Old versus New Imperialism

Old Imperialism versus New Imperialism

– Under “Old Imperialism”, European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations

– Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.

– the “New Imperialism” tended to favour direct conquest and formal empire• Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and

most contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came under Euro. influence

Old Imperialism

“OLD” IMPERIALISM

•1500s-1700s

•England, France, Holland, Portugal, and Spain

•Wars over colonies

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

Life Under Old Imperialism • In the mid-1800s before European domination African

peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups.

• Europeans had contact with sub-Saharan peoples, but large African armies kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years.

• European travel was hindered by difficult rivers and African diseases like malaria.

• Nations Compete for Overseas Empires– Europeans who did penetrate the interior of Africa were

explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians who opposed the slave trade.

– Travel books, newspapers, and magazines encouraged interest in Africa

INTERLUDE – LATE 1700s-LATE 1800s

Life Under Old ImperialismEuropeans were preoccupied with happenings on

the European continent and in the existing European colonies.

American RevolutionFrench RevolutionNapoleonic Wars

Latin American Wars for IndependenceGrowth of NationalismIndustrial Revolution

New Imperialism

“NEW” IMPERIALISM

•Beginning circa 1875•Renewed race for colonies•Spurred by needs created by the Industrial Revolution

•New markets for finished goods•New sources of raw materials

•Nationalism•Colonies = economic and political power•Social Darwinism = racist justification

WHAT IS “NEW” IMPERIALISM?

•No longer about setting up colonies or exercising direct control over areas•Became largely economic•Possession or control of an area for economic gain•Spheres of influence and extraterritoriality rather than colonial settlement

Why New Imperialism?o Strong country controls a weaker country,

economically, politically, or sociallyWhy?• Explain motives for imperial control: of US and

Europeans• Rush for raw materials• Rush for luxuries (diamonds, gold, silver, jewels)• Desire to create new markets (buyers)• Nationalist rivalry• Cheaper travel (steam ships + railroads)• European/American racism • Missionary desire

IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution

Source forRawMaterials

Source forRawMaterials

Markets forFinishedGoods

Markets forFinishedGoods

EuropeanNationalismEuropeanNationalism

MissionaryActivityMissionaryActivity

Military& NavalBases

Military& NavalBases

EuropeanMotivesFor New Imperialism

EuropeanMotivesFor New Imperialism

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul.

Soc. & Eco.OpportunitiesSoc. & Eco.Opportunities

HumanitarianReasonsHumanitarianReasons

EuropeanRacismEuropeanRacism

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

“WhiteMan’sBurden”

SocialDarwinismSocialDarwinism

New Imperialism

• The years between 1870 and 1914 were the height of the age of imperialism.–Imperialism: domination of one country

by another.–Major players: France, Great Britain,

U.S. Japan, Germany, and Belgium.–Motives: Nationalism, Economics,

Culture, and Spreading Religion.

Cause: Excitement and Dangers of Exploration---The Thrill

Excitement and Adventure

• The exploratory motives were based on the desire to explore the unknown or uncharted territories.

• They wanted to conduct scientific research.• They wanted to conduct medical searches for

the causes and treatments of disease.• They wanted to go on an adventure and

investigate the unknown lands and cultures aka like Indiana Jones.

Examples of Excitement and Sense of Adventure to Explore

Excitement and Dangers of Exploration

Dr. David Livingstone

DoctorLivingstone,I Presume?

Sir Henry Morton Stanley

DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813-1873)

• Scottish missionary• 1841-1873 – lived in central Africa

– Explored Africa• Named Lake Victoria after the British queen

– Converted many Africans to Christianity– Wrote books on Africa which piqued foreign interest

• 1871 – reported “lost”– “Found” by Henry Stanley– “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

Stanley and Livingstone

• The New York Herald hired Henry Stanley to travel to Africa to find Livingstone.

• Stanley was given an unlimited amount of money for this expedition.

• When Stanley found Dr. Livingstone he is reported to have said this famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”, which made headlines around the world.

HENRY STANLEY (1841-1904)

• Welsh-American reporter• “Found” Dr. Livingstone in Africa

– “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”• Explored Africa

– Congo River– Lake Tanganyika– Lake Victoria

• Worked with Belgium’s King Leopold II and his African colonization company– International African Society

European Explorations in mid-19c:“The Scramble for Africa”

What is the Source of the Nile?

