THE RESHAPING OF MEDIEVAL

EUROPEChapter 10

REVIVAL OF TRADESection 1

Towns diminished, but self sufficient manors were built

Used the barter system

LIST THE MIDDLEMEN OF TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND THE ORIENT, THE MAJOR TRADE ROUTES BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE ORIENT, AND THE REGION THAT SERVED AS THE MARKET PLACE FOR NORTHERN EUROPE.

EXPLAIN THE ROLE THAT MARKETS AND TRADE FAIRS PLAYED IN MEDIEVAL TRADE

EXPLAIN WHY TRADES SWITCHED FROM BARTER TO MONEY

EXPLAIN WHY MONEY CHANGERS BECAME IMPORTANT AND WHAT SERVICES THEY PROVIDED.

DESCRIBE THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH’S RULES CONCERNING BUSINESS AND HOW THE REVIVAL OF TRADE CALLED INTO QUESTION THE PROHIBITION OF USURY.

GROWTH OF TOWNSSection 2

EXPLAIN HOW TOWNS GREW DURING THE MIDDLE AGES

DESCRIBE HOW THE TOWNS ACHIEVED THEIR FREEDOMS

DESCRIBE THOSE FREEDOMS

MERCHANTS AND CRAFTSMEN ESTABLISH GUILDS 1.) List functions that guilds served 2.) List and identify the two major types

of guilds and identify their activities 3.) Identify each class of guild

membership and explain how a member moved up these ranks

4.) Describe the Hanseatic League

BLACK DEATH What percentage of Europeans dies in

the Black Death? How did the plague start in Europe?

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES EMERGE

DESCRIBE THE MIDDLE CLASS THAT AROSE DURING THE 11TH AND 12TH CENTURIES

EXPLAIN WHY THE MIDDLE CLASS MIGHT PREFER THE RULE BY A KING TO RULE BY NOBLES AND HOW THEY COULD HELP TRANSFER POWER FROM NOBILITY TO A KING

TOWN LIFE

DESCRIBE MEDIEVAL TOWN LIFE

MEDIEVAL LEARNING AND ART

Section 3

EXPLAIN HOW LEARNING HAD BEEN KEPT ALIVE DURING “THE DARK AGES” Ignorance and suspicion Church involvement Tried to maintain knowledge, but not

learn anything new

LIST AND DESCRIBE THE FACTORS THAT BROUGHT A REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN EUROPE Trivium: grammar (Latin), rhetoric

(effective speaking), and logic Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry,

astronomy, and music

Brought by 3 factors:1.) Political and economic conditions….2.) Europe’s contact with Byzantine and

Arab civilizations…3.) Towns and government changing…

EXPLAIN HOW UNIVERSITIES CAME INTO BEING Replaced Monastery and cathedral

schools Cared about who the teacher was Scholars formed guilds “Universitas” First two were at Bologna and Paris

DESCRIBE THE GOAL OF SCHOLASTICISM (FIRST PARAGRAPH) AND THE PROBLEMS WITH THIS APPROACH, AND HOW IT WOULD LEAD TO THE REFORMATION

Renewed interest in theology and philosophy

Relied on faith and reason…harmonizing teachings of church (faith) and Greek philosophers (reason)

Wanted to find ways to support the church’s teachings, not seek new truth

They ended up finding many contradictions in the church’s teachings….not from Scripture but from decrees of the Pope

CONTRAST AND CRITIQUE THE APPROACHES THAT ANSELM, ABELARD, AND AQUINAS TOOK

Anselm: Archbishop of CanterburyPosition: “I believe so that I may

understand.” Faith is essential to proper understanding. Nevertheless, he did not reject reason. He is

best remembered for his use of logical arguments to support two major doctrine of the Christian faith1: The existence of God2: the concept of atonement

Agreement: Without faith, we cannot know anything. Faith in God of Christianity makes sense of reality

Criticism: None

Abelard:Position: Asked critical questions…for

wisdom. “By doubting, we arrive at inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth.”….wanted students to seek truth through critical reasoning.

Agreement: Questioning can make our thoughts more accurate

Criticism: If we question everything, we cannot know anything

Aquinas: “prince of the Schoolmen”Position: Certain truths can be perceived by

reason and others by faith alone. However, both faith and reason are gifts of God so there is no contradiction between them. In his Summa Theologica, he attempted to harmonize the teachings of the church with the logic and philosophy of Aristotle

Agreement: It is true faith and reason are both gifts of God and they do not contradict.

Criticism: 1: There is a danger with trying to harmonize

scripture with reason …..do you put reason above Scripture?

