locating the Palace of Mu'nis in gammaslyya on the site of the later Mulizzlyya, Le Strange was led to presume that shortly after Mu'izz al-dawla took up his residence in it, it "must have been demolished to make way for the great palaces of the Buiyids." 5 However, as already mentioned above, Baha' al-dawla, long after the death of Mucizz al-dawla had his residence in the Palace of Mu'nis, specifically described as being near Masracat al-Qat- tanin, in Suiq al-Talata'; and Mucizz al-dawla's residence is given specifically as having been in Suiq al-TalItd' before he moved to 8ammasiyya.

Le Strange's account has the Mucizziyya palatial residences, as reconstructed by cAdud al-dawla, lasting intact down to the middle of the Vth/XItb century, after which it became the residence of the Salgufqids, "more especially known as the Dar al-Saltana". In reality, the Salgulqid palatial residence was not in 8ammasiyya, above the Zahir Garden and Rusafa; it was in "Tugril City" which included part of Muharrim, Dar al-Fil, and Sfiq al- Talata' (later called: Sulq al-Sultan) where the oft-reconstructed Palace of Mu'nis was located. Hatib's passage concerning the Buwayhid palaces of Mucizz as reconstructed by cAdud al-dawla and thereafter, were those still standing, but not necessarily those being used as a palatial residence, i.e. as Dar al-Mamlaka, at the time of his writing 6. The Sultans who lived in Suiq al-Talata' usually kept up the "Dar al-Mamlaka al-cA4udiyya", not as their residential palaces, but as fortresses or headquarters of their armies.

THE StQS

Massignon's theory of the "fixit6 de la r6partition topographique des corps de m6tiers dans une cite islamique d6termin6e" 7 is not in any way com- promised by the theory of a shift in the east side of Bagdad. In fact, it is Massignon's theory of the "fixity of guilds" which further aids us in determining the occurrence of a shift in the cen+ral point of the east side city.

Siiq al-Saga and Siiq al-Sarf.-Massignon writes that in the organism of the "cit6 des commer9ants", the "ville des metiers", that is, in the business

i. "The Buyid Palaces"; see pp. 232 ff. 2. See ibid., 23I-232.

3. Sub anno 334. 4. IBN AL-ATIR, Kdmil, vi, 3I4 (sub anno 334): nazala bi-Bab al-.ammasfyya

... and again, further in the same passage: nazala ... bi-Dar Mu'is ...; but these actions happened at different times, on different days. The first passage should be translated: "he encamped at Bab al-Sammasiyya", and the second: "he took up his residence in the Palace of Mu 'nis."

5. LE STRANGE, 232. 6. See Hatib, in SALMON, P. 57 of Arabic text, p. I42 of translation. 7. MASSIGNON, 90-91.

306 G. MAKDISI [46]

section of the city, the central point is the money market, Suiq al-Sarf (al- $ayarif); and Sfiq al-Saga, the goldsmiths' market, is generally adjacent to that of the money changers 1. Since Bagdad had, according to him, two such "cites", two such sets of suqs should be found in it, one set on each side of the Tigris; and this is so. But in the above reports, not only do we find a du- plication of the various suiqs on both sides of Bagdad, including Suiq al-Saga and Sulq al-Sarf, but also, significantly, two such sets of siiqs on the east side alone.

In Ibn cAqll's description, there is mention of money-changers and a Sulq al-Saga both markets located in what he refers to as the "interior" of Bab al-Taq. Again, in the report of the year 485, there is mention of money-changers and a Sulq al-Sga, both listed together in Nahr Mucalla. Bab al-Taq and Nahr Mucalla are both mentioned in Ibn cAqll's description and are separated by the Zahir Garden, as well as Muharrim, Suiq al-Silah and Suiq al-Dabba. Thus the central point of the east side city had shifted in the course of Ibn cAqll's lifetime.

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

Numbers refer to pagination between brackets

cAqd al-Hadid p. 36, n. 6 cAqd H.ammam al-Samarqandi p.

