The renaissance intro
-
Upload
ashley-birmingham -
Category
Documents
-
view
282 -
download
1
Transcript of The renaissance intro
The Black Death
The Crusades
Great Schism
Hundred Years War With a partner, make a list of 5 things you remember.
Black Death With the death of a third
of Europe’s population, the labor and skills of the survivors were in great demand
Former serfs could become skilled laborers and merchants
The Crusades
Many noblemen died w/o heirs
Property went to the king
Broke down the power of feudal nobility and gave more power to kings
New products from Middle East, India, and China
Created trade and strengthened merchant class
Great Schism Two popes weakened
the authority of the Catholic Church.
Kings gained more power over their own territories
Hundred Years War National Pride Increased power of the
kings of France and England
So many people died during the war, survivors found new opportunities (serfs could become merchants and skilled laborers)
1300-1600
Renaissance
Humanism
Humanities
Vernacular
Utopia
Perspective
Secularism
Began in Italy-large urban centers, wealthy merchants (patrons), and the were closest to the heritage of Greece and Rome
Rebirth of interest in learning and art (classical Greece and Rome)
Began with movement called humanism Medieval scholars studied classical Greece and Rome
Tried to make everything fit with Christian teachings
1300s-Italian scholars focused on classical literature
Wanted to learn from Greeks and Romans about moral and virtuous behavior
Studied grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry using classical works
These studies are called the humanities and the scholars who studied them, humanists
Interested in the beauty and opportunity on earth-taught that people should live a full life and enjoy new experiences
Looked for Greek and Roman manuscripts
Sometimes found more than one copy-critical attitude needed to compare and decide which manuscript was “most” correct
Translated manuscripts into the vernacular-their native language rather than Latin
Generally wrote on non-religious subjects
Many humanists began to write their own works instead of just translating-this began the actual Renaissance!
“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated…as if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it.”
Erasmus
“I disagree very much with those (people) who are unwilling that Holy Scripture (Bible), translated into the vernacular (spoken language such as English or French or Italian instead of Latin which was known only to the clergy and nobility), be read by the uneducated(common people)…as if the strength of the Christian religion (being a member of the Church) consisted in the ignorance (not understanding it) of it.”
Erasmus
Now re-write this quote in your own words…
Write your quote on your paper, leaving a space behind any words you don’t know (you will put a definition or synonym in this space).
Read your quote several times and look up any words you don’t know.
Now, re-write the quote in your own words and be prepared to share it with the class.
Based on the quote that you read and those read by your classmates, write down THREE things that you learned about the humanists.
This is your ticket out of class!!!
Francesco Petrarch-poems in Italian to a woman named Laura
Giovanni Boccaccio-wrote The Decameron, a collection of stories told by a group of people fleeing to the countryside during The Plague
Niccolo Machiavelli-wrote The Prince-the end justifies the means
In the North, humanists tended to focus on social problems and reform in the Church Desiderius Erasmus(Netherlands)-most famous work is
In the Praise of Folly-exposed inappropriate behavior of people, including the clergy. Also translated Bible to Latin from Greek (found many errors)
Sir Thomas More(England)-criticized the society of his day by describing an ideal imaginary community
William Shakespeare(England)-poet and playwright (comedies, tragedies, and historical tragedies)
Francois Rabelais(France)-Gargantua and Pantagruel-about the travels of two gentle giants-through these characters he offered opinions on religion, education, and other subjects
The loss of religious unity in Western Europe
Reformation
Protestant
Counter-Reformation
95 Theses
Indulgences
Vulgate
Books in the Middle Ages were rare-very rich and the Church
Copied by hand on animal skins (300)
Paper and printing press changed EVERYTHING!
Johann Gutenberg-more people could buy books and learn to read
Bible, scientific discoveries, writings of the Humanists, and the works of ancient Greeks and Romans
Roman Catholic Church-Vatican in Rome
St. Peter’s Basilica most important church in Rome
1506-Pope Julius II wanted new basilica, but how to pay for it???
The sale of indulgences (paid for forgiveness of sins)
Johann Tetzel-sold indulgences in Germany
“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings/the soul from Purgatory springs”
Martin Luther (German monk)-objected to the sale of indulgences and other practices within the Church
Wrote his 95 Theses-posted on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany, hoping to start a discussion
Translated from Latin into German-printed and distributed throughout northern Germany
Caused a decrease in the sale of indulgences
Luther was excommunicated
Lutheran Church was begun
Luther believed: That the Bible was sole authority to give people salvation
Priests were unnecessary
Common people and aristocracy sided with Luther
Beginning of the Protestant Reformation Protestant=Protest
Reformation=Reform
John Calvin-Geneva, Switzerland
Calvinists-Predestination-when people are born, their course in life has already been determined
Ministers had 4 functions Preach Instruct members of the
Church about the beliefs of the church
Provide discipline Care for poor and needy
England-King Henry VIII Married to Catherine of
Aragon-wanted divorce (no male heir)
Pope would not annul the marriage
Henry removed England from the Catholic Church and made himself head of the Church of England
Organized much like the Catholic church, but with new ideas from the Reformation
In response to the Reformation Led by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)-founded by Ignatius
Loyola (Spanish soldier) Jesuits were well-educated, strictly disciplined, and
devoted to their work First goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism 1545-Council of Trent confirmed Catholic beliefs Pope was the supreme head of the Church The Vulgate (Latin Bible) was ONLY Bible to be used Index (forbidden books) was created The Inquisition-system of church courts intended to discover
and punish heretics-used torture in many cases to gain a confession
Political Europe is now politically fragmented along religious
lines Spain and France-Catholic
England-Protestant
Holy Roman Empire-Catholic and Protestant Principalities
Holy Roman Empire weakened
Henry VIII makes himself head of the Anglican Church-Act of Supremacy
The state (Kings) begins to become more powerful than the Church!
Intellectual Lutheranism expanded educational opportunities for
men and women
Printing press spreads ideas to different parts of Europe
Rising sense of individualism as people try to create a better life
Artistic Protestant emphasis on the individual’s personal
relationship with God was reflected in the number of common people and day-to-day scenes depicted in art
Religious Unity in Europe as a Christian society was shattered
Wars between Catholics and Protestants
Catholic Counter-Reformation
Vernacular translations of the Bible led many people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves
Protestant focus on coming to God without the intervention of a priest
Persecution, Inquisition, and banned books