The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.
-
Upload
meghan-small -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.
![Page 1: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GENETICS
the study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.
![Page 2: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GENES: control each trait of living thing by controlling the FORMATION of an organisms PROTEINS.
GENETICS
![Page 3: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chromosomes are DIPLOID (A PAIR OF CHROMOSOMES) therefore, each cell contains TWO GENES for each TRAIT.▪One from MOM▪One from DAD
GENETICS
![Page 4: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Genes may be the SAME or they could be DIFFERENT▪Produce DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS of each TRAIT▪EXAMPLE: gene for plant height might occur in TALL or SHORT form.
GENETICS
![Page 5: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
▪Different forms of a gene are called ALLELES▪The TWO ALLELES are SEGREGATED during GAMETE FORMATION (MEIOSIS II)
GENETICS
![Page 6: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
▪Dominant allele: allele that is EXPRESSED
▪Recessive allele: allele that is ONLY EXPRESSED when there is no dominant allele present.
GENETICS
![Page 7: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Modern Genetics: Based on GREGOR MENDEL’S explanations for the patterns of HEREDITY in garden PEA PLANTS.
Mendel’s Breeding Experiments
![Page 8: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
▪CROSSING different PEA PLANTS▪Crossing: to mate or BREED two INDIVIDUALSPea plant with PURPLE FLOWERS with a type that has WHITE FLOWERS.ALL OFFSPRING HAD PURPLE FLOWERS
Mendel’s Breeding Experiments
![Page 9: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mendel CROSSED those OFFSPRING and produced some WHITE FLOWERS and some PURPLE FLOWERS.
(THE WHITE FLOWERS CAME BACK!)
Mendel’s Breeding Experiments
![Page 10: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Mendel realized that these results were explainable if three things were true. He hypothesized that:
![Page 14: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mendel experiment:
1. Every trait (like flower color, or seed shape, or seed color) is controlled by two "heritable factors". [We know now that these are genes - we each have two copies of every gene].
![Page 15: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2. If the two alleles differ, one is dominant and one is recessive. Dominant traits mask the appearance of recessive traits.
Mendel experiment:
![Page 16: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3. Alleles are randomly donated from parents to offspring - the factors (alleles) separate when the gametes are formed by meiosis, allowing all possible combinations of factors to occur in the gametes.
Mendel experiment:
![Page 17: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
3. Gene Composition is known as GENOTYPE The expression of the genes is PHENOTYPE
EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
Gene compositiona.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 18: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
▪It’s was you SEE
Gene compositiona.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 19: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
b. two paired ALLELES in an organism’s genotype may be IDENTICAL, HOMOZYGOUS.
Gene compositiona.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 20: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
c. The two paired ALLELES in an organism can also be DIFFERENT, HETEROZYGOUS. ▪DOMINANT trait is EXPRESSED
Gene compositiona.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 21: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mendel’s Law of DOMINANCE: When an organism has TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES for a trait, ONE ALLELE IS DOMINANT.
Mendels Laws of Genetics
a.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 22: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Mendel’s Law of SEGREGATION: During GAMETE formation by a DIPLOID organism, the pair of ALLELES for a trait SEPARATE, during MEIOSIS.
Mendels Laws of Genetics
a.EXAMPLE: if a person has attached earlobes, the phenotype is “attached earlobes” if a person has free earlobes, the persons PHENOTYPE IS FREE EARLOBES
![Page 23: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mendel’s Law of INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: The members of a GENE PAIR SEPARATE from one another INDEPENDENTLY from the members of the other GENE PAIRs.
Mendels Laws of Genetics
![Page 24: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mendels Laws of Genetics
NAME MENDELS 3 LAWS OF GENETICS
1.2.3.
![Page 25: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PUNNETT SQUARE
5. Using a PUNNETT SQUARE: to PREDICT the PROBABLE GENETIC COMBINATIONS in the OFFSPRING that result from different PARENTAL ALLELE COBINATIONS that are INDEPENDENTLY assorted.
![Page 26: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MONOHYBRID CROSS examines the inheritance of ONE TRAIT.▪HOMOZYGOUS-HOMOZYGOUS
PUNNETT SQUARE
![Page 27: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
▪HETEROZYGOUS-HETEROZYGOUS
PUNNETT SQUARE
![Page 28: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
▪HETEROZYGOUS-HOMOZYGOUS
PUNNETT SQUARE
![Page 29: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
▪HETEROZYGOUS-HOMOZYGOUS
PUNNETT SQUARE
![Page 30: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
EXAMPLE: trait for height▪ T= DOMINANT TALL▪ t= RECESSIVE SHORT
The suare shows the following GENOTYPES:
PARENTS ARE THE F1 GENERATION resulting in offspring as F2 GENERATION
PUNNETT SQUARE
![Page 31: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PUNNETT SQUARE
The square shows the following GENOTYPES:
1:4 RATIO of__________________ ____%
1:4 RATIO of__________________ ____%
2:4 RATIO of__________________ ____%
![Page 32: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PUNNETT SQUARE
The square shows the following PHENOTYPES:
3:4 RATIO of__________________ ____%
1:4 RATIO of__________________ ____%
![Page 33: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
USING A PEDIGREE
a PEDIGREE is a family history that shows HOW A TRAIT is INHERITED over several GENERATIONS.
![Page 34: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
a. can help answer questions about THREE aspects of inheritance
1. SEX LINKAGE2. DOMINANCE3.
HETEROZYGOSITY
![Page 35: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
7. SEX LINKAGE: a gene located on either the X or the Y chromosome.
![Page 36: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
a. females have TWO X CHROMOSOMES
![Page 37: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
1. The Y CHROMOSOME is SHORTER than the x chromosome. Therefore, it CANNOT HOLD AS MANY TRAITS.
b. males have ONE X AND ONE Y CHROMOSOME.
![Page 38: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
8. Genetic Engineering:
PROCESS OF REPLACING SPECIFIC GENES IN AN ORGANISM IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT THE ORGANISM EXPRESSES A DESIRED TRAIT.
![Page 39: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
8. Genetic Engineering:
a. Take specific genes from ONE ORGANISM and place them INTO ANOTHER ORGANISM.
1. CLONING: an IDENTICAL copy of a gene or an entire organism is produced.
1. CLONING: an IDENTICAL copy of a gene or an entire organism is produced.
![Page 40: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2. Gene Therapy:
scientists INSERT a normal gene into an ABSENT OR ABNORMAL GENE. Once inserted the normal gene begins to produce CORRECT proteins or enzymes. This ELIMINATES the cause of the disorder
![Page 42: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
3. Results of genetic engineering may include:
a. the development of PLANTS that make their own INSECTICIDES.
b. the development of ANIMALS that are BIGGER, FASTER, RESISTANT TO DISEASE.
![Page 43: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
9. SELECTIVE BREEDING: method of artificially SELECTING and BREEDING only organisms with a DESIRED TRAIT to produce the next generation.
![Page 44: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
a. inbreeding: CROSSING INDIVIDUALS THAT ARE CLOSELY RELATED.
1. NOT THE BEST OPTION: DISEASE DEVELOPS EASILY.
![Page 45: The study of patterns of inheritance and variations in organisms.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062805/5697c0281a28abf838cd6e51/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
b. HYBRIDIZATION: choosing and breeding organisms that show STRONG EXPRESSION for TWO DIFFERENT TRAITS in order to produce their offspring that express the desired traits.