36, n. 7 Bab Abraz p. 27, n. 3, p. 32

Bab al-cAmma p. 27, n. 8 Bab al-Azag p. I7, n. 4, pp. 25,

28, 30 Bab al-Basra p. i6, n. I, pp. 30,

3I, 34 Bab Dar al-Darb p. 32, n. 2, p. 36

-Bab al-Oadid p. 25, n. 9 Bab al-(;araba p. 26, n. 8 Bab al-Maratib p. I3, n. 6, I7, nf. 3,

25, 27, 28, 34, 36, n. i

Bab Muhawwal p. i8, n. 5, 34 Bab al-Nilbi p. 27, n. 7, 28, 31 Bab al-Sacir p. 33, n. 7 Bab al-Taq p. 8, n. 4, I3, I8, 28 Bayt al-Nawba p. 27, n. 6 Bustan al-Cisr p. 32, n. 8 Butq Nahr 'Isa p. 3I, n. I

Dar al-Amir Hasan p. I4, n. 6 Dar al-Darb p. 32, n. 5

-Dar al-Fahriya p. 13, n. 8 Dar Farag p. IO, n. 5 Dar al-Fil p. 22, n. 4 Dar al-Hilafa p. 17, n. I, 30 Dar Hutlug (?) p. 32, n. II

Dar al-Humam p. 32, n. 9

Dar Ibn al-Awhad p. io, n. 3 Dar Ibn 6arada p. 28, n. 2

Dar Ildarak (?) p. 14, n. 3 -Dar al-clzziyya p. I4, n. 2

Dar al-Mamlaka (and wall) p. i4, n. I, 42

Dar Mucizz al-dawla p. ii, n. 4 -Dar al-Mucizziyya p. II, n. 4, II,

n. 5, I4, n. 1-2, 35, n. 8 Dar al-Niqaba p. I5, n. 4 Dar Nuir al-Huda p. 36, n. 3 Dar al-Rabib p. io, n. 2

Dar al-Rayhaniyyin p. 35, n. 5 Dar adi p. IO, n. I

-Dar al-Sultaniyya p. 35, n. 8 Darb al-Asakifa p. iI, n. 8 Darb al-Farrasa, p. 30, n. 8. Darb al-Halawa p. 28, n. 9 Darb al-Matbah p. 28, n. 8, 30, 33 Darb al-Qayyar p. 28, n. I2, 34 Darb al-Qibab p. 27, n. 9 Darb Riyah p. i8, n. 3 Darb al-Rfim p. I2, n. 8 Darb al-Sakiriyya p. 28, n. 7 Darb al-Silsila p. 36, n. 2

Darb Sulayman p. I5, n. i

Darb Suriir p. 33, n. I5 Darb al-Zacfaran(l) p. i8, n. i

-Furda p. 25, n. 6

i. Ibid., 92.

[471 THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAODAD 307

6amic al-Hallfa p. 31, n. 4 6amic al-Rulsfa p. 12, n. 7 6amic al-Sultan p. 32, n. 6

-6isr p. 9, n. 2

-Ijalba p. 29, n. I, 3I

Hammam al-Samarqandi, p. 30 (cf. p. 35, n. I3)

Han al-Hallfa p. 3I, n. IO Han al-Raqiq p. 36, n. 8 Harabat al-Harras p. 33, n. I

Harabat Ibn 6arada p. 33, n. II,

34, 35 Harabat Zafar p. 28, n. 6

-Harim (and wall) p. I7, n. I -Harim al-TThirl (and wall) p. 14,

n. 4 -Kabs p. 23, nf. 5 -Karih p. I2, n. I2

Madnat Tugril (and wall) p. 32, n.