Some critics claim that Aquinas did not realize that man’s reason is also fallen. We have sinful hearts

Overestimating the power of reason underestimates the complexity of reality.

DESCRIBE THE OBSTACLES PREVENTING SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS IN THE MIDDLE AGES

1.) Science was a secondary source of knowledge, which at best could only confirm truths that theology and philosophy had already established.

2.) Magic and superstition clouded medieval science

3.) What little scientific knowledge that did exist had been handed down from ancient sources. People did not question, thus misconceptions and falsehoods continued.

LIST THE TWO WAYS IN WHICH PROGRESS WAS BEING MADE IN SCIENCE 1.) knowledge increased as Greek and

Muslim works began to circulate 2.) Thinkers began to critically

reexamine inherited scientific ideas.

KNOW THAT LATIN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF THE LEARNED, BUT THAT THE VERNACULAR WAS THE LANGUAGE OF THE COMMONERS AND VARIED FROM REGION TO REGION.

IDENTIFY EPICS, TROUBADOURS, DANTE, CHAUCER, ETC. Epics – long narrative poems that

celebrated the adventures of legendary heroesBeowulf, Song of Roland, etc.

Troubadours – wandering minstrels singing songs of love, adventures, stories, etc.

Dante (12-65-1321) wrote Divine Comedy and Dante’s Inferno

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) – Wrote the Canterbury Tales

EXPLAIN THAT ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES WAS PRIMARILY RELIGIOUS AND OFTEN USED TO TEACH THE ILLITERATE

TIMELINE Roman Basilica Early Church Architects Copy Basilica Romanesque builders modify basilica in

the shape of a Latin cross Flying Buttresses Gothic Cathedrals

IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVICE THAT MADE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE POSSIBLE Architects devised a way to support

stone vaults and ceilings by use of flying or external buttresses. Made is possible to have ceilings, thinner walls, larger windows and doors, etc.

This is called Gothic

DESCRIBE GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Gothic was light and delicate! Dignity and serenity High towers, pointing to Heaven Stained glass

Colors“visual Bible”

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC. BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENCES IN PICTURES…ESPECIALLY NOTRE DAME

Notre Dame

  Romanesque Gothic

Radiating chapels and apse:

Separate compartments. Unified, unbroken space.

Vault: Mostly barrel-vaults, some groin-vaults.

Groin-vaulted cathedrals.

Arch type: Rounded arches. Pointed arches.

Main vault support: Thick walls, buttresses. Exterior flying

buttresses.

Clerestory: Small windows. Large stained-glass windows.

Elevation: Horizontal, modest height. Vertical, soaring.

Exterior: Plain, little decoration, solid.

Ornate, delicate, lots of sculpture.

Sculptural decoration:

Thin, elongated, abstract figures.

More realistic proportions and individualized features.

Mood: Dark, gloomy. Tall, light-filled.

Example: St. Sernin, Toulouse, France.

Chartres Cathedral, France.

Romanesque vs. Gothic Architecture

St. Sernin, France (Romanesque)

Chartres Cathedral, France (Gothic)

EMERGENCE OF NATIONAL STATES

Section 4

EXPLAIN WHAT FORMED THE BASIS OF THE EARLY NATION STATE Nation-states emerged in the late middle Ages as

people in certain regions became more fully aware of their common traditions, languages, and religion. This awareness was the foundation of national feeling.

Accompanying the growth of nation-states was the rise of national monarchies. The monarchy served as the symbol of national pride.

The independent king ruling a group of people having common interests formed the basis of the early nation-states.

Royal power steadily increased in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries while Feudalism gradually declined.

As differences among the various people of Europe became more distinct and as national feeling mounted, boundaries between nation-states began to solidify.

LIST THE CAUSES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR The English and French confronted one

another on the matters of English holdings in France.

French monarchs attempted to take possessions of the rich commercial territory of Flanders. This act threatened England’s profitable wool trade.

Capetians have no heir, Edward III wants to be king of France, but they chose Philip VI of Valois (vah LWAH)

EXPLAIN HOW THE LONGBOW ENABLED THE BRITISH TO WIN MOST OF THE BATTLES OF THE 100 YEARS WAR, AND HOW JOAN OF ARC ENABLED THE FRENCH TO WIN THE WAR.

Longbow Joan of Arc - burned at the stake in

1431, but her example stirred the nation.

EXPLAIN HOW THE END OF THE 100 YRS. WAR INCREASED THE CENTRALIZATION OF POWER IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE No longer did the English kings

concentrate their efforts on holding their French possessions. Instead they began to build a strong nation-state at home.

