THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 4 Social Structure-...

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSTHE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY

HOLT, RINEHART HOLT, RINEHART ANDAND WINSTON WINSTON1

CHAPTER 4Social Structure-

Network of interrelated statuses.



Major Components of Social Structure StatusStatus – a socially defined position in a group – a socially defined position in a group

or in a society and has attached to it one or or in a society and has attached to it one or more rolesmore roles

Ascribed StatusAscribed Status- Status assigned according to - Status assigned according to standards beyond a person’s control. Ex: Age, standards beyond a person’s control. Ex: Age, sex, family heritage, race.sex, family heritage, race.

Achieved StatusAchieved Status- Status acquired on the basis - Status acquired on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, ability. of some special skill, knowledge, ability.

Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure



Roles, Status, and Human Interaction Master StatusMaster Status- Status that plays the greatest - Status that plays the greatest

role in shaping a person’s life and determining role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity.his or her social identity.

RoleRole – the behavior expected of someone – the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.occupying a particular status.

Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure


HOLT, RINEHART HOLT, RINEHART ANDAND WINSTON WINSTON

Reciprocal RolesReciprocal Roles- Corresponding roles that define - Corresponding roles that define the pattern of interaction between related statuses. the pattern of interaction between related statuses. Ex: one cannot fulfill the role of a wife without Ex: one cannot fulfill the role of a wife without having someone else perform the role of husband.having someone else perform the role of husband.

Role ExpectationsRole Expectations- The socially determined - The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role. behaviors expected of a person performing a role. Ex: Parents are expected to provide emotional and Ex: Parents are expected to provide emotional and physical security for their children.physical security for their children.

4



Role PerformanceRole Performance- actual behavior of a person - actual behavior of a person performing a role.performing a role.

Role SetRole Set- the different roles attached to a single - the different roles attached to a single status.status.

Role Conflict- Role Conflict- occurs when fulfilling the role occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another status.the expectations of another status.

Role StrainRole Strain- when a person has difficulty meeting the - when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a role expectations of a single statussingle status..

Social InstitutionSocial Institution-system of statuses, roles, values -system of statuses, roles, values and norms that is organized to satisfy the basic needs and norms that is organized to satisfy the basic needs of society: Family, Education.of society: Family, Education.5



Common Types of Social Interaction

ExchangeExchange – interacting in an effort to receive a – interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s actions.reward or a return for one’s actions.

ReciprocityReciprocity- the idea that if you do something for - the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something.someone, that person owes you something.

Exchange Theory- Exchange Theory- people are motivated by self-people are motivated by self-interest and do things primarily for rewards.interest and do things primarily for rewards.

CompetitionCompetition – two or more people or groups in – two or more people or groups in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attainopposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain

Section 2: Types of Social Interaction



Common Types of Social Interaction ConflictConflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person – the deliberate attempt to control a person

by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another personperson

CooperationCooperation – two or more people or groups working – two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of themone of them

AccommodationAccommodation – a state of balance between – a state of balance between cooperation and conflictcooperation and conflict


(continued)



Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt

CompetitionCompetition and and ConflictConflict – disrupt social – disrupt social stabilitystability

AccommodationAccommodation, , ExchangeExchange, and , and CooperationCooperation stabilize social stabilitystabilize social stability




Types of Societies

PreindustrialPreindustrial

Hunting & Gathering Societies- Daily collection of wild - Daily collection of wild plants and animals.plants and animals.Pastoral Societies- Domesticated herd animals.- Domesticated herd animals.Horticultural Societies- Vegetables grown in garden - Vegetables grown in garden plots from jungle or forest.plots from jungle or forest.Agricultural Societies- Animals and plows used to till - Animals and plows used to till the fields.the fields.

Section 3: Types of Societies



Types of Societies

Industrial – emphasis shifts from the – emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of production of food to the production of manufactured goods made possible by changes manufactured goods made possible by changes in production methodsin production methods

Postindustrial – much of the economy is – much of the economy is involved in providing information and involved in providing information and services.services.

10



Groups have 4 major features:Groups have 4 major features: 1. consist of 2 or more people.1. consist of 2 or more people. 2. interaction among members.2. interaction among members. 3. members must have shared expectations.3. members must have shared expectations. 4. members must possess some sense of 4. members must possess some sense of

common identity.common identity.