4, 34 -Ma'muiniyya p. I7, n. 5, 28 30 Manzarat Bab Badr p. 35, n. 6 Maqabir Bab Abraz p. 34, n. IO Maqabir Qurays p. 29, n. 3 Maqbarat Ahmad b. IHanbal p. 29,

n. 4 Maqbarat al-Hayzuran p. 28, n. 4

-Maristan al-cAAdlidI p. 15, n. 2, 30 32, n. 7

Masgid Ibn Oarada p. 33, n. 7 Masgid al-ZarraqIn p. 33, n. 6 Mashad Bab Abraz p. 28, n. 3 Mashad al-Kaff p. 29, n. 2

Mashad Ma'rfif al-KarihI p. 26, n. 2

Mashad al-Nuduir p. 26, n. 9, 28 Mashad al-Sabtl (Sib! ?) p. 26, n. io Masracat al-Rawaya p. 25, n. 5 Masracat al-Ribat p. 34, n. 8

-Mascfida p. 28, n. IO -Muharrim p. i6, n. 3 Musannat al-Dar al-Mu lizziyya p.

II, n. 5 Nahr al-Dagag p. 25, n. 9 Nahr al-Hadid p. 32, n. I3 Nahr cIsa (see Butq) NahrMucallap. i6, n. 5,25, 30, 32, 33 Nahr al-Bazzazin p. 30, n. II

Nahr al-Qalla'in p. 30, n. IO Nahr TTbiq p. 30, n. 9

Qabr al-Sabti (Sib! ?) p. 28, n. 5 Qarah AbI l-Sahm p. 35, n. IO Qarah Ibn Razln p. 35, n. I

Qasr Ban! 1-Ma'm-un p. 32, n. IO

Qasr cTsa p. I7, n. 6 Qasr al-Mahdi p. 12, n. 6 Qasr al-Ma'm-un p. I7, n. 7, 32, n. IO Qasr al-WafI p. IO, n. 4

-Qatica p. 24, n. 8, 30 Qatilcat cIsa p. 23, n. 3 Rahbat al-(isr p. II, n. 7 Rahbat al-Cxmic p. 33, n. I2

Ribat Bahruz p. 35, n. 3 -Rusafa p. I2, n. 4, i8 -Saff ( ?) p. 24, n. 7, 30 Saric cAbd al-Samad p. I2, n. 9 Saric al-Asakifa p. II, n. 8 Saric Dar al-Raqlq p. I4, n. 7 Saric lbn Abi cAwf p. i8, n. 4 Saric al-Turab p. I2, n. 5 Suiq cAbdufn p. 36, n. 5 Sulq al-Anmat p. i8, n. 8, 24, n. 3 Suiq al-cAruis p. 24, n. 2

Suiq al-Asqat p. I8, n. 9, 24, n. 6 Suiq al-cAttarin p. 24, n. I

Suiq al-Bazzazln p. 34, n. 3 Suiq al-Dabba p. i6, n. 4 Suiq al-Daqqaqmn p. II, n. I

-Suiq al-Oadld p. 26, n. I Suq al-6azzdrln p. ii, n. I5 Suiq al-Habbazln p. I I, n. 2, 14 Suiq al-Halawiyymn p. II, n. 3 Suiq al-Hassbin p. 24, n. 4 Sfiq al-Madina p. 32, n. 4 Sfiq Madinat Tugril p. 32, n. 4 Sfiq al-Ma 'kul p. I i, n. I 3 Sfiq al-Muhallatiyyln p. 33, n. 4 Suiq al-Naggarin p. 24, n. 6 Suiq al-Ray1aniyyln p. 33, n. 5, 36 Suiq al-Rusafa p. 12, n. 4, I2, n. 7,

i8, 30 Siiq al-Sabbaginp. 25, n. 12, 34, n. 2

Siuq al-Sga p. I2, n. I, 24, n. 7, 30 Suiq al-Safffriln p. 25, n. II

Suiq al-Sayarif p. II, n. II, 33, n. 3, 35, 36

Suiq al-Silah p. I6, n. 2 Sulq al-Tac'm p. 23, n. 4 Sfiq al-Tayr p. II, n. 9 Sfiq al-Talata' p. 43, n. 5 Suiq Yahya p. 9, n. 6, IO, 33 Suiq al-Warraqmn p. I2, n. 2

