THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method is used to understand the world around us.
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Transcript of THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD The scientific method is used to understand the world around us.
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHODThe scientific method
is used to understand the
world around us.
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Start with an
ObservationTHE PROCESS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION BY USING THE
SENSES:
TASTE..TOUCH..SMELL..SIGHT..HEARING
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STEP 1. IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM
A problem is a situation in which an immediate solution is not known.
Identify the problem by
asking a question Problems are stated as questions. What do you want to know?
Can a ceiling fan chop your head off?Do you get wetter walking or running in the rain?
Could an exploding truck tire take off a motorist's head?
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STEP 2.Research the Problem
Gather background information about yourquestion. Determine if the answer to your question
already exists,
if not…..
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STEP 3.FORM A HYPOTHESIS
AN IDEA OR EXPLANATION THAT IS BASED ON OBSERVATION
AND CAN BE TESTED.This is an educated guess; a possible answer.It states what you think the answer to thequestion is. Most hypotheses are based on known facts.
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Write as an “If ….
then…” statement.
whatitslikeontheinside.com/uploaded_images/Hy...
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STEP 4.DESIGN AND PERFORM
AN EXPERIMENTA way to test the hypothesis.
•materials & quantities•detailed procedures.•safety concerns
•www.news.com.au/.../imagedata/0,,5632249,00.jpg
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CONTROLLED AND CONTROLS
• A controlled experiment is one in which only one variable (independent) is changed.
• During an experiment, a control group is used as a comparison to the experimental group in order to support or reject the hypothesis.
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VARIABLES• A variable is any factor of an experiment –
any part that changes or could be changed in the experiment.
• Independent variable (Manipulated) is the one part of the experiment that is purposefully changed.
• Dependent variable (Responding) is the part(s) of the experiment(s) that change because of the manipulated variable.
It is what you are measuring.
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CONSTANTSA constant is any part of the experiment that stays the same
•Trials: The number of times a procedure is repeated for each experiment.
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STEP 5. COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA
• Use tables/graphs to represent data.
• Quantitative data – data based on measurements; numerical data.
• Qualitative data – observations based on one of the five senses
•controls.engin.umich.eduwww.qualityunit.com
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Graphs: LINE, BAR, PIELine graphs are usually used to show how
something changes over time. (increasing, decreasing, constant, fluctuating)Bar graphs show a relationship between two things
(example: species and running speed).Pie graphs are used to show how something
relates to a whole.
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GRAPHING Rules* ALL GRAPHS MUST HAVE A TITLE - the title tells the reader what the graph represents (what it is about).* LINE AND BAR GRAPHS HAVE AN X – AXIS (HORIZONTAL) AND A Y-AXIS (VERTICAL).
- each axis must be labeled with what it represents. - the x-axis represents the independent variable - the y-axis represents the dependent variable* GRAPHS MAY ALSO NEED A KEY
- keys are used when different colors or lines are used on the graph. The key tells you what the different lines or colors represent.
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STEP 6.STATE CONCLUSIONS
• State the final results by answering the original question.
• Then state whether you accept or reject your hypothesis.
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STEP 7.REPEAT THE EXPERIMENT• Do – over• You must be able to get the same results
for an experiment to be valid.
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STEP 8.PUBLISH RESULTS
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HYPOTHESIS – Example:_________________* a statement based only on observation, and that can be tested with an experiment
THEORY – Example:_________________* an idea based on many observations and
experimental evidence; years of data* can also be applied to unrelated facts and new
situations* flexible enough to be modified if new data/evidence
is introduced
LAW – Example:_________________* stands up to the test of time* experimentally confirmed, over and over again* has uniformity and is universal