The Role of IPM in a Crowded and Hungry World – Trends in ...•Synthetic Organic Insecticides -...
Transcript of The Role of IPM in a Crowded and Hungry World – Trends in ...•Synthetic Organic Insecticides -...
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The Role of IPM in a Crowded and Hungry World – Trends in
Field Crop IPM in the US
Charles T. Allen
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Crops in the South: Historically Pest Intensive
Soon after the discovery of Insecticides • Calendar-based spray schedules • Disregard for natural enemies/biocontrol • Limited field scouting • Limited consideration of environment • Limited consideration of human health issues • Issues began to emerge
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Calcium Arsenate Application
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On-farm Results of Insecticide Intensive Management
• Synthetic Organic Insecticides - late 1940s • Cotton pest control heavily insecticide-based • Resistance – 1954 boll weevil, 1963
bollworm/budworm • Banks grass mite miticide resistance in corn
and grain sorghum late 1960s • By 1983 25 pests of cotton resistant to
organochlorine insecticides • Growers slowly realized they must change
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Off-Farm • Pesticide residues and effects in
Animals Plants Soil Water
• Human Health Issues Acute poisonings Chronic conditions
• Social and Political Pressure Silent Spring - 1962 Establishment of the EPA – 1970 Changes in how pesticides used
Training Licensing Record keeping Awareness Stewardship/Conservation
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Advent of Scouting/Consulting
• State Extension Services began scouting programs - 1967
• Federal support of IPM programs - 1972 • Research/Extension developed thresholds • Reliance on ecologically-based mgt systems • 6.8 million cotton ac in scouting programs –
1983
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Renewed Focus on Cultural Management
• Crop Rotation • Planting Dates • Variety Selection – Short Season • Early Harvest and Quick, thorough crop
residue destruction • Scouting and Thresholds – supporting
Biocontrol
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IPM Worked • Growers and workers trained • Lower pesticide use • Reduced pesticide movement off-
site • Increased reliance on natural
enemies & ecologically-based mgt • Cost - $14.3 million/yr • Benefit - $133 million/yr
Smith 1983
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More Change on the Farm Late 1990s to 2000
• Boll weevil and pink bollworm eradication • GMO crops
Bt varieties/hybrids Herbicide resistant varieties & hybrids
• Traditional Host Plant Resistance • Seed Treatment insecticides & fungicides • Preventative Treatments
Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains
Bottom Line – Pest Management increasingly purchased in or on the seed Farm efficiency & profits improved
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VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK OK
TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX
NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC
SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC
LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA
KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS
AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL
AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AZ AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR
CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA
FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL FL
GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA GA MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS
MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO MO
NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM NM
TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN TN
Allen 2015
Boll Weevil Eradication 2015
KY KY
Pre-Eradication
Active Eradication
Completed , Post-eradication
Impacts of Boll Weevil Eradication in Texas
Tons of Insecticides Not Applied for Weevil Control Cumulative Positive Net Economic Impact of BWE in Texas 1996 - 2012 … $2.3 billion
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Result of BWE and Bt Transgenic Crops Foliar Treatments For All Insect Pests on Texas
Cotton
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
~ 66% Reduction
Source: Cotton Insect Losses BWCC
Cumulative Annual: • 12 million acres not sprayed • Savings ~$120 million
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Not all of the results were positive, however.
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Lower Rio Grande Valley 1981 vs 2012
1981 35-40 Chem Co. Fieldmen 18 Crop Consultants 30+ Aerial Spray Svcs. USDA-ARS Research Sta. A&M Res. & Ext. fully staffed
2012 12 Chem Co. Fieldmen (31%) 5 Crop Consultants (72%) 5 Aerial Spray Svcs. (83%) USDA-ARS Station Closed A&M Res. & Ext. reduced
Intensive Agricultural Area Relatively Small Isolated from other U.S. Agricultural Areas
John Norman. 2012. personal com.
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Changes in Infrastructure for Field Specific IPM
• 6-yr period – Consultants down 28-35% (AR and LA, 2006-12)
• 6-yr period – Aerial Applicators down 11% (7 southern states)
• 6-yr period – Commercial Ground applicators down 6.9% (12 southern states)
• 5-yr period Extension Entomologists down 33% (15 southern states)
Bottom Line: Significant Loss of Infrastructure supporting Field Specific IPM
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Back on the Farm
More Change … Present and Future • Resistance – weeds, western corn
rootworm, bollworm, fall armyworm • Invasive and Changing pests – bagrada
bug, brown marmorated stink bug, Bermuda grass maggot, sugarcane aphid, spotted winged drosophila, tawny crazy ant, old world bollworm …
• Bottom Line - instability
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Why the increase in invasives?
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Meanwhile on Campus
• Fewer students from farms • Emphasis & funding Discovery Not so much field-specific farm service
careers • Result Fewer qualified students to work with farmers Fewer qualified students to work with seed
and chemical industry Bottom Line: Greater Ag and Farm Vulnerability
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Let’s Change the Level of Our Focus
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Population Growth Our greatest environmental issue Will there be enough?
food fiber fuel housing
Demand for food will increase Agricultural productivity – must
be high
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Increasing World Population Lower Resources and Higher Threats Greater demand for food/fiber Demand for people with field-specific IPM skills?
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Will we be ready?
The stakes will be very high if we are not!
Thank Y0u!
Questions?