Suir al-Halawiyymn p. I8, n. I Suwayqat (Oib p. 25, n. io

-Tdg p. 17, n. 2

-Tdgiyya p. 32, n. I

308 G. MAKDISI [48]

Tariq Hurasan p. 8, n. i -Turab (see Saric al-Turab) -Turayyd p. 26, n. 7

-Tfita p. I 7, n. 8, 3 I -Zafariyya p. 30 (cf. 28, n. 6) -Zahir p. 9, n. 3, i6, 25, 32

INDEX OF PLACE NAMES

(in translation)

Abraz Gate p. 27, n. 3, 32

Abraz Gate Cemetery p. 34, n. IO cAbdfin's Market p. 36, n. 5 Abui gahm's Garden p. 35, n. io cAdudi Maristan-Hospital (See Md-

ristan-Hospital) Archway of Samarqandi's Bath-

house p. 36, n. 7 Azag Gate p. 17, n. 4, 25, 28, 30 Bahruiz Monastery p. 35, n. 3 Baker's Market p. ii, n. 2, I4

Barley Gate p. 23, n. 7 Basra Gate p. i6, n. i, 30, 3I, 34 Belvedere of the Badr Gate p. 35,

n. 6 Bird Market p. iI, n. 9 Booksellers' Market p. I2, n. 2

Bride's Market p. 24, n. 2

Bridge p. 9, n. 2 Bridge Garden p. 32, n. 8 Bridge Square p. iI, n. 7 Butchers' Market p. iI, n. I5 Caliph's Caravanserai p. 3I, n. IO Caliphal Palace p. I7, n. I, 30 Cemetery of Ahmad b. IHanbal p. 29,

n. 4 Cemetery of al-Sabti p. 28, n. 5 Carpenters' Market p. 24, n. 6 Chain Road p. 36, n. 2

Chambermaid Road p. 30, n. 8 Clothes Merchants' Market p. 34, n. 3 Coppersmiths' Market p. 25, n. i i

Dried-Fruits Merchants' Market p. 33, n. 4

Dyers' Market p. 25, n. I2, 34, n. 2

Dyke (See Mucizziyya Dyke) Dyke of cIsa's Canal p. 3I, n. I

Elephant Palace p. 22, n. 4 Faiwriyya Palace p. I3, n. 8 Farag Palace p. io, n. 5 Fief p. 24, n. 8, 30 Fief of clsa p. 23, n. 3 Flour Merchants' Market p. i i, n. i

Food Market p. II, n. I3, 23, n. 4 Fowls' Canal p. 25, n. 9

Furda Harbor p. 25, n. 6 Gate of the Archway p. 8, n. 4, I3,

i8, 28 Gate of Degrees p. I3, n. 6, I7, n.

3, 25, 27, 28, 34, 36, n. I

Gate of the Mint p. 32, n. 5 Goldsmiths' Market p. I2, n. I, 24,

n. 7, 30 I-larTm of Tahir p. I4, n. 4 Harras's Ruin p. 33, n. I

Hayzuran Cemetery p. 28, n. 4 Horse Market p. i6, n. 4 Hurasan Road p. 8, n. I Ibn tarada's Mosque p. 33, n. 7 Ibn 6arada's Ruin p. 33, n. II, 34,

35 Ibn Razin's Garden p. 35, n. I Iron Archway p. 36, n. 6 Iron Canal p. 32, n. 13 cTsa's Canal (See Dyke of cIsal's

Canal) clzziyya Palace p. I4, n. 2

Joy Road p. 33, n. 15 Kaff Shrine p. 29, n. 2 Kitchen Road p. 28, n. 8, 30, 33 Lumber Merchants' Market p. 24,

n. 4 Ma'muini Palace p. 32, n. IO

Maristan-Hospital p. I5, n. 2, 30,

32, n. 7 Mausoleums (See Street of the Mau-

soleums) Midwife's Market (cf. p. i6, n. 4) Mint p. 32, n. 5 Mosque of the Caliph p. 3I, n. 4 Mosque of the Sultan p. 32, n. 6 Money-Changers' Market p. I I, n. I I,

