The New Imperialism(1800–1914)

New ImperialismDefine Imperialism:

Examples:

“New Imperialism” = By the 1800s, Europeans, by their new economic and military strength, aggressively expanded their empires and influenced the lives of the people of these conquered lands.

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Causes of ImperialismECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS

SOCIAL INTERESTS

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The Successes of Imperialism

1.

2.

3.

Western imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons:

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"Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation and acquisition… Out of imperialism, notions about culture were classified, reinforced, criticised or rejected." Culture and Imperialism, Edward W. Said.

Forms of Imperial RuleSPHERES OF INFLUENCE

PROTECTORATESCOLONIES

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Methods of Managing:

1. Direct

2. Indirect

AssessmentThe European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism.

The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory.

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Africa - GeographyRivers

NileCongoNiger

ClimateDeserts

• Sahara• Kalahari• Sahel

Tropical Rain Forest

Savana

Mediterranean

3.Jungle prevents spread of Islam

Religion 1. Animism - 2. Mansa Musa - Leader of Mali who brought Islam from Saudi Arabia to Timbuktu on Niger River

History - Before Imperialism2

A.West African Trading Kingdoms

B.Early 1400-1800s: “Dark Continent” because it was unexplored

C.By 1850, slave trade ENDED

D.Missionaries

Imperialism in Northern Africa

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(Sahara Desert to Mediterranean Sea)

1. Why take over northern Africa?

A.Seen as a short cut to Asia

B.France builds Suez Canal

Why North Africa?

England buys canalEngland takes over Egypt to protect Suez CanalEngland takes over Nile to protect EgyptWar almost breaks out as France wants to stop England from taking it all

A Scramble for ColoniesKing Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River & arranged trade treaties with Africans

King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations.

European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how to claim African territory without fighting.

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1884 - Congress of Berlin2

The Partition of Africa

Imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Dutch Boers first settle in Southern Africa

Mediterranean climateGood farmlandUse Africans as slave laborers

Only part of Africa taken for colonization only

The Great Trek

British take over southern Africa as a port on the way to India

Boers move north from Cape Colony

African Resistance

The Zulus in southern Africa battle the Boers and the British.Shaka’s innovations:

1.2.3.

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1898 Boer WarBoers discover diamonds and gold in new landsBoer War

Dutch and British fight

British winBoers allowed to control governmentBoers separate Africans with APARTHEID

Government policy separating whites from non-whites

Apartheid in South Africa

White minority gov controlled South AfricaSeparated Africans from whitesNo good jobsCould not votePoor landNeed passports to travel

Results of African Imperialism

Civil Wars1960 Nigeria independentBiafran Civil WarCauses: Ethnic splitthree tribes forced to live within British controlled NigeriaMillions die as northern tribes are starved by blockades on Niger River

Hausa-Fulani

Yoruba

Igbo

Results Continued

Cash crops replace subsistence farming

Coffee, banana plantations replace small farms

Exploitation of natural resourcesRailroads, electricity, hospitals“White Man’s Burden”

•African’s forced to change their culture

Gain independence after WWII

European missionaries urged Africans toa) reject their own traditions.b) strengthen their ties with the Muslim world.c) seek independence.d) attend the Berlin Conference.

Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence? a) Congo

b) Algeria c) Egyptd) Ethiopia

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Assessment

European Challenges to the Muslim World

What were sources of stress in the Muslim world?

What problems did the Ottoman empire face?

How did Egypt seek to modernize?

Why were European powers interested in Iran?

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Assessment

What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops for export?

a) These countries had a surplus of foodb) These countries had to import food to feed

their populations. c) These countries became increasingly

wealthy.d) These countries were able to produce

adequate food in addition to the cash crops.

What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World?By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline.

In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior.

The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism.

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Ottoman Empire

Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power.As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by foreign cultures. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges.

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Egypt Modernizes

During his reign, Muhammad Ali:improved tax collection and reorganized the landholding systembacked large irrigation projects to increase farm output expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade brought in western military experts to modernize the armyconquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

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IranRussia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.

Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.

For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.

The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.

Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

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Section 3 AssessmentThe Suez Canal linked a) the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.b) the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.c) the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean.d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.

Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia

d) Russia and Germany

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