The rivalry over the English presence in France had stirred French nationalism. This nationalism and their eventual victory over the English bolstered the cause of the French kings as they continued to increase their royal powers.

IDENTIFY THE WAR OF THE ROSE AND EXPLAIN THE TUDORS FAMILY ESTABLISHED THEIR POWER AFTER THE WAR After a century of fighting on French soil, the

English troops returned home only to become involved in civil war: two rival families, the houses of York and Lancaster, fought for the English throne. Eventually, a distant relative of the Lancastrian kings won and established the Tudor dynasty.

During the sixteenth century, the Tudors firmly established the power of the English monarchy and built the English nation into a major European power.

IDENTIFY THE WAR OF THE ROSE AND EXPLAIN THE TUDORS FAMILY ESTABLISHED THEIR POWER AFTER THE WAR

Lancaster vs York

Henry Tudor defeats Richard III at Bosworth Field.

Becomes Henry VIIFamily for 400 years!

Richard III Henry VII

EXPLAIN HOW THE 100 YEARS WAR LED TO THE TAILLE AND HOW THAT INCREASED THE FRENCH KING’S POWER Taille – the royal tax for war funds.

Estates – General…..king keeps gaining power

EXPLAIN HOW THE 100 YEARS WAR STRENGTHENED PARLIAMENT THROUGH THE PRINCIPLE OF “REDRESS BEFORE SUPPLY.” Not in book!! So pay attention!

EXPLAIN THE TRANSFORMATION FROM MOOR CONTROL TO A UNITED SPAIN IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA WITH POWERFUL, CENTRALIZED MONARCHY BY PUTTING THE FOLLOWING EVENTS IN ORDER AND IDENTIFY EACH TERM.

Muslim conquest of Iberia A few non-Muslim states make a concerted

effort to drive out the Muslims. Reconquista had claimed all but Grenada. As the Moors were being driven out, three

principal kingdoms emerged: Portugal, Castile, Aragon.

The Cortes arose in each kingdom. When Ferdinand and Isabella married, the

houses of Castile and Aragon were brought together to form the country of Spain.

Inquisition begun in Spain. Reconquista completed by driving the Moors

out of Grenada in 1492.

Ferdinand and Isabella

KNOW THAT ITALY WAS DIVIDED POLITICALLY BUT PROSPEROUS ECONOMICALLY.

DESCRIBE THE POSITION OF EMPEROR AND HOW HE WAS SELECTED. England, France, Spain and

Portugal….nations Germany and Italy…not yet Italy….divided…but culturally building

the Renaissance Germany…great nobles rule territorial

states Golden Bull establishes Diet

Germans wanted to avoid unity

Italy establishes the Renaissance

Golden Bull Constitution

EXPLAIN HOW THE HAPSBURG FAMILY BUILT AN EMPIRE AND LIST THE REGIONS UNDER ITS CONTROL.

Built up southern states (Austria) and had control till WWI

Maximilian I – increased power with Belgium and Holland, then MilamHis son and the daughter of F&I gained

Spain, Low Countries, Holy Roman Empire, and New World (Spanish territory)

Maximilian I

DECLINE OF THE ROMAN CHURCH

Section 5

INTRO. LIST THE FORCES THAT LED TO AN INCREASED OPPOSITION TO PAPAL AUTHORITY DURING THE 14TH AND 15TH CENTURIES: 1.) Moral Corruption 2.) National Loyalties 3.) Critical Spirit 4.) Growth of Wealth

TIMELINE: PUT THE FOLLOWING EVENTS IN ORDER.

Philip IV clashed with Boniface VIII Babylonian Captivity The papacy returned to Rome. A Roman mob intimidated the College of

Cardinals into choosing an Italian pope. A council deposed both popes and appointed a

new one, but the others refused to relinquish their office.

The Council of Constance deposed the other popes and appointed Martin V as the sole pope.

DESCRIBE THE CLASH BETWEEN PHILIP IV AND BONIFACE VIII. Boniface VIII wanted Philip taxes clergy, arrest bishop Unam Sanctum Philip defies pope

Boniface VIII Philip IV

DESCRIBE THE “BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY” AND EXPLAIN WHY IT UPSET SO MANY PEOPLE New French Pope moves papacy from

Rome to Avignon – 1309-1377 All popes were French, and fell under

French kings Nationalism made other nations angry

Avignon

EXPLAIN HOW THE GREAT SCHISM CAME ABOUT AND HOW COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE RESOLVED IT. 2 popes? Each excommunicated each other Schism between European nations 1409…3 Popes!!! Council of Constance elect Martin V