33, n. 3, 35, 36 Mu'alla Canal p. i6, n. 5, 25, 30, 32,

33 Muhawwal Gate p. i8, n. 5, 24 Mu'izziyya Dyke p. II, n. 5 Mu'izziyya Palace p. II, n. 4-5, 14,

n. I-2, 35, n. 8 Naphtha-Throwers' Mosque p. 33, n. 6

[491 THE TOPOGRAPHY OF ELEVENTH CENTURY BAODAD 309

Nuibi Gate p. 27, n. 7, 28, 31

New-Articles Merchants' Market p. i8, n. 8, 24, n. 3

New Gate p. 25, n. 9 New Market p. 26, n. I

Palace of the Amir Hasan p. 14, n. 6 Palace of Hutlug (?) p. 32, n. II, 30

Palace of al-Humam p. 32, n. 9 Palace of Ibn al-Awhad p. io, n. 3 Palace of Ibn 6arada p. 28, n. 2

Palace of Ildarak p. 14, n. 3 Palace of clsa p. I7, n. 6 Palace of Mahdi p. I2, n. 6 Palace of Ma'muin p. 17, n. 7, 32, n. IO Palace of Mucizz al-dawla p. I I, n. 4 Palace of Nuir al-Huda p. 36, n. 3 Palace of the Pleiades p. 26, n. 7 Palace of al-Rabib p. IO, n. 2

Palace of gdd p. IO, n. I

Palace of the Sultan p. 35, n. 8 Palace of the Syndicate p. I5, n. 4, 34,

n. 6, 36, n. 3 Perfume-Distillers' Market p. 24, n. I

Perfumers' Market p. 33, n. 5, 36 Polo-ground p. 29, n. I, 3I Public Gate p. 27, n. 8, 33 Qurays Cemetery p. 29, n. 3 Ram Street p. 23, n. 5 Road of (Banui) Riyah4 (See Winds

Road) Road of the Christians p. I2, n. 8 Road of the Domes p. 27, n. 9 Road of the Mercenaries p. 28, n. 7 Royal Palaces p. I4, n. I, 42

Rusafa Market p. I2, n. 4-7, i8, 30 Rusafa Mosque p. I2, n. 7

Saffron Road p. i8, n. i Sentry Hall p. 27, n. 6 Shrine of the Abraz Gate p. 28, n. 3 Shrine of Macruif al-Karhi p. 26,

n. 2 Shrine of al-Sabti p. 26, n. io Shrine of the Vows p. 26, n. 9, 28 Slaves' Caravanserai p. 36, n. 8 Small Market of (;alib p. 25, n. IO Square of the Palace Mosque p. 33,

n. 12 Street of cAbd al-Samad p. I2, n. 9 Street of Dar al-Raqlq p. I4, n. 7 Street of Ibn Abi cAwf p. i8, n. 4 Street of the Mausoleums p. I2, n. 5 Street of the Shoemakers p. ii, n. 8 Sulayman Road p. 15, n. I Sweetmeat Makers' Market p. i I,

n. 3 Sweetmeat Road p. 28, n. 9 Tag Palace p. I7, n. 2 Tar Merchant's Road p. 28, n. I2, 34 Tugril City p. 32, n. 4, 34 Tugril City Market p. 32, n. 4 Used-Articles Merchants' Market p.

i8, n. 9, 24, n. 6 Wall of the Sweetmeat Makers p. i8,

n. 6 Weapons Market p. i6, n. 2 Wharf of the Monastery p. 34, n. 8 Wharf of the Water-jars p. 25, n. 5 Willow Tree Gate p. 26, n. 8 Winds Road p. i8, n. 3 Yah.ya's Market p. 9, n. 6, 10, 33 Zafar's Ruin p. 28, n. 6 Zahir Garden p. 9, n. 3, i6, 25, 32

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