Section 3: Types of Societies

Groups Within Society



AggregateAggregate- when people gather in the same - when people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization.place at the same time but lack organization.

Ex: people on an airplane, people standing on Ex: people on an airplane, people standing on ticket line.ticket line.

TimeTime- some groups meet once and never meet - some groups meet once and never meet again. Some groups meet weekly.again. Some groups meet weekly.

Formal GroupFormal Group- structure goals and activities - structure goals and activities are clearly defined.are clearly defined.

Informal GroupInformal Group- no official structure or - no official structure or established rules of conduct.established rules of conduct.

12



DyadDyad- group with 2 members. - group with 2 members. TriadTriad- group with 3 members.- group with 3 members. Small GroupSmall Group- one with few enough members - one with few enough members

that everyone is able to interact face to face.that everyone is able to interact face to face.

Max 10 people.Max 10 people. Types of groupsTypes of groups: Primary, Secondary, : Primary, Secondary,

Reference Groups, In-group, Out-group.Reference Groups, In-group, Out-group.

13



Features of Primary Groups

Interact over a long period of time on a direct Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis.and personal basis.

Relationships are intimate and face-to-face.Relationships are intimate and face-to-face. Example: FamilyExample: Family

Section 4: Groups Within Society



Features of Secondary Groups

Interaction is impersonal and temporary in Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.nature.

Casual and limited to personal involvementCasual and limited to personal involvement Example: friends, business associates.Example: friends, business associates.




Reference groupReference group- any group with whom - any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt.values they adopt.

In-groupIn-group- group person belongs to and - group person belongs to and identifies with.identifies with.

Out-groupOut-group- a group that a person does not - a group that a person does not belong or identify with. belong or identify with.

Both primary and secondary groups can serve Both primary and secondary groups can serve as these.as these.

16



E Communities- interaction on webE Communities- interaction on web Social Networks- Facebook, TwitterSocial Networks- Facebook, Twitter Groupthink-self deceptive thinking that is Groupthink-self deceptive thinking that is

based on conformity to group beliefs, and based on conformity to group beliefs, and created for group pressure to conform.created for group pressure to conform.

17



Purposes of Groups

Select leadersSelect leaders – people that influence the attitudes – people that influence the attitudes and opinions of othersand opinions of others

Define their boundariesDefine their boundaries – so that members can tell – so that members can tell who belongs and who does notwho belongs and who does not

Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisionsSet goals, assign tasks, and make decisions Control their members’ behaviorControl their members’ behavior – if members – if members

violate groups norms, the group cannot survive longviolate groups norms, the group cannot survive long




Structure of Formal Organizations Formal OrganizationFormal Organization- Large, complex - Large, complex

secondary group that has been established to secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.achieve specific goals.

Ex: schools, religious organizations, Ex: schools, religious organizations, government agencies.government agencies.

BureaucracyBureaucracy- ranked authority structure that - ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and operates according to specific rules and procedures.procedures.

19



Weber’s Model of Bureaucracies Division of LaborDivision of Labor-Work is divided among -Work is divided among

specialists. Each specialist performs specific specialists. Each specialist performs specific duties.duties.

Ranking of Authority- Ranking of Authority- There are clear-cut lines There are clear-cut lines of responsibility and each individual is of responsibility and each individual is responsible to a supervisor at a higher level.responsible to a supervisor at a higher level.

Employment based on Formal Qualifications-Employment based on Formal Qualifications-

specific qualifications are required for each specific qualifications are required for each job.job.

20



Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations- - There are objective There are objective rules, regulations and procedures that identify rules, regulations and procedures that identify the responsibilities and authority of each the responsibilities and authority of each person on staff. person on staff.

Specific Lines of Promotion- Specific Lines of Promotion- There are clear-There are clear-cut lines of promotion and advancement.cut lines of promotion and advancement.

Voluntary AssociationVoluntary Association- typically a nonprofit - typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common organization formed to pursue some common interest.interest.

Ex: amateur sports teams, service clubs, Ex: amateur sports teams, service clubs, charities.charities.

21

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 4 Social Structure-...

Documents

Transcript of THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 4 Social Structure-...