The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background...
-
Upload
kenneth-ward -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background...
![Page 1: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Scientific Method
PHEOC
![Page 2: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Problem
Identify the question
- a problem to solve– Do background research to prepare
![Page 3: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hypothesis
An educated guess that can be testedIndependent Variable: the one change that is madeDependent Variable: result that occurs due to the IV. Written: If Independent Variable, then Dependent Variable.Ex: If music is played to plants, then they will grow taller.
![Page 4: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Experiment
Procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting info under controlled conditions.Control: the group with conditions that are kept the same or “normal”Experimental: The part of the experiment where one factor or variable is changed.Constants: Parts of the experiment that stay the same in the control & experimental groups.
![Page 5: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observation
Collecting and organizing data/information from the experiment.
![Page 6: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Conclusion
Reporting results (graphs, reports)
True scientific studies do repeated trials
Form a theory when repeated trials give the same results
If results are not what was expected, scientists still report results and may try again or adjust their hypothesis first
![Page 7: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Law vs Theory
Law: fact of nature known to be true• Law of gravity
Theory: explanation of a phenomenon or behavior that is supported by a large body of evidence – Theories can be changed based on new evidence– They are never proven to be 100% true
![Page 8: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Germ Theory - timeline
7000 b.c. – drilling holes in people’s heads to release evil spirits “causing disease”377 bc – Hippocrates – body fluids cause disease1300s - incense tried to cure the Black Death1800s - people still believe illness is due to supernatural causes.1857 - Louis Pasteur proposed that microorganisms cause disease
![Page 9: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Germ Theory (cont.)1865 - antiseptic technique reduces surgery infections
1883 – Koch’s postulates prove pathogens cause disease
1900s – drinking water treated with chlorine to reduce cases of cholera
1928 - Penicillin was used to treat infections
1955 - Vaccine against polio is made
2002 - New diseases are springing up, SARS
![Page 10: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cell Theory
1665 - Hooke identifies cells through use of a microscope.
1674 - Leeuwenhoek made a better lens to observe cells in greater detail.
1838 - Schleiden studies plant structures- finds they are made of cells
![Page 11: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell Theory (cont.)
1839 - Schwann studied animal structures -concluded from Schleiden’s work and his - all living things are made of cells. (although Schwann thought cells spontaneously formed)1855 Virchow proposed that all cells come from other pre-existing cells Cell Theory Principles:– All organisms are made of cells– cells are produced by other existing living cells– The cell is the most basic unit of life
![Page 12: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Theory of Natural Selection
1749 - Buffon – recognizing there are variations among species1794 – E. Darwin (Charles Darwin’s grandfather) begins considering how organisms could evolve through mechanisms such as competition.1809 - Lamarck - evolution due to environmental changes over time.
![Page 13: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Theory of N.Selection (cont.)
1830s - Charles Darwin - influenced by Lamarck’s ideas and his species variation studies; continues his research on evolution
Theory of Natural Selection now states:– Individuals with inherited beneficial
adaptations will produce more offspring.
![Page 14: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Research
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
![Page 15: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Quantitative
Results in numerical data
Involves counts or measurements
![Page 16: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Qualitative
Descriptive
Results purely observational data
Useful because in some cases descriptions are more important than measurements.
![Page 17: The Scientific Method PHEOC. Problem Identify the question - a problem to solve –Do background research to prepare.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022082517/56649ef55503460f94c090cc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Resources:
- Holt McDougal, “Biology” 2010