The Revolutions Of 1848 “ The Springtime of Peoples ”
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Transcript of The Revolutions Of 1848 “ The Springtime of Peoples ”
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TheRevolutions
Of 1848
TheRevolutions
Of 1848“The Springtime of Peoples”“The Springtime of Peoples”
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The turning point at which history failed to turn.
--- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]
The turning point at which history failed to turn.
--- George Macaulay Trevelyn [1937]
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Pre-1848 Pre-1848 TensionsTensionsG Agricultural Crises
Poor cereal harvests•prices rose 60% in one year.
Potato blight Ireland•Prices rose 135% for food in one year!
G Financial Crises Investment bubbles burst railways, iron,
coal. Unemployment increased rapidly.
Working & middle classes are now joined in misery Working & middle classes are now joined in misery as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!as are the urban and agricultural peasantry!
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Centers of Revolution in Centers of Revolution in 18481848
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The February The February RevolutionRevolutionG Working class & liberals
unhappy with King Louis Philippe, and his minister, Francois Guizot
G Reform protests against the King.
Troops open fire on peaceful protestors.
Barricades erected; looting. National Guard defects to the radicals. King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and
abdicates on February 24.
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The “June Days”The “June Days”G Worker groups in Paris rose up in
insurrection. They said that the government
had betrayed the revolution.•Workers wanted a
redistribution of wealth.
Barricades in the streets.•Victor Hugo’s
Les Miserables was based on this event.
G A new coalition formed.
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The 2The 2ndnd French Republic French Republic ((1848-1848-18521852))GGeneral Louis
Cavaignac crushed the revolt. 10,000 dead.
GNov., 1848 a new constitution
The RepublicThe Republicbyby
Jean-Leon GeromeJean-Leon Gerome
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President Louis President Louis Napoleon Napoleon
G The December election: The “law and order” candidate,
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,elected.
G The New President: Replaced all radical officials. with
ultra-conservative and monarchists. Disbanded the National Assembly and held new
elections.
•Represented himself as a “Man of the People.”
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1851 Coup 1851 Coup d’Etatd’Etat
GPresident Louis Napoleon declared a 2nd French Empire.
GA national vote confirmed it.
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The Austrian Empire: The Austrian Empire: 18301830
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G The “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms.
G March 13 rioting broke out in Vienna.
The Austrian Empire collapsed.
The revolution began to wane.•The revolutionary government
failed to govern effectively.
Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Vienna, 1848: The Liberal RevolutionRevolution
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The New AustrianThe New Austrian Emperor Franz JosephEmperor Franz Joseph I I [r. 1848-[r. 1848-
1916]1916]
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G March laws provided for Hungarian independence.
G Austrians invade. Hungarian armies drove
within sight of Vienna!
G Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew.
G Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army.
G Tsar Nicholas I raised an army of 400,000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph.
140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.G Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.
The Hungarian The Hungarian RevolutionRevolution
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Bohemia, 1848Bohemia, 1848Prague Conference:
Created a constitution & autonomy within
the Habsburg Empire.
The Austrian military attacked Prague, occupied Bohemia & crushed the rebellion.
The Prague The Prague BarricadesBarricades
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Italy, 1848Italy, 1848G Giuseppe Mazzini established a Roman
Republic in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi.
G Pope Pius IX forced to flee.G Austria and France intervene to
put down revolts Victor G Emmanuel II takes the
throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.
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The Germans Follow the The Germans Follow the FrenchFrench
G After the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states.
G Berlin riots•Prussian army efficiently suppressed the
revolutionaries.
•King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory!
•Other Princedoms collapse when Prussia’s nerve fails.
•The Frankfurt Assembly forms a German government
G The Prussian army crushed all resistance.
G April, 1849 the Assembly collapsed.
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The “Three Germanies”The “Three Germanies”
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Austria & Prussia Reassert Austria & Prussia Reassert ControlControl
G Austria re-gained control of Vienna.
G Frederick William deposed the Berlin parliament.
G The Frankfurt Assembly offered the emperorship to Frederick William.
He declined. Radicals took to the
barricades again. The Prussian army crushed all
resistance. April, 1849 the Assembly collapsed.
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A New German A New German ConfederationConfederation
G Frederick William IV of Prussia was still interested in ruling a united Germany.
G 1850 the German Confederation was re-established at Olmutz.
G But, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe.