The Republican Victory The Republican Victory Section 1 – 298-301 Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated...
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Transcript of The Republican Victory The Republican Victory Section 1 – 298-301 Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated...
The Republican VictoryThe Republican Victory Section 1 – 298-301
• Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated as the third President of the United States in 1801.– The Republicans had also won control of both
houses of Congress.• The Federalists were no longer in control,
but…–With the changing of the parties,
Americans saw that the country could change its political leadership peacefully.
• Jefferson would have Congressional support for many of his plans.
Jefferson in OfficeJefferson in Office• First, Jefferson created his cabinet:
– James Madison = Secretary of State– Albert Gallatin = Secretary of the Treasury
• Jefferson and Gallatin reduced the size of the army and the navy.– They hoped that the money saved could be
put towards paying down the national debt.• Gallatin was ordered by Jefferson to end
domestic taxes like the Whiskey Tax.– Also, close the agencies that collected the
domestic taxes that were being ended.
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison• Just before Jefferson took office, John Adams and
the Federalist controlled Congress appointed many Federalists to become federal judges.– When Jefferson entered office, some
Federalists had not yet received their official paperwork stating that they were judges.• Jefferson ordered Madison to not give out
the paperwork.• William Marbury (Federalist) did not receive
his papers, and he asked the Supreme Court to intervene.
• Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to order the Executive Branch to hand over the papers.
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison• The Supreme Court heard the case and decided:
– That Marbury had been treated unfairly.– However; the S.C. Justices felt that Congress and
the Constitution had not given the S.C. the power to order the Executive Branch to hand over the papers.• The Judiciary Act of 1789 said that the S.C. did
have the power.– The S.C. felt that the Judiciary Act was
unconstitutional.
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison
• The S.C.’s decision in this case established the power of Judicial Review = The S.C. is allowed to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional and the law is no longer in force.– Judicial Review greatly increased the S.C.’s
legal authority and made it a stronger branch of the federal government.
French Louisiana French Louisiana Section 2 – 302-307
• In 1800, France was led by French General Napoleon Bonaparte.– He wanted to rebuild France’s empire in
North America, but first he had to gain control of the island of Hispaniola (Present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic).• Hispaniola would be a supply base for the
French military.
French LouisianaFrench Louisiana• Enslaved Africans led an uprising and took over
Hispaniola from the French in 1790.– They were led by escaped slave, Toussaint-
Louverture• In 1802, Napoleon’s troops were defeated on
Hispaniola by Louverture’s army.• Jefferson worried that if the French did
eventually gain control of Hispaniola, they may also be able to block U.S. westward expansion.
The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson knew that New Orleans was the “hub”
for U.S. expansion because it controlled all major shipping on the Mississippi River.– He asked the U.S. ambassador to France to
contact the French government about purchasing New Orleans and West Florida.• Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana.–France was about to go to war with
Great Britain and Napoleon needed money for his European armies.
The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase• The French offered a price of $15 million for the
Louisiana Territory and Jefferson accepted.– Jefferson felt that the Constitution did not give him
the right to make the purchase, but he felt he was acting in the best interest of the U.S.
– The region stretched west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.• 830,000 square miles and covers 14 current
U.S. states.
Mission of DiscoveryMission of Discovery• Jefferson wanted information about the land the U.S.
had just purchased. He specifically wanted to know about:– The native peoples, soil, animals, plants, and
minerals.– He also wanted to know if there was an all-water
river route to the Pacific Ocean.– Jefferson chose former army captain Meriwether
Lewis to lead an expedition in the LA Territory.• Lewis chose army lieutenant William Clark to be
co-leader.
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionThe Lewis and Clark Expedition• In May 1804, Lewis, Clark, and a small group of
carefully selected and skilled frontiersman set out from St. Louis, Missouri. – This group of explorers is known as The Corps
of Discovery.– They travelled north up the Missouri River on
a custom-built boat called a keelboat.
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionThe Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Early in the trip, the group met many American Indian tribes, among which was a Shoshone woman and her French husband.– Sacagawea and her husband, helped guide
The Corps of Discovery.– She also acted as an interpreter and
peacemaker.
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionThe Lewis and Clark Expedition• The expedition travelled up the Missouri River,
hiked up and over the Rocky Mountains and floated down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean.– They arrived at the Pacific Ocean in November
1805, and built a small camp which they named Fort Clatsop after the neighboring Clatsop Indians.
