The Submicroscopic World
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Transcript of The Submicroscopic World
The Subatomic World
The Submicroscopic WorldChapter 16.21What we know so farMatter is made of atoms
Atoms are submicroscopic
Matter exists in phasesSolid
4Liquid
Gas
In the SOLID phaseParticles are attracted to one anotherHeld together in a tightly packed and fixed 3-d arrangement
Microscopic View of a SolidThe atoms vibrate but stay close to one another
Solids maintain their shape and volume
Not easily compressible
Intereactive 3-D Diamond Molecule
SnowflakeIceInteractive Ice MoleculeIn the LIQUID phaseParticles can move and slide across one anotherCan assume the shape of their container
Microscopic View of a LiquidThe atoms vibrate and particles can flow easily past one another
Liquids assume the shape of their container
LiquidsParticles in liquids flow easily across one another
Liquids take the shape of their containersIn the GASEOUS PHASE
The atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another.Lots of free space between the particlesThey assume the shape of their container.
Microscopic View of a GasThe atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another.
Lots of free space between the particles
Compressible
GasesConform to the shape of their containersEasily compressed
GasesParticles easily flow and move over one another
Lets Review
YouTube - States of MatterChange of PhasePhase ChangesChapter 16.3Substances can change phasesRemove heatAdd heatSubstances can change phasesCondensationFreezingEvaporationMeltingSubstances can change phasesGASSOLIDSublimation
Changing Phases
Water Cycle Hydrologic Cycle
Boiling on the atomic level
CLICKThe Beaker26Boiling Point
CLICKThe BeakerHeat of VaporizationThe amount of energy required to change a liquid to a gas (and vice versa).
2256J/g
Heat of FusionThe amount of energy needed to change any substance from solid to liquid ( and vice versa)
Water = 334J/gPhysical and Chemical PropertiesChapter 16.4Physical PropertiesDescribe the look or feel of a substanceColorHardnessDensityTexturePhaseEvery substance has its own set of physical properties
Physical Properties CAN ChangeHoweverThe substances identity remains the sameSolidGasLiquid
Chemical PropertiesCharacterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances, or to transform from one substance to another.How Substances React or Transform
Chemical ChangesChange how atoms are Chemically bonded to one another.When we cook with gas..
Take another look
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Chemical ReactionDuring a chemical reactionChanges are made in the way atoms bond togetherNew materials are formed
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O The Periodic TableChapter 16.6
Remember..Periodic table is a listing of all the known elements
Atomic number
Symbol
Atomic MassHe24.003The way the table is organized tells a lot about the elements properties
Metals are on the left side of the periodic tableMost of the known elements are metalsMalleableCan be hammered and bent into different shapes without breaking
Most of the known elements are metalsDuctileCan be drawn into thin wires
Most of the known elements are metalsGood ConductorsHeatElectricityMost solid at room temperature
Non-metals are on the right side of the periodic tableNon-MetalsPoor conductors
Not malleableNot ductile
Can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperatureShatter when hammeredBrittle
Metalloids
MetalloidsB - BoronSi - SiliconGe - GermaniumAs - ArsenicSb - AntimonyTe - Tellurium
MetalloidsHave both metallic and nonmetallic properties
MetalloidsWeak conductorsSemi-conductorsPeriods and Groups
Across a period propertiesgradually changePeriodic Trend
SmallerEasily lose e-LargerDo not easily lose e-
Columns have remarkably similar properties
The elements are grouped or in families
Element Families/Grouops
Inner Transition Metals
Inner Transition Metals
Elements to CompoundsChapter 16.7Elements are made of atoms
The element gold ( Au) is made entirely of gold atomsThe element silver (Ag) is made entirely of silver atoms
The element neon, Ne, is composed entirely of neon atoms
Elemental FormulaA notation that uses the atomic symbol and sometimes a numerical subscript to show how atoms of an element are bonded together.confused?Elemental FormulaTell you how the atoms of an element are arranged.take a lookElemental GoldThe smallest unit of the element gold, as it occurs in nature, is the gold atom itself.Use the elements symbolAu
The smallest unit of the element silver is the silver atom itselfUse the symbolAg
ElementalSilverThe smallest unit of the element nitrogen is a nitrogen moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalNitrogen
N2The smallest unit of the element oxygen is an oxygen moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalOxygenO2
The smallest unit of the element sulfur is a sulfur moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalSulfurS8
CompoundMaterial composed of different elements bonded to each other
CompoundsSalt
NaClSodium chloride
Chemical formulaSalt
NaClSodium chloride
Chemical formulaWaterH2Owater
Chemical formulaAmmoniaNH3ammonia
NHHHCompounds have their own identities and properties
Naming CompoundsChapter 16.8
IUPACInternational Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry
Developed a chemical naming system Name reflects the elements a compound contains How the elements are combined3 Basic Guidelines#1The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.Examples of Guideline #1
NaCl - Sodium chlorideLi2O - Lithium oxideCaF2 - Calcium fluoride
The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.HCl - Hydrogen chlorideMgO - Magnesium oxideSr3P2 - Strontium phosphide
3 Basic Guidelines#2Use prefixes to designate numbers of elements in compoundsMono-oneDi twoTri - threeExamples of Guideline #2Carbon & OxygenNitrogen & OxygenCO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxideNO2 Nitrogen dioxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxideTry this sulfur & oxygen example..SO2
SO3Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur trioxide3 Basic Guidelines#3Many compounds have common namesExamples of Guideline #3H2OCH4Dihydrogen monoxide ?
WaterCarbon tetrahydride?
Methane
You completed Chapter 16!Congratulations!