The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400-1625 1.What forces were transforming West Africa before the...
-
Upload
veronica-dana-fowler -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400-1625 1.What forces were transforming West Africa before the...
CHAPTER 2
African and European Backgrounds
West Africa: Tradition and Change During the 14th and early 15th
centuries, Mali (capital city: Timbuktu) was the leading power in the West African savanna
This is a poem by Taylor Mali:
African and European Backgrounds
European Culture and Society
From this: to this:
From this: to this:
African and European Backgrounds
European Culture and SocietyFrom this: to this:
The Enclosure Movement resulted in massive overcrowding in the cities.
African and European Backgrounds
Religious UpheavalsTHE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
(appealed to the poor and middling classes… NOT the rich)
MARTIN LUTHER
JOHN CALVIN
African and European Backgrounds
The Reformation in England, 1533-1625Henry VIII (1509-1547): Created the Anglican Church (Church of England)
Edward VI (1547-1553): Calvinist
African and European Backgrounds
The Reformation in England, 1533-1625 Mary I (1553-1558): Catholic
Elizabeth I (1558-1603): Protestant (mostly)
James I (1603-1625): Anglican (disliked Puritans)
African and European Backgrounds
The Reformation in England, 1533-1625PURITANS
Separatists vs. Non-separatistsAppealed to middling classes Appealed to middling classes
Calvinists Calvinists
Disapproved of many Catholic and Disapproved of many Catholic and
Anglican beliefs (i.e. church hierarchy) Anglican beliefs (i.e. church hierarchy)
Wanted to separate from the Anglican Wanted to purify the Anglican church
church from within
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
Portugal and the Atlantic, 1400-1500Portugal, under the leadership of
Prince Henry the Navigator, led the way in European long-distance
oceanic explorations
Caravel (ship)Magnetic CompassAstrolabe (early GPS system)New, improved maps
Looking to trade or raid
Unintentional consequence…
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
The “New Slavery” and RacismExisting Slavery “New” Slavery- Due to indebtedness or POW - Became a prosperous business
- Absorbed into the family or released after - Worked laboriously until death
paying off the debt
- Not overly huge in numbers - Unprecedented magnitude of slaves
- Not often tied to religion - It became a Christian duty to own slaves
- Race was not a factor - Race became a HUGE factor
- A PERSON - DEHUMANIZED PROPERTY
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
To the Americas and Beyond, 1492-1522
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492-1536Christopher Columbus
What many Americans perceive about Columbus…
• He was Spanish
• He was the first to propose that the
world was round
• He discovered America
• He discovered America
• He was friendly to the “Indians”
• He was famous
• He became rich
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492-1536 Christopher Columbus
What many people didn’t learn about Columbus…• He was Italian (Genoese)
• He never reached the mainland of North or South America
• He didn’t discover America as much as he ran into a
land mass that was already occupied
• He died poor and fairly unknown
• He was “America’s” first slave trader (Taino Indians
followed by black Africans)
• He was responsible for “America’s” first gold rush
• He was possibly “America’s” first
Christian missionary
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
Spain’s Conquistadors, 1492-1536Hernán Cortés Francisco PizarroConquered the Aztec Empire Conquered the Inca Empire
Both were extremely brutal men
Central Mexican population in 1519:13-25 million
Central Mexican population in 1600:700,000
Used surprise and better weapons,but mostly… SMALLPOX tocultivate the greatest demographicdisaster in world history!
Europe and the Atlantic World,1400-1600
The Columbian Exchange
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Spain’s Northern FrontierHernando de Soto
He went looking for…
GOLD He didn’t find any, however he pretty
much wiped out the Mississippian Native
American population with diseases whilst exploring
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Spain’s Northern FrontierFrancisco Vásquez de Coronado
He also went looking for gold… the seven cities of
gold
He also didn’t find any gold on his explorations
He did, however, make a lot of the Native
Americans dislike the Spanish
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Spain’s Northern FrontierJuan de Oñate
He proclaimed the
area of modern
day New Mexico
for the Spanish.
He was very brutal
and enslaved many
Native Americans.
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Spain’s Northern FrontierSaint Augustine, Florida (1565)
North America’s first
PERMANENT EUROPEAN
settlement
It was a Spanish military base
meant to fend off the English
and French. It was also used as
a missionary base.
Now it’s a tourist trap
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
France: Colonizing CanadaGiovanni de Verrazano and Jacques Cartier looked for gold and the NW Passage… they found neither, but claimed a lot of territory for France
Verrazano Cartier
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
France: Colonizing CanadaThe French did find their “gold” in the form of…
They became allies with
the Huron Indians, and
helped them fight their
enemies…
the Mohawks and other
tribes belonging to the
Iroquois Confederacy
Quebec (1608) established by Samuel de Champlain
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
England and the Atlantic World, 1558-1603Like everyone else, the English were looking for the NW Passage and gold. Like everyone else, they didn’t find either of them. So, sea dogs (like Francis Drake) started to raid Spanish fleets and ports (pirates). When the English defeated the Spanish Armada (1588) it allowed them to focus more on the New World.
Walter Raleigh attempted a permanent colony at
Roanoke, however, when he returned he found that
all the colonists were gone. All that was left was…
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603-1625A joint-stock company, the Virginia Company of London, went looking for gold. In so doing, they created the first permanent ENGLISH settlement in Jamestown, Virginia Colony (1607)
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603-1625John Smith Pocahontas John Rolfe
Saved the colony withhis policy of “He whodoes not work, shall noteat.”
Saved the colony with her convincing her father, the Chief, to feed thestarving colonists.
Saved the colony withhis salable variety of tobacco.
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603-1625• Headrights greatly helped to
increase the population
• 50 acres to whomever paid theirtransportation
• So… the RICH people paid the way for many indenturedservants to come to Jamestown,and the RICH folks got hugetracts of land
• Most of the indentured servantsdied before their service (usually4-7 years) was over
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
New England Begins, 1614-1625The Peanuts Gang actually does a fairly good job of telling the story… up until the part where the colonists start mistreating the Indians.
Footholds in North America,1512-1625
A “New Netherland” on the Hudson, 1609-1625The Dutch explorers (who hired the Englishman, Henry Hudson) claimed
much of the Hudson River and the SW tip of Manhattan Island in modern day New York. They also made fur their main focus. They allied themselves with the Iroquois Nations, especially the Mohawks who were
enemies of the
Huron Indians
(who were allies
with the French.