Chapter 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance. Four exceptions to Mendel’s principles In most...
Transcript of Chapter 11.3 Other Patterns of Inheritance. Four exceptions to Mendel’s principles In most...
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Chapter 11.3
Other Patterns of Inheritance
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Four exceptions to Mendel’s principles
In most organisms, heredity is more complicated than Mendel realized
1Incomplete Dominance
2Co-
dominance
3Multiple Alleles
4Polygenic Traits
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Incomplete Dominance-
Some alleles are neither dominant NOR recessive!!
1
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Heterozygous type lies somewhere between the 2 homozygous types-IT’s A BLEND
For Example:
Four O’Clock Flowers
Incomplete dominance Continued
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Inco
mpl
ete
Dom
inan
ce C
on’t Heterozygous type lies somewhere between the
2 homozygous types- A BLEND!!
Red + White = Pink
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2 Co-dominance
Phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed
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NOT BLENDED! TRAITS STAY DISTINCT AND UNIQUE
BOTH TRAITS EQUALLY STRONG
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In some chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by co-dominance. The allele for black is B and the allele for white is W. The heterozygous, BW, phenotype is known as erminette, or speckled.
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Erminette chickens- examples of CODOMINANCE- both traits show up distinctly
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Ie: In humans, gene for protein that controls cholesterol levels in the blood Ie: Roan cows- A white cow and red bull makes red and white spotted offspring, also known as "roan”.
Other examples of Co-dominance
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"What is the difference between co-dominance and incomplete dominance?"Co-dominance happens when there are two dominant alleles for a trait and they are both shown.
For example, a red and white flower would make a striped flower. A white cow and brown cow makes a brown and white spotted cow, also known as "roan”.
Incomplete dominance happens when there are two dominant alleles for a trait and they are blended (mixed).
For example, a red flower and a white flower would make a pink flower.
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3 Multiple Alleles
Many genes exist in several different forms, so they are said to have multiple alleles.
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For example: coat color in rabbits, there is ONE gene with at least FOUR different alleles
Multiple Alleles Continued
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Another Example:Human blood type
Multiple Alleles Continued
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POLYGENIC TRAITS
Traits controlled by 2 or more genes
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Many traits are produced by interaction of several genes
• For example: at least 3 genes control reddish-brown pigment in eyes of fruit flies
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Many traits are produced by interaction of several genes
• For example: more than 4 genes control skin color in humans
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Many traits are produced by interaction of several genes
• More examples of Polygenic traits: Hair and eye color in humans
• http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/eye-color-chart.htm
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Environmental conditions (internal or external) can affect gene expression
Genes and the Environment
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Temperature affecting butterfly color
Pontia occidentalist, from western North America is light in color when emerges in the summer, and darker in color when it emerges in the spring p.321
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Internal environment & genes
Genes and the environment: another example… gene for male pattern baldness is found in both males and females, but the male hormones TRIGGER it.
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Review: Four exceptions to Mendel’s principles
In most organisms, heredity is more complicated than Mendel realized
1Incomplete Dominance
2Co-
dominance
3Multiple Alleles
4Polygenic Traits
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What’s Your Message?Other patterns of inheritance