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionThe Lewis and Clark Expedition
• In March 1806, the Corps of Discovery headed home.– They arrived in St. Louis in September 1806.
• The Corps of Discovery travelled just over 8,000 miles in 2 ½ years.– Only one member of the group died, and he died
of a heart attack.– Clark was a cartographer(map maker) who
mapped the trip and measured the distance travelled.• Today’s satellite navigation shows that
Clark’s measurement on the distance travelled was off by only 40 miles.
The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionThe Lewis and Clark Expedition
• The Route of the Corps of Discovery
Pike’s ExplorationPike’s Exploration• In 1806, young army officer Zebulon Pike was
sent on a mission to:– Find the headwaters of the Red River.• The Red River runs through Louisiana and
part of Texas and was considered part of the Louisiana Territory.
– Spy on Spanish outposts in the Southwest.
Pike’s ExplorationPike’s Exploration• Pike led his expedition to the Rocky Mountains in
present-day Colorado.– While there he tried unsuccessfully to climb the
mountain that today is known as Pikes Peak, 14,000+ feet high.
• Then he headed south into present-day New Mexico where the Spanish arrested him and accused him of being a spy. He denied the accusation.– Eventually he was released and returned to the
U.S. to report his findings.
Pike’s ExplorationPike’s Exploration
The Pikes Peak Cog RailwayThe Pikes Peak Rally Car
Race
Danger on the High Seas Danger on the High Seas Section 3 – 308-313
• In 1803, Great Britain and France went to war.– Both countries wanted to stop U.S. ships from
delivering to their enemy much needed supplies.• Both countries passed laws which allowed their
navies and privateers to capture ships that were supplying the enemy.–Unfortunately, the majority of those ships
belonged to U.S. businesses.–Many U.S. ships and tons of cargo was
captured.» If the British captured a U.S. ship, they
sometimes forced the sailors to serve on their warships. This is known as Impressment.
Danger on the High SeasDanger on the High Seas
• In 1807, impressment made national news and created widespread resentment towards Britain.– The HMS Leopard stopped the USS
Chesapeake and tried to remove 4 sailors.• The captain of the Chesapeake refused to
hand them over, so the Leopard opened fire and took the sailors by force.
A Trade WarA Trade War• Many Americans favored going to war with Britain
while others favored an embargo = the banning of trade with Britain.– Jefferson and the Republicans favored an embargo
and in 1807 passed the Embargo Act = the law that banned trade with foreign countries.• The New England states were hit hard by the
Embargo Act because most of their profits came from trade with foreign countries.
• U.S. businesses eventually ignored the law and smuggled goods to foreign countries.
• Great Britain and France were not affected by the law, and Jefferson’s popularity fell.
The Rise of TecumsehThe Rise of Tecumseh• In the early 1800s, thousands of American settlers
were entering the Northwest Territory.– Because of the Treaty of Greenville, many
American Indian tribes were forced to give up their lands.
– Great Britain wanted to slow U.S. westward expansion, but didn’t want to go to war with the U.S.• The British government gave military aid to
Indian tribes living in the NW Territory.• Tecumseh was a powerful Indian leader who
wanted to organize NW Territory tribes against the U.S. settlers.
War on the FrontierWar on the Frontier
War on the FrontierWar on the Frontier• William Henry Harrison – Governor of the Indiana
Territory felt that Tecumseh was a threat to U.S. power.– He met with Tecumseh and reminded him of his
obligation to follow the treaties.• Tecumseh said that the treaties were not valid
because no single chief could sell land belonging to all Indians and the Indians were on the land first.– Harrison warned Tecumseh not to “mess
with the U.S.”
War on the FrontierWar on the Frontier• Tecumseh left his tribe to travel south to make an
alliance with southern tribes.– While he was gone, Harrison raised an army and
marched to Tecumseh’s tribal settlement.• In November of 1811, Harrison’s army and
Tecumseh’s tribe fought an all-day battle at the Battle of Tippecanoe.– The American Indians were defeated and
their village was destroyed.
The War DebateThe War Debate
• The frontier fighting had angered many Americans who felt that Britain was encouraging the Indians to attack settlers.– This was seen as an insult to U.S. authority
and the War Hawks wanted to go to war with Britain.• War Hawks = members of Congress who
favored war with Britain.–Typically members of Congress that
represented Southern and Western states were War Hawks, whereas New England representatives wanted peace so that they could resume trade.