John Speke Sir Richard Burton

KARL PETERS (1856-1918)• German explorer in Africa• Organized and propagandized for

Germany’s colonial expansion– Founded the Society for German

Colonization• Acquired German East Africa

(modern-day Tanzania)• Convinced Otto von Bismarck to

take over German East Africa and increase Germany’s colonies in Africa

CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)• British businessman and politician in

southern Africa• Made a fortune from African diamond

mines• Established South African Company

– Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)• Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)

– Wanted British control over South Africa– Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad

• Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa– Great Britain became leading colonial power

in southern Africa

Pair-Share Activity• 1. How is Cecil Rhodes

dressed? What items is he carrying?

• 2. What is he standing on?

• 3. Based on the picture, how do you think Cecil Rhodes viewed the continent of Africa?

• 4. How does it tie into the motive of exploration?

The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town to Cairo

Cause: Industrial Revolution and New Technology

Definitions and Key Characteristics

TechnologyTechnology• New medicine• New weapons• Transportation

Weakening Empire

• Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage

• India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707

• Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s

• China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories

New Technologies

• Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage

• Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets

• Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever

• Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies

Examples

New Technology

• 1787: Steam engine in boats

• 1804: Steam engine in locomotives

• 1820: Quinine from cinchona tree bark

• 1837: Electric telegraph• 1855: Bessemer

process making steel

• A more constant and forceful source of power than sails or horses; powered ships and railroads

• Treatment for malaria• Communication over long

distances• Quicker and cheaper method

for making steel that is lighter and more durable than iron

New Technology

• 1884: Maxim Gun

• Late 1800s: Repeating Rifle

• First machine gun---military more lethal and faster

• A faster loading gun that was able to fire multiple shots more accurately than older muskets

Communications Technologies

• Oceangoing steamships reduced the time required for imperial capitals to deliver messages to colonial lands

• In the 1850s engineers began developing submarine telegraph cables to carry messages through oceans

• By 1902, cables linked all parts of the British Empire throughout the world

Insignia of the British Indian Submarine Telegraph

Company

Pair-Share Activity

• How does the following political cartoon illustrate that Britain was the first to industrialize and imperialize?

• Is the political cartoon in support or against British imperialism? Explain.

England was the first to industrialize and one of the first European nations to create a colonial empire. When the rest of Europe and the U.S. began to industrialize, they started to look for places to colonize as well. Thus began a race to take over the world.

Cause: Economic Reasons

Definitions and Key Characteristics

Economic ReasonsEconomic Reasons• Need for markets• Raw materials• Source of investments

• To gather, export natural resources, European entrepreneurs developed own mines, plantations, trade routes

• Entrepreneurs sometimes called on home countries to protect economic interests from European competitors

• In this way, drive for colonization came from ambitious individuals, not just European governments

Entrepreneurial Colonization

• Before early 1800s, several European nations profited from slave trade in Africa

• After some nations passed laws abolishing slave trade, Europeans looked to Africa as source for raw materials

• Materials like coal, metals needed to manufacture goods during Industrial Revolution

• Needs fueled Europeans’ desire for land with natural resources—available in Africa

Raw Materials

Economic Interests

Main Cause of African Imperialism

Economic Motives• European factories need raw materials to

run.• (Coal / Iron Ore / Oil / Cotton / Rubber)• These raw materials are found in Africa.Strategic Motives• Offers port cities between Europe and Asia

Economic Motives

• Overseas colonies could serve as reliable sources of raw materials not available in Europe that came in demand because of industrialization– Rubber in the Congo River

basin and Malaya– Tin in southeast Asia– Copper in central Africa– Oil in southwest Asia

Rubber trees in Malaya

Economic Motivations • European countries did not invest primarily in

colonies--Only 10% of French investments in their colonies—only 5% for the Germans

• Trade followed the same pattern--Only 25% of British Trade with its colonies—only 11% for the French and .4% for the Germans

• European countries did the greatest volume of business with each other

• Most important economic motivation: raw materials

• Economics was thus an illusory stimulus

Economic Motivations for Imperialistic Enthusiasm

• Belief that new markets must be found to prevent financial downturns--revived mercantilism

• Source of Raw Materials• Target for Excess Capital• Economic Benefits of

Imperialism were far less beneficial than assumed

ECONOMIC MOTIVES

•Markets for finished goods•Products of British Industrial Revolution sold in China and India

