The Research The Research InstrumentsInstruments

Reported by:Reported by:

Yolanda T. SobrepeñaYolanda T. Sobrepeña

Paliparan NHSPaliparan NHS

Introduction:Introduction:

One of the most One of the most important components of important components of a research design is the a research design is the research instruments research instruments because they gather or because they gather or collect data or collect data or information.information.

These research These research instruments or tools instruments or tools are ways of gathering are ways of gathering data. Without them, data. Without them, data would be data would be impossible to put in impossible to put in hand.hand.

QUESTIONAIREQUESTIONAIRE The most common instrument The most common instrument

or tool of research for or tool of research for obtaining the data beyond the obtaining the data beyond the physical reach of the observer physical reach of the observer which, for ex. May be sent to which, for ex. May be sent to human beings who are human beings who are thousands of miles away or thousands of miles away or just around the corner.just around the corner.

Two Forms of Two Forms of QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Closed form / Closed-Closed form / Closed-endedended

Open form / Open-Open form / Open-endedended

Guidelines in Using the Guidelines in Using the QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

Clarity of languageClarity of languageSingleness of purposeSingleness of purposeRelevant to the objective Relevant to the objective

of the studyof the studyCorrect grammarCorrect grammar

Principles to consider in Principles to consider in constructing Questionnaireconstructing Questionnaire

1. define or qualify terms that 1. define or qualify terms that could easily be misinterpretcould easily be misinterpret

2. be careful in using descriptive 2. be careful in using descriptive adjectives and adverbs that have adjectives and adverbs that have no agreed-upon meaningno agreed-upon meaning

3. be careful of inadequate 3. be careful of inadequate alternativesalternatives

4. beware of double negative4. beware of double negative

5.avoid the double-barreled 5.avoid the double-barreled questionquestion

6. underline the word if you wish 6. underline the word if you wish to indicate special emphasisto indicate special emphasis

7. when asking for rating or 7. when asking for rating or comparisons a point of reference comparisons a point of reference is necessaryis necessary

8. avoid unwarranted 8. avoid unwarranted assumptionsassumptions

9. phrase questions so that they are 9. phrase questions so that they are appropriate for all respondentsappropriate for all respondents

10.design question that will give a 10.design question that will give a complete answercomplete answer

11.provide for the systematic 11.provide for the systematic qualification of responsequalification of response

12.consider the possibility of 12.consider the possibility of classifying the respondents yourself classifying the respondents yourself rather than having the respondents rather than having the respondents choose categorieschoose categories

AdvantagesAdvantages Facilitates data gatheringFacilitates data gathering Is easy to test data for reliability Is easy to test data for reliability

and validityand validity Is less time-consuming than Is less time-consuming than

interview and observationinterview and observation Preserves the anonymity and Preserves the anonymity and

confidentiality of the respondents’ confidentiality of the respondents’ reactions and answersreactions and answers

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Printing and mailing are costlyPrinting and mailing are costly Response rate maybe lowResponse rate maybe low Respondents may provide only Respondents may provide only

socially acceptable answerssocially acceptable answers There is less chance to clarify There is less chance to clarify

ambiguous answerambiguous answer Respondents must be literate and Respondents must be literate and

with no physical handicapswith no physical handicaps Rate of retrieval can be low because Rate of retrieval can be low because

retrieval itself is difficultretrieval itself is difficult

INTERVIEWINTERVIEW It is in a sense of an oral It is in a sense of an oral

questionnaire. Instead of writing questionnaire. Instead of writing the response, the interviewee the response, the interviewee gives the needed information gives the needed information orally and face-to-face. With a orally and face-to-face. With a skillful interviewer, the interview skillful interviewer, the interview is often superior to other data-is often superior to other data-gathering device.gathering device.

The purposes of interview are :The purposes of interview are :

- to verify information - to verify information gathered from written sourcesgathered from written sources

- to clarify points of - to clarify points of informationinformation

- to update information and - to update information and

- to collect data- to collect data

Types of Types of InterviewInterview

Structured or Structured or standardizedstandardized

Unstructured or Unstructured or unstandardizedunstandardized

Telephone interviewTelephone interview

RATING SCALERATING SCALE

Involves qualitative Involves qualitative description of a description of a limited number of limited number of aspects of a thing or aspects of a thing or traits of a persontraits of a person

Forms of Rating Forms of Rating ScaleScaleThurstone Thurstone TechniqueTechnique

Likert MethodLikert MethodSemantic DifferentialSemantic Differential

CHECKLISTCHECKLIST The simplest of the devices, The simplest of the devices,

consists of a prepared list of consists of a prepared list of items. The presence or absence items. The presence or absence of the item may be indicated by of the item may be indicated by inserting the appropriate word inserting the appropriate word or numberor number

Use in descriptive and historical Use in descriptive and historical researchesresearches

