The Nature of Matter

What is Matter?• Matter is the stuff all things in the known Universe

are composed of, exists in a wide variety of forms.• All matter has mass and takes up space (volume).• Matter comes in 4 states: solids, liquids, gases, and

plasma• Matter can be classified as pure or mixed substances.• Matter has chemical and physical properties.• Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it

undergoes.• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.

Matter has States of Being

Matter has States of Being: Solids

• Solids have definite shape and definite volume.

• Solids have mass.• Solids take up space.The Particles in solids …• Are packed tightly together• Have very little energy• Vibrate in place

Matter has States of Being: Liquids

• Liquids take the shape of their container and have definite volume.

• Liquids have mass.• Liquids take up space.The particles in liquids …• Are loosely packed• Have medium energy levels• Particles flow around each other

Matter has States of Being: Gases• Gases spread out to fill the entire space given

and do not have definite volume.• Gases have mass.• Gases take up space.The particles in gases …• Move freely• Have LOTS of energy

Matter has States of Being: Plasma• Lightning is a plasma.• Used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon

lights.• Plasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are

electrically charged.The particles in plasma …• Are electrically charged• Have EXTREMELY high energy levels

Change of State is called a Phase ChangeThe reversible physical change that occurs when a substances changes from one state of matter to another

ex. Ice ----- water- energy is either absorbed or released

- absorbed: endothermic- released: exothermic

Common phase changes- freezing, melting, vaporization, condensation,

sublimation, deposition

Matter Can Also Be Called Substances

• A substance cannot be further broken down or purified by physical means.

• A substance is matter of a particular kind. • Each substance has its own characteristic

properties that are different from the set of properties of any other substance.

Classification of Matter/Substances

Matter has Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.

• Chemical properties describes the way a substance can change or react to form other substances.

Physical Properties

What do we use Physical Properties For?

• To identify a material. ex. crime scene, paint chips

• To chose a material for a specific purpose. ex. construction worker might wear a titanium ring instead of a gold ring for scratching

• To separate the substances in a mixturefiltration- separates materials based on size distillation- separates the substances in a solution based on the boiling points

Chemical Properties of Matter• Flammability

- material’s ability to burn in the presence of oxygen

ex. newspaper, gasoline• Reactivity

- describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances

ex. iron turns to rust in the presence of oxygen

Chemical Changes of Matter• Chemical Change is a change that produces one

or more new substances ex. ripening fruit: banana

• All chemical changes are accompanied by changes in energy, hence either endothermic or exothermic

• Atoms rearrange during chemical change, forming and breaking bonds, its new arrangement of atoms results in a material completely different from the starting material

Indicators of a Chemical Change- bubbles, foaming, or fizz (gas forms)- the formation of a precipitate- change in temperature (heat absorbed or released)- emission of light- unusual color change

Chemical vs. Physical Change

How do you know if it’s a physical or chemical change?• A chemical change will produce a new

substance• A chemical change cannot be reversed easily.