•Sources of raw materials•Egypt – cotton•Malaya – rubber and tin•Middle East – oil

•Capital investments•Profits from Industrial Revolution invested in mines, railroads, etc., in unindustrialized areas

Examples

Economic Motives: Natural Resources

• Angola: cotton, palm oil, coffee, and sugar• Used for fabrics, soap, candles, food products, and

food processing• Congo Free State: rubber, palm oil and ivory• Used for waterproof clothes, tires, electrical

insulation, soap, candles, some food products, handles, piano keys, and billiard balls

Economic Motives: Natural Resources

• French West Africa: gum, palm oil, cotton, peanuts, bananas, coffee, and cocoa

• Used for cosmetics, drugs, food products, soap, candles, some food products, fabrics, and food processing

• Rhodesia: copper, zinc, lead, and coal• Used for coins, metal alloys, electrical wiring,

rust protection, ammunition, and fuel

Economic Motives: Natural Resources

• South Africa: gold and diamonds• Used for banking, national currencies, jewelry,

industrial cutting tools• Tanganyika: sisal, coffee, rubber and cotton• Used for rope, twine, food preserving,

waterproof clothes, tires, electrical insulation, and fabrics

New Markets• Bananas, oranges, melons, and other exotic fruits

made their way to European markets• People in Paris, London, and Berlin drank colonial

tea, coffee, and cocoa• They washed themselves with soap made form

African palm oil• The colonies also provided new markets for the

factories’ finished products• Tools, weapons, and clothing flowed out of the

factories and back to the colonies

Economic Motive: Strike It Rich• Many saw emigration as a chance to

strike it rich or make a name for themselves

• Cecil Rhodes, a British adventurer, made a fortune from gold and diamond mining in Southern Africa

• Rhodes went on to found a colony that bore his name: Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

Cecil Rhodes: An Example• Went to South Africa in 1871

and by 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production

• Also gained a healthy stake in the gold market

• Served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890-1896 and saw the Cape Colony as a base of operations for the extension of British control to all of Africa

Pair-Share Activity• Carlton J.H. Hayes wrote in Bases of a

New National Imperialism:• “A favorite explanation of why

European imperialism turned abruptly has been the economic…Cotton grew better in Egypt…Rubber could be gotten from the Congo…Copra, with its useful oil , was to be had in the South Seas islands…Tin was essential…Sugar cane and coffee, cocoa and tea, bananas and dates were very palatable to the enlarging European multitude.”

• 1. How does this quote support the Economic motives of Imperialism?

Pair-Share Activity• J.A. Hobson, a British scholar wrote:• “The period of imperialism has witnessed

many wars. Most of these wars have been caused by attacks of white races upon so-called ’lower races.’ They have resulted in the taking of territory by force….The white rulers of the colonies live at the expense of the natives. Their chief work is to organize labor for their support. In the typical colony, the most fertile lands and the mineral resources are owned by white foreigners. These holdings are worked by natives under their direction. The foreigners take wealth out of the country. All the hard work is done by the natives.”

• 1. According to this source, why were Europeans eager to colonize?

• 2. How does this tie in to the economic motives for Imperialism?

Pair-Share Activity:• Cecil Rhodes was a famous British imperialist: • “We must find new lands from which we can easily

obtain raw materials and at the same time exploit

the cheap slave labor that is available from the natives of the colonies. The colonies would also provide a dumping ground for the surplus goods produced in our factories.”

• 1. How does this quote support the economic motives?

Cause: Political, Militarism, and Nationalism

Definitions and Key Characteristics

Military and Political Military and Political ReasonsReasons

• Need for military bases• National security• Source of pride

– Rise in nationalism

Nationalism a Factor

• Rise of Germany, Italy as powers contributed to the new imperialism

• Both nations jumped into race for colonization to assert status

• Nationalism also contributed to rise of new imperialism

• European leaders believed controlling colonies would gain them more respect from other leaders

Political Competition

• Imperialism in Africa reflected struggles for power in Europe, such as long-term rivalry between France, Britain

• France expanded control over West, Central Africa; Britain began to expand colonial empire to block French

Nationalism• Nations believed

that others would respect them more if they had colonies.

• They saw a chance of gaining bigger armies.

• Since navies were important, they needed places to stop and fuel their ships (islands became very important).

