The Reformation. Modern Devotion Religious movement of late 15 th century Low Countries Advocates...
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Transcript of The Reformation. Modern Devotion Religious movement of late 15 th century Low Countries Advocates...
The Reformation
Modern Devotion
Religious movement of late 15th century Low Countries
Advocates more individualist approach toward religion
Influences Erasmus and paves the way for Luther
Thomas a Kempis writes their philosophy in Imitation of Christ
William of Ockham
1st Protestant
Calls for separation of church & state
Goes against Pope on issue of poverty and prosperity for Franciscan order
Calls Pope a heretic
John Wycliffe
Forerunner of Luther, Wycliffe criticizes the church over luxuries and indulgences
Translates the Bible into English
His followers are the Lollards
Benefice System-
Lands and its income to the priest
This is the compensation for the services the priest provides
Becomes part of the Feudal system
Some church officials would have multiple benefice
Church Abuses
• Church in Worldly affairs
• Wars to protect Papal States from Secular rulers
• Church also wanted to expand its own interests
Sixtus IV
Innocent VIII
Pope Julius II the Warrior
Pope
Alexander VI the Borgia
Pope
The Medici Popes
Leo XClement
VII
Indulgences• “the lessening of time in purgatory”• Usually granted for good deeds• Sold for money-pay for St. Peter’s• Used Treasury of Merit stores of extra merit from saints that could be given away in indulgences
Martin Luther• Wittenberg, Germany
• Archbishop Albert of Mainz pushes indulgences, he gets a cut
• 95 Theses
Firestorm• Luther does not recant-calls for
rejection of Rome
• Excommunicated by Pope Leo X
• Charles V labels him an outlaw
Frederick the Wise of Saxony
Protects Luther from the Pope and the HRE
Teachings• All Christians equal before God
• Rejects authority of the Pope
• Bans indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints.
• Permits Clergy to marry and simplifies the services – no Latin
• Believes in justification of faith rather than acts
Protestants• Luther’s writing spreads
• 1530 called Protestants
• Northern German princes see Luther as an excuse to throw off Pope and HRE
Charles V shifts attention in 1547 and tries to force conversion back to Catholic
Has some victories but no success in changing the people
Peace of Augsberg
Cuius regio eius religio
• 1555 each Prince could decide religion
• Many in the North- Lutheran
• Many in the South- Catholic
Ulrich Zwingli
Contemporary of Luther
Reforms church in Zurich but rejects all sacraments
Feels communion is just symbolic
Says he will not follow Church reading but follow Erasmus’s New Testament from A to Z
War breaks out between Protestants and Catholics
Zwingli wounded in battle, is capture, executed, quartered, burnt and his ashes scattered to the wind
Why does Luther succeed?
*attacks corrupt Church practices and Rome
Popular with common people and Germans
Groups willing to join a Reformation:
•Guilds with a history of opposition to authority
•Cities or regions who felt bullied by local or national authority
*Works out a symbiotic relationship with rulers
They see opportunity to strike against the HRE and the Church to gain more power
Luther knows he needs support of political authority to keep changes in place
Luther willing to allow local prince the authority to have control over the church in their territory
Luther urges the people to obey their ruler
Peasant Revolt1524-25
Starts as protest against feudal duties to lords
Look at ideas of Luther and especially the Anabaptists, who want to separate from civil government
Luther supports rulers against the peasants saying the Bible does not say anything about earthly justice
Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and unto God the things that are God’s
About 75,000 are killed putting down the revolt
Causes loss of popularity for Luther and will be a factor in the rise of new protestant sects
Socially, Luther allows clergy to marry – he marries former nun Katharina von Bora
While Protestants said marriage was not a sacrament, the wife was still to be cheerfully obedient to her husband
Since it was believed that spouses should support each other and marriage was created by God, a bad marriage threatened the souls of the individuals and the community – therefore divorce would be allowed
Unlike the Catholic Church
John Calvin
Born in France
Asked to come to Geneva to reform city
Wants to establish a Christian community ruled by God
Where Calvin differs from Luther:
•Predestination
•Refuses to subordinate Church to State – Church is the State
Where is Calvinism found:
Switzerland
France (Huegenots)
Scotland (Presbyterians)
Common Protestant beliefs:
•Reject papal authority•Demystify clergy•Service not in Latin•No monks, friars or nuns•Reduce sacraments
Henry VIII becomes king of England
Marries Catherine of Aragon
Have 2 sons who die in first 1-2 months
One daughter who lives - Mary
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Henry wants new wife so he can have a son
Asks Pope foe annulment
Leviticus – if you marry your brother’s wife, you will be childless
Catherine first married to Henry’s older brother Arthur
Catherine says marriage never consummated
Catherine is the aunt of Charles V
Henry has girlfriend: Anne Boleyn
Anne is pregnant so a change must be made quick!
Henry removes papal authority and sets up Church of England
Act of Supremacy makes the monarch the head of the Church
Henry has the right to make ecclesiastical law
Thomas More Chancellor resigns then executed
Under advice of Chief Minister Thomas Cromwell, Henry seizes monastic lands in England
Much of these he sells to upper class to enrich the treasury
Anne has daughter Elizabeth but no sons
Enemies of the Boleyn family spread rumors about Anne
Several men including her brother are arrested and later Anne is charged with adultery
Henry already has another woman picked out
On the day Anne is beheaded, Henry marries Jane Seymour
Jane has a son - Edward
And dies
#4 Anne of Cleeves
Catherine Howard
#6 Catherine Parr
Henry
Because this is a political issue and not a philosophical, the Church of England is not radically different from the Catholic Church at first:
Keeps celibacy for priests and confession
Under Henry’s son Edward VI, who rules for 6 years Church of England loses much of it Catholic influences
1549: Book of Common Prayer
Act of Uniformity – Book of Common Prayer official and only form of worship
Edward dies and daughter #1, Mary takes over
Mary is Catholic and eliminates laws passed by father and step brother
Bloody Mary
Elizabethan Settlement
• 1558 Mary Dies
• 25 year old Elizabeth daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn
By this point there is a wide variety of positions on religion
Some want to stay catholic
Extreme Protestant want to get as far from Catholic as possible – to purify the Church
Elizabeth takes a middle course
Anglican Church is official, but she will not force anyone to convert
Services are in English, clergy can marry and no monasteries
Church is hierarchal, services are elaborate and clergy wears robes
Catholic Reform• Pope Paul III
• Council of Trent 1545 reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs
• Empowers the Inquisition to fight the Protestants
Jesuits• 1540- Society of Jesus
• Ignatius Loyola- Order of strict training
• Spread the Catholic faith
Social Significance of the Reformation
•Clergy down by 2/3•Holidays down by 1/3•Services held in the venacular
Women
Favoring clerical marriage changes Medieval trend to degrade women
Protestants promote sacredness of home and family
Women get some rights of divorce and remarriage
Allowed some education so they can read the Bible
Family Life
From 1500-1800 marriage latermen mid to late 20’swomen early to mid 20’s
Took longer to be financially ready
20% of women never marry15% adult women widows
Average family 6-7 births
2-4 survive to adulthood
Spanish Literature
Influenced by:
•Traditional Catholic teachings•Piety of Ferdinand and Isabella•Medieval values – chivalry
Makes Spanish lit less modern than in England and France
Miguel De Cervantes
While in prison writes Don Quixote
Satire on cult of chivalry but not chivalry itself