The structure of this ppt - unideb.huieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_8607.pdf · The structure of this...

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The structure of this ppt

1. Structural and categorial issues: 1.1. – 1.12.

2. Functional issues: 2.1. – 2.10.

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The VP lecture (1)

1.1. Structural issues

S

NP

John

VP

laughed.

read the paper.

gave Kate a present.

sang a song happily.

the subject—predicate primary division

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John

is

has

has been

will have been

will have been

will have been being

laughed

laughing

laughed

laughing

laughing

laughed

laughed

at you.

at you.

at you.

at you.

at you.

at.

at.

• multi-verb expression: verbal complex

• auxiliary/auxiliaries + lexical/full verb

• two uses of the term VP: including or excluding the

non-lexical part of the verbal complex:

(aux aux aux aux V…) vs. aux aux aux aux (V…)

• in our approach, a mixed view: aux (aux aux aux V)

verbal elements


The VP lecture (2)

5

Quirk et al. (1985)

sentence

subject predicate

auxiliary as

operator

predication

He should(n’t) have been painting her.

Should(n’t) he have been painting her?

(generalized) functional categories


6

our alternative

sentence

subject auxiliary as

operator

predication




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1. V: w+ed; w+ing; after auxiliary: You can w.

2. VP: ellipsis, movement, pro-forms

3. N:

• w+s: book-s, but mouse, information

• after det/adjective: the boy, clever girls

4. NP:

• movement: I don’t like that man. That man, I don’t like.

• pro-forms: I don’t like him.

• ’s possessive suffix: John’s book, the king’s book,

the king of England’s book (cf. his book)

5. A:

• w-er/-est OR more/most w: nicer, most intelligent

• after very/how, between a numeral and a (plural) noun:

two w boys

6. AP:

• pro: They say he is very intelligent, and so he may be.

• movement: How intelligent is he?

+ ADVP & PP

1.5. Structural issues (phrasal) categories

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our alternative (1)

sentence

S

subject

NP

auxiliary as

operator

Aux

predication

VP

Aux Aux V NP



together with phrasal (categorial) representation


9

our alternative (2)

S

NP Aux VP

Aux Aux V NP


Aux NP


with only phrasal (categorial) representation


10

our generalized phrase structure

S

(XP) NP

subj

(Aux)

VP

(Aux) (Aux) (Aux) V (NP)

obj1

(NP)

obj2

XP*

a. XP: categorial variability

b. (Aux), (NP), (XP): optionality

c. XP*: any number of XPs, possibly null

d. imperative sentences often lack the subject NP


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1. John laughed.

2. John will laugh.

3. John ate the cheese.

4. John gave Mary the cheese (in the morning).

5. John gave the cheese to Mary (in the morning).

6. John will laugh at Mary.

7. The children were playing loudly in the bedroom.

8. Mary, John will invite her.

9. Mary, John will invite.

10. John his name is.


12

11. In the morning I bought the tickets.

12. Did you buy the tickets in the morning?

13. What did you buy in the morning?

14. Whose tickets did you buy in the morning?

15. John might have been being insulted by the

crowd for an hour.

16. (You) Open the window!

17. Don’t open the window!

18. John told Mary that Peter had bought the

tickets in the morning.


13

an analysis

S

NP Aux NP

VP

N N V PP

P NP

Det N

What did you buy in the morning?


14

a general (blank) structure

S

(XP) NP (Aux)

VP

(Aux) (Aux) (Aux) V (NP) (NP)

XP*


15

Quirk et al. (1985): basic binary division: subject – predicate

subject

• typically: topic (= “theme”, “what is being discussed”)

predicate: “something new” (about the subject)

(1) The boy has opened the door.

(2) The door has been opened (by the boy).

• determines agreement (concord),

cf. subject-verb agreement

(3) The boy has/*have opened the door.

(4) The boys *has/have opened the door.

• involved in inversion in questions,

cf. subject-auxiliary (operator) inversion

(5) Has the boy opened the door?

(6) What has the boy opened?

2.1. Functional issues

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Quirk et al. (1985)

five elements of a sentence

1. subject: S (be careful! S = sentence vs. S = subject!)