• Large armies, large navies, fueling stations, and competition over colonies would eventually lead to war.

POLITICAL MOTIVES•Nationalism – national pride

“The sun never sets on the British empire.”

•Large empires increased national pride

•French acquisitions in Africa and Asia followed France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

Examples

Pair-Share Activity• John Ruskin said: “Will the youths of England,

make your country again a royal throne of kings;…for all the world a source of light, a center of peace?...This is what England must either do or perish: she must found colonies as fast and as far as she is able, formed of her most energetic and worthiest men;-seizing every piece of fruitful waste ground she can set her foot on, and there teaching these her colonists…that their first aim is to be to advance the power of England by land and by sea.”

• 1. How does this quote support Nationalism?

MILITARY MOTIVES

•Bases•British naval bases

•Aden, Alexandria, Cyprus, Hong Kong, Singapore

•Manpower•British – Indian sepoys•French – north African troops

Pair-Share Activity• Freidrich Fabri, Does Germany Need Colonies? 1879: “But should not

the German nation who is so fundamentally so very capable, so seaworthy, so industrially and commercially minded…successfully pave the way for this new course? It would be wise if we Germans would learn about colonial skills from our Anglo-Saxon cousins and would begin, in a friendly competition, to strive after them. When the German Reich centuries ago was at the peak of the states in Europe, it was the Number One trade and sea power. Should the New German Reich wish to prove and maintain its newly won position of power for a long time, it will have to take up the same culture-mission and delay no longer to acknowledge its colonial task anew.”

• 1. How does this primary source support the Nationalistic Competition between the European powers?

Nationalism

• Colonies needed people that were loyal to the imperialist country

• Great Britain, France, and Germany needed citizens to run their newly acquired territories and keep them productive

• European leaders urged their citizens to move to far-off colonies

• In the 1840s thousands of French citizens sailed to Algeria where they started farms and estates on lands seized from local Algerian farmers

Pair-Share Activity• Cecil Rhodes “I think what [God]

would like me to do is paint as much of Africa British Red as possible.”

• 1. How does this quote represent the motive of nationalism?

Pair-Share Activity

• King Leopold on Competition Primary Source

• “I don’t want to miss the chance of getting us a slice of this magnificent African cake.”

• 1. How does this quote represent the motive of nationalism?

Pair-Share Activity• Raymond Aron in The Century of Total War in

1954 wrote: “None of the colonial undertakings were motivated by the quest for capitalist profits; they all originated in political ambitions…the nation’s will to power…or glory or national greatness.”

• 1. How is this quote an example of the growing sense of Nationalism in Europe at that time?

Cause: Racism and Social Darwinism

Definitions and Key Characteristics

In addition to practical matters of economics and politics, the new imperialism was motivated by cultural attitudes.

• European imperialists felt superior to non-European peoples

• Some began to argue humanity divided into distinct peoples, races

• Claimed biological differences existed between races

• Racist view—people of European descent superior to people of African, Asian descent

Cultural Motives• As result, some Europeans

believed rule in Africa justified

• Teaching Africans good government

• Some imperialists believed actions noble, their duty to educate those considered inferior

• Referred to their influence in Africa as “the white man’s burden,” after poem by Rudyard Kipling

Rule Justified

Cultural Motives: Racism and Social Darwinism

JUSTIFICATIONS

•Social Darwinism•Interpreted Darwin’s evolutionary theory in terms of powerful nations

•“Only the strong survive”

•Powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being “wasted” by native peoples

•Racism•Increased feelings of white superiority

•Increased feelings of Japanese superiority

•Eugenics developed as a branch of science

Darwin

• Defenders of imperialism often applied Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to struggle between nations, races

• Darwin argued species more fit for environment will survive, reproduce

Cecil Rhodes

• Social Darwinism advocate Cecil Rhodes, “I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better…”

• Believed British-built railway would bring benefits of civilization to all Africans

Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinism notion stated certain nations, races more fit than others

• Social Darwinists believed “fit” nations came to rule over “less fit” nations, often showed discrimination against citizens of ruled nations

Justification

Social Darwinism.• Proponents saw

western science as providing material benefits to the world.

• They observed ongoing struggles for territory and commerce.

• They regarded conflicts between men as inevitable.

Social Darwinism• Soft, gentle, kind and

humane groups were apt to lose out to more diabolical rivals.

• Man, in the evolutionary process, bred some races that were superior to others.