SOCIOMETRYSOCIOMETRY Technique for describing the Technique for describing the

social relationships among social relationships among individuals in a group. In a individuals in a group. In a indirect way it attempts to indirect way it attempts to describe attractions or describe attractions or repulsions between individuals repulsions between individuals by asking them to indicate by asking them to indicate whom they would choose or whom they would choose or reject in various situationsreject in various situations

DOCUMENT OR CONTENT DOCUMENT OR CONTENT ANALYSISANALYSIS Used as a main tool of research Used as a main tool of research

or a subsidiary toolor a subsidiary tool Main tool in historical research Main tool in historical research

but a subsidiary tool in but a subsidiary tool in descriptive research and less descriptive research and less used in experimental researchused in experimental research

SCORECARDSCORECARD A rating that may yield a total A rating that may yield a total

weighted score that can be weighted score that can be used in evaluating used in evaluating communities, buildings, sites, communities, buildings, sites, schools, or textbooks.schools, or textbooks.

Similar in some respect to Similar in some respect to checklist and rating scalechecklist and rating scale

TEACHER or RESEARCH-TEACHER or RESEARCH-MADE TOOLSMADE TOOLS

Very popular in researchVery popular in research Part of the overall instruments used Part of the overall instruments used

in research studiesin research studies It combined with other standardized It combined with other standardized

tests in the assessment of tests in the assessment of individuals’ operations and individuals’ operations and situationssituations

TAPE RECORDED TAPE RECORDED DATADATAObserve through the ear as Observe through the ear as

well as through the eyewell as through the eyeAlso use video tape Also use video tape

recorder or radio cassette recorder or radio cassette recorderrecorder

OPINIONNAIREOPINIONNAIRE An information form that An information form that

attempts to measure the attempts to measure the attitude or belief of an attitude or belief of an individualindividual

Also known as attitude Also known as attitude scalescale

OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION Perceiving data through the Perceiving data through the

senses: sight, hearing, senses: sight, hearing, taste touch and smelltaste touch and smell

Most direct way used in Most direct way used in studying individual studying individual behaviorbehavior

Types of Types of ObservationObservation Participant and non-Participant and non-

participant observationparticipant observation Structured and unstructured Structured and unstructured

observationobservation Controlled and uncontrolled Controlled and uncontrolled

observationobservation

PSYCHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTSTESTS

An instrument designed to describe An instrument designed to describe and measure a sample of certain and measure a sample of certain aspects of human behavioraspects of human behavior

e.i. performance test, paper and e.i. performance test, paper and pencil test, achievement inventory, pencil test, achievement inventory, personality inventory and projective personality inventory and projective devicesdevices

READY-to-USE INSTRUMENT or READY-to-USE INSTRUMENT or STANDARDIZED TESTSTANDARDIZED TEST

Product of long years of Product of long years of studystudy

tend to be highly reliable tend to be highly reliable and cover a wide range of and cover a wide range of student performance levelstudent performance level

CRITERIA for CRITERIA for Measuring Research Measuring Research InstrumentsInstruments

1. Validity- measure 1. Validity- measure what is intends to what is intends to measuremeasure

Types of ValidityTypes of Validity

Content validityContent validity

a. expert judgmenta. expert judgment

b. table of specificationb. table of specification Criterion validityCriterion validity Construct validityConstruct validity

2. Reliability – stability 2. Reliability – stability in maintaining in maintaining consistent consistent measurement in a test measurement in a test administered twiceadministered twice

Methods in Methods in determining the determining the Reliability of a TestReliability of a TestTest-retest methodTest-retest methodAlternate or parallel formAlternate or parallel formSplit-half methodSplit-half methodRationale equivalence Rationale equivalence

methodmethod

Reason for Conducting a Reason for Conducting a Field Test or Dry-RunField Test or Dry-Run

Determine the feasibility and Determine the feasibility and applicability of the studyapplicability of the study

Validate the instrument to ensure Validate the instrument to ensure that the data to be collected are validthat the data to be collected are valid

Check the reliability of the Check the reliability of the instrument to ensure that the data instrument to ensure that the data collected are reliable and accuratecollected are reliable and accurate

Ensure efficiency and Ensure efficiency and effectiveness of instrument in effectiveness of instrument in gathering the needed datagathering the needed data

Ensure that the instrument, say Ensure that the instrument, say questionnaire, is objective, questionnaire, is objective, simple, meaningful, easily simple, meaningful, easily administered and adequate in administered and adequate in collecting the needed datacollecting the needed data

Be able to obtain accurate and reliable Be able to obtain accurate and reliable data in the procedure of investigationdata in the procedure of investigation

Be able to obtain recommendations Be able to obtain recommendations and suggestions for the enrichment of and suggestions for the enrichment of the instrumentthe instrument

After pretest or try-out, revision After pretest or try-out, revision must be made in content structure or must be made in content structure or format, mechanics and organization format, mechanics and organization before an actual investigation is madebefore an actual investigation is made

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