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![Page 1: The Moral and Religious Profile of Britain Today Professor Linda Woodhead Lancaster University AHRC/ESRC Westminster Faith Debates .](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070323/56649d9e5503460f94a88bb5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Moral and Religious Profile of Britain Today
Professor Linda WoodheadLancaster University
AHRC/ESRC Westminster Faith Debateswww.faithdebates.org
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1.Moral profile-moral majority-moral minority
2.Religious profile-majority -minorities
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Based on data from:
1.£12m AHRC/ESRC Religion