• Survival of the fittest ensured progress for all of mankind.

Social Darwinism• Social Darwinism was

accepted by most white westerners.

• Popular non-fiction included the works of Walter Baghot, Benjamin Kidd and Charles Dike.

• Popular fiction writers, like Rudyard Kipling echoed their views.

• Tabloid newspapers upheld these notions.

The Social-Darwin DifferencesWestern (White Europeans)

• Inventive• Scientific• Rational• Self-Controlled• Democratic• Civilized• Economically

Progressive• Moral Christian • Independent

Eastern (Non-whites, Non-European)

• Ignorant• Irrational• Superstitious • Lazy• Childlike• Savage• Dependent

Examples

Social Darwinism: Key Role of Herbert Spencer

One of the “founders” of Social Darwinism was:

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

Spencer coined the terms “survival of the fittest” and “struggle for survival” even before Darwin published Origin.

If they [all people] are sufficiently complete to live, they do live and it is well they should live. If they are not sufficiently complete, they die, and it is well they should die.

- Herbert Spencer, Social Statics

King Leopold II of Belgium

• The Congo Free State in Africa: A Personal Fief for King Leopold II of Belgium (1884-1908)

• Exploitation of colonial possessions--The Dutch “Culture System”

Pair-Share Activity

• How do each of the following primary sources represent the racist and Social Darwinist views of the Europeans? Explain.

The Seeds of Racism?• “Take up the White Man’s Burden-• Send forth the best ye breed-• Go bind your sons to exile• To serve your captive’s need;• To wait in heavy harness,• In fluttered folk and wild-• Your new-caught, sullen peoples,• Half devil and half child.

Rudyard Kipling 1865-1936

Imperialism was spawned by nationalism and industrialization, but it was justified by Social Darwinism – or what I like to call the white man’s superiority complex.

The White Man’s BurdenTake up the White Man’s

Burden—Send forth the best ye breed—

Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;

To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Rudyard Kipling

1. What do the people carrying the baskets symbolize?

2. What do the people in the baskets symbolize?

3. What are the two men trying to carry their baskets to?

CONCEPT OF “RACES” CIRCA 1900

Postcard from the

1900’s

It states "I know you're not particular to a fault / Though I'm not sure you'll never be sued for assault / You're so fond of women that even a wench / Attracts your gross fancy despite her strong stench.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Statesng

Pear’s Soap Advertisement

The copy reads: “Even if our invasion of the Soudan has done nothing else it has at any rate left the Arab something to puzzle his fuzzy head over for the legend Pear’s Soap Is The Best inscribed in huge white characters of the rock which marks the farthest point of our advance towards Berber will tax all the wits of the dervishes to translate.”—Phil Robinson, War Correspondent

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://

Pear’s Soap Advertisement

“Consumption of soap is a measure of the wealth, civilisation, health and purity of the people.”

Racism Primary Source Quote:

• British Professor argued in 1900: “The path of progress is strewn with the wrecks of nations; traces are everywhere to be seen of the slaughtered remains of inferior races. Yet these dead people are, in very truth, the stepping stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today.”

Cause: Religion and Humanitarianism

Definitions and Key Characteristics

RELIGIOUS MOTIVES

•Conversion to Christianity

•End-of-the-century crusading spirit

•Missionaries in Africa, Asia, Hawaii, etc.

†

Christianity and Humanitarianism• Many religious groups both

Protestant and Catholic went to the colonies to try to bring religion to the “heathen” people.

• Many doctors came as well, and school teachers… people who wanted to bring health care and education to the colonies. – They helped the sick.– They built hospitals.– They started schools.– They built churches.– They improved sanitation for

better health.

• Humanitarians and Religious Reasons:• Many humanitarians built schools to educate the natives

in European ways• Rudyard Kipling - most influential writer of the 1890s

wrote “White Man’s Burden”• Catholic and Protestant missionaries competed with

each other and Islam to gain converts to save the natives• Religious success in Africa conflicted sharply with failure

in Asia and India

“Civilizing” Mission• Over the decades they set up hundreds of Christian

missions and preached to thousands of Africans and Asians

• The missionaries believed that Christianity and Western civilization together would benefit and transform the world

• They believed that, in order to become “civilized”, the people of Africa and Asia would have to reject their old religions and convert to Christianity

