The Skull and Vertebral Column

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Skeletal System Continued pg29 in Study Guide

Figure 7.1a

Skull

Thoracic cage

(ribs andsternum)

(a) Anterior view

Facial bonesCranium

Sacrum

Vertebral

column

ClavicleScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpals

PhalangesMetacarpalsFemurPatella

TibiaFibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

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The Skull=22 bones

Two sets of bones – cranial and facial

1. Cranial bones (8)

○ Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity

○ Provide sites of attachment for head and

neck muscles

○ Provide support

The Skull

2. Facial bones (14 bones)

○ Framework of face

○ Cavities for special sense organs for sight,

taste, and smell

○ Openings for air and food passage

○ Sties of attachment for teeth and muscles of

facial expression

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Figure 7.2a

Bones of cranium (cranial vault)

Lambdoid

suture

Facial

bones

Squamous

suture

(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull

Coronal

suture

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4a

Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Mental

foramen

(a) Anterior view

Frontal bone

Middle nasal

concha

Vomer

Perpendicular

plate

Ethmoid

bone

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

(greater wing)

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic

bone

Maxilla

Alveolarmargins

Mandible

Mental foramen

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

SquamoussutureOccipital

bone

OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid process

Mandibular condyle

Mandibular notch

Mandibular ramus

(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull

Mandibular angle Coronoid process

Zygomaticprocess

Temporal bone

Figure 7.5a


Cranial Bones=8

• Frontal bone

• Parietal bones (2)

• Occipital bone

• Temporal bones (2)

• Sphenoid bone

• Ethmoid bone

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Facial Bones=14

• Mandible

• Maxillary bones

(maxillae) (2)

• Zygomatic bones (2)

• Nasal bones (2)

• Lacrimal bones (2)

• Palatine bones (2)

• Vomer

• Inferior nasal conchae

(2)


Sutures

• Become more complex with age

• At birth bones of skull are held together by

soft regions of connective tissue-fontanelles

• Loose joining permits?

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Hypophyseal fossa

of sella turcica

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

Frontal bone

Olfactory foramina

Optic canal

Internal acoustic

meatus

Cribriform plateEthmoid

boneCrista galli

SphenoidLesser wing

Greater wing

View

Figure 7.7a

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15

Frontal

sinus

Ethmoidal

air cells

(sinus)

Maxillary

sinus

Sphenoid

sinus

Frontal

sinus

Ethmoidal

air cells

Maxillary

sinus

Sphenoid

sinus

(a) Anterior aspect (b) Medial aspect

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Greater horn

Lesser horn

Body


Functions of the Vertebral Column

• Pg 30

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Posterior

Anterior

Lamina

Superior

articular

process

and

facet

Transverse

process

Pedicle

Spinous

process

Vertebral

arch

Vertebral

foramenBody

(centrum)


Developmental Errors of the Skull

pg 11 study guide

• Microcephalus-premature closure of anterior

fontanelle

• Hydrocephalus

• Cleft palate

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Disorders of the spinal column


Vertebral Column: Curvatures

• Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine

• Two posteriorly concave curvatures

• Cervical and lumbar

• Two posteriorly convex curvatures

• Thoracic and sacral

• Abnormal spine curvatures

• Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)

• Kyphosis (hunchback)

• Lordosis (swayback)

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Cervical curvature

(concave)

7 vertebrae, C1–C7

Thoracic

curvature

(convex)

12 vertebrae,

T1–T12

Lumbar curvature

(concave)

5 vertebrae, L1–L5

Sacral curvature

(convex)

5 fused vertebrae

sacrum

Coccyx

4 fused vertebrae

Anterior view Right lateral view

Spinous

process

Transverse

processes

Intervertebral

discs

Intervertebral

foramen

C1


scoliosis

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lordosis


kyphosis

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17a

Supraspinous ligament

Intervertebral

disc

Anterior

longitudinal

ligament

Intervertebral foramen

Posterior longitudinal

ligament

Anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Sectioned body

of vertebra

Transverse process

Sectioned

spinous process

Ligamentum flavum

Interspinous

ligament

Inferior articular process

Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition

of the discs and the ligaments

Normal intervertebral discs

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17c

Vertebral spinous process

(posterior aspect of vertebra)

Spinal nerve root

Anulus fibrosus

of disc

Herniated portion

of disc

Nucleus

pulposus

of disc

Spinal cord

(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc

Transverse

process

The Skull and Vertebral Column

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