2. verb: V

3. object (direct vs. indirect): Od vs. Oi

4. complement (subject vs object complement): Cs vs. Co

5. adverbial: A


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(1) John (S) searched (V) the room (Od) carefully (A).

(2) The girl (S) is (V) now (A) a student (Cs) in Debrecen (A).

(3) His brother (S) grew (V) happier (Cs) gradually (A).

(4) It (S) rained (V) steadily (A) all day (A).

(5) He (S) had given (V) the girl (Oi) an apple (Od).

(6) They (S) make (V) him (Od) the chairman (Co) every year (A).

(7) She (S) saw (V) [that it (S) rained (V) all day (A)] (Od).

(8) He (S) grew (V) happier (Cs) [when Mary (S) arrived (V)] (A).

(9) [That she (S) asked (V) the question (Od) correctly (A)] (S)

pleased (V) him (Od) enormously (A).


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subject and object complements

~(2) The girl (S) is (V) a student (Cs) / happy (Cs).

(cf. ‘a student girl’, ‘a happy girl’)

Hungarian: A lány diák/boldog. A lány diák/boldog volt.

~(3) His brother (S) grew (V) happier (Cs). (+ become, turn …)

cf. He is/was happier. (as a result)

~(6) They (S) make (V) him (Od) the chairman (Co).

cf. He (S) is the chairman (Cs). (as a result)


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direct vs. indirect objects

~(1) John (S) searched (V) the room (Od).

~(6) They (S) make (V) him (Od) the chairman (Co).

~(7) She (S) saw (V) [that it (S) rained (V) all day (A)] (Od).

~(5) He (S) gave (V) the girl (Oi) an apple (Od).

cf. He (S) gave (V) an apple (Od) to the girl (A).

Quirk et al. (1985) --- a semantic approach

direct object: the given/received entity – 1st or 2nd object NP

indirect object: the receiver – 1st object NP or PP (A)

-- a structural ( grammatical functional) approach is better


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S

NP VP

V NP NP

He gave the girl

Oi

O1

an apple.

Od

O2

S

NP VP

V NP PP

He gave an apple

Od

O1

to the girl.

A

A


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passivization of mono- and ditransitive constructions

He ate the apple (Od O1).

The apple was eaten (by him).

He gave the apple (Od O1) to the girl (A A).

The apple was given to the girl.

*The girl was given the apple to.

He gave the girl (Oi O1) the apple (Od O2).

The girl was given the apple (by him).

*The apple was given the girl (by him).

Od O1 S

Od O1 S

Oi O1 S

Od


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Type S(ubject) V(erb) O(bject)(s) C(omplem.) A(dverbial)

SV

The sun

intransitive

is shining

SVO

The lecture

monotransitive

bored

Od

me

SVC

Your dinner

copular

seems

Cs

ready

SVA

My office

copular

is

S-related A

in the building

SVOO

I

ditransitive

must send

Oi

my parents

Od

a letter

SVOC

The students

complex-trans.

have found

Od

her

Co

very helpful

SVOA

You

complex-trans.

can put

Od

the dishes

O-related A

on the table

Quirk et al. (1985: 721) 2.8. Functional issues

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problems

1. the columns appear to indicate syntactic positions, but

• in ditransitive constructions the two objects have two

distinct (adjacent), designated positions: V NP1 NP2 …

• the object complement (immediately) follows NP1,

the primary object – it can be an adjectival phrase

(see previous slide) but it can also be a NP, in which

case it is in the same position as the second(ary)

object, NP2, i.e. the secondary object NP and the

object complement NP should be represented in

complementary distribution

2. the adverbials in SVA and SVOA are obligatory this calls

for a more substantial functional distinction: OBLIQUE vs.

ADJUNCT


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Type S V O1 O2 / C A:OBLIQUE A: ADJUNCT

SV It intr.

shines

(obligatory) (optional)

SVO

It

monotr.

bored

Od

me

SVC

It

copular

seems

Cs

ready

SVA

It

copular

was

S-related A

in the box

at night

SVOO

I

ditr.

sent

called

Oi

my friend

my friend

Od

a letter

a taxi

SVOC

I

compl-tr.

found

called

Od

my friend

my friend

Co

helpful

a genius

SVOA

He

compl-tr.

can put

Od

the book

O-related A

on the table

at night


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