Civilizing Mission—Christian Duty

• Believed Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people

• To some this meant bringing the Christian message to the heathen masses

• To others this meant bringing the benefits of Western democracy and capitalism to these societies

Examples

Pair-Share Activity• David Livingstone’s Epitaph: “Brought by faithful hands over

land and sea, here rests David Livingstone, missionary, traveler, philanthropist, born March 19, 1813, at Blantyre, Lanarkshire, died May 1, 1873, at Chitambo’s village, Ulala. For thirty years, his life was spent in an unwearied effort to evangelize the native races, to explore the undiscovered secrets, to abolish the desolating slave trade of Central Africa. Where with his last words he wrote, ‘All I can add in my solitude is may Heaven’s rich blessings come down to everyone, American, English, or Turk, who will help heal the open sore of the world.”

• 1. According to the epitaph, what were the religious motives for Imperialism?

Pair-Share Activity

• African Proverb: “When the whites came to our country, we had the land and they had the Bible; now we have the Bible and they have the land.”

• 1. What does this proverb reveal about the African’s perception of the Religious Humanitarian motive for Imperialism?

Pair-Share Activity• 1891: Paul Leroy-Beaulieu wrote: “It is impossible not to consider imperialism

as one of the tasks imposed on the civilized states for the last four centuries, more particularly on our age. The present-day world is composed of four different categories in terms of types of civilizations.

• First is that of Western Civilization---our own part.• Second part is that inhabited by people of a different civilization, but organized

in compact, coherent and stable societies and destined by their history and present character to govern themselves---the Chinese and Japanese people for example.

• In the third part live peoples advanced enough in some respects, but ones which have either deteriorated or ones that have not be able to...

• Finally, a great part of the word is inhabited by barbarian tribes or savages, some given over to wars without end and to brutal customs, and others knowing so little of the arts and being so little accustomed to work and invention that they do not know how to exploit their land and its natural riches. They live in little groups, impoverished and scattered, in enormous territories which could nourish vast numbers of people with ease.

• This state of the world implies for the civilized people a right of intervention...in the affairs of the peoples of the last two categories.

Pair-Share Activity on Beaulieu

• How does Africa fall under the fourth category of civilization? Explain.

• Does he view imperialism as necessary? Why or why not?

Civilizing Mission

•“White Man’s Burden”•Rudyard Kipling’s poetry and prose•Whites morally obligated to bring the “blessings of civilization” to “backward” peoples•Cecil Rhodes – imperialism is “philanthropy—plus five percent”

Civilizing Mission

• Many people believed it was their obligation as the world’s superior race to spread European culture to the rest of the world (egocentrism).– Hygiene. – Western clothing.– Western business and products.– Western governmental practices

(voting).

Pair-Share Activity

• How does the King Leopold quote represent the white culture “civilizing” view of the Europeans? Explain.

• Refer to next slide.

King Leopold on Civilizing Mission Primary Source

• “To open civilization the only part of our globe where it has not penetrated, to pierce the darkness which envelops whole populations, is a crusade, if I may say so, a crusade worthy or this century of progress.”

Pair-Share Activity

• Cecil Rhodes in Confession of Faith in 1877 wrote: “I contend that we are the first race in the world, and the more we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.”

• 1. How does this quote represent the “Civilizing Mission” motive?

• 2. How does this quote also represent the Social Darwinist motive?

• 3. How might a native African react to this statement?

Pair-Share Activity

• The following primary sources all deal with the “Civilizing Mission” of the Europeans.

• Identify different examples.

An advertisement for Pears’ Soap uses a racist message: “The first step towards lightening is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness” the advertisement asserts. “Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place—it is the ideal toilet soap.”

• What does the ad claim is “the first step towards lightening The White Man’s Burden”?

• What does this imply?

• What does “dark corners” refer to?

• What does this choice of phrase reveal about attitudes of people in Western nations toward non-whites?

• Describe the illustrations in the corners of the picture.

• What might each of these symbolize?

English Connection: You Read This Book This Year----Effects Of

Imperialism• For the colonized, the

consequences were often devastating.

• African societies were often destroyed, as is documented by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe.

• The social effects sometimes still persist

Pair-Share First Part Of Notes

• Turn to your partner.• You have FIVE minutes to quickly review your

notes from the reading and powerpoint to revise and add to your notes.

• During this time, draw your visuals or write down the ideas of the visuals you want to print up from the powerpoint and glue there.