A Declaration of WarA Declaration of War• In 1808, Republican James Madison was elected
President.– He faced rising pressure from the effects of
the Embargo Act and from the War Hawks.– He also felt that because Britain was violating
U.S. neutrality by seizing U.S. ships and through impressment, Britain was at war with the U.S.
– Madison asked Congress to decide how the U.S. should react.• Congress voted for war with Great Britain.–Madison would become commander and
chief during the War of 1812.
The War at Sea The War at Sea Section 4 – 314-319
• In August of 1812, the USS Constitution faced off against the HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia. – The Constitution won the battle in part
because the hull of the ship was sheathed in copper.• Since British cannonballs had bounced
harmlessly off her hull, she was nicknamed “Old Ironsides.”
The War at SeaThe War at Sea
• When the war of 1812 began, the British navy had hundreds of ships stationed around the world whereas the U.S. had less than 20 ships total.– To even the odds, the U.S. government hired
privateer ships which were very successful in capturing and/or sinking hundreds of British ships.• The British responded by sending a large
naval force which patrolled the East coast from Maine to Georgia.– The British naval blockade greatly
reduced the U.S.’s ability to trade.
The Canadian BorderThe Canadian Border• Early navy victories went to the U.S., so the
government wanted to capitalize on those successes by invading Canada.– In July 1812, the British joined with American
Indians led by Tecumseh, to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit.
– By the end of 1812, the British controlled all of the Great Lakes region.
The Canadian BorderThe Canadian Border
The original design of Fort Detroit
Fort Detroit Today
The Canadian BorderThe Canadian Border• In April of 1813, the U.S. struck back.
– The U.S. needed to break Britain’s control of Lake Erie.• Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was tasked with
accomplishing that mission.–He built a small fleet and fought the
British at the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813.» Both sides took heavy casualties, and
the Americans won the battle.
The Frontier WarThe Frontier War• The U.S. Army took advantage of Perry’s victory by
pursuing the British and their Indian allies into Canada.– In October 1813, General Harrison’s army fought
the British and Tecumseh’s Indian forces in southern Canada at the Battle of the Thames.• The Americans won the battle, and Tecumseh
was killed.– The British-Indian alliance was weakened by
Tecumseh’s death and the U.S. border with Canada was secured.
The British on the OffensiveThe British on the Offensive• The British defeated France in 1814, and so
turned their full attention to the U.S.– They sent more troops to America and
strengthened their naval blockade of the East coast.
– Next the British attacked and burned Washington D.C.• The White House and other government
buildings were burned.
The British on the OffensiveThe British on the Offensive• Next, the British sailed to Baltimore, Maryland
which was guarded by Fort McHenry.– The British Navy shelled Fort McHenry for 25
hours and on the morning after, Francis Scott Key saw that “the flag was still there.”
The British on the OffensiveThe British on the Offensive
Fort McHenry
The Star Spangled Banner on display at the Museum
of American History in Washington D.C.
The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans• After the British attacked Washington, they
launched another attack, this time on New Orleans.– There goal was to capture the city which
would allow them to control the shipping traffic on the Mississippi River.
– Andrew Jackson commanded a mixed force of 4,500 soldiers from the U.S. Army, state militia, and a group of pirates led by Jean Laffite.
The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans• Jackson’s troops constructed an earth and log
wall that was flanked by the Mississippi River on one side and a swamp on the other.
• In January, 1815 the British marched 5,300 men towards Jackson’s defensive line.– They advanced under cover of a thick morning
fog but about halfway across the battlefield, the fog lifted and they became easy targets for the Jackson’s army.
The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans
The Battle of New OrleansThe Battle of New Orleans• Only a very small detachment of British infantry
reached the American line, and they were quickly beaten back.
• The British suffered 2,000 casualties.• The Americans suffered 70 casualties.• The Battle of New Orleans took place 15 days
after the War of 1812 officially ended.
Ending the WarEnding the War• In December 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was
signed, ending the War of 1812.– The treaty did not address impressment or
trade embargoes so they both continued to exist.
• For the U.S., winning the War of 1812 showed the world that the new nation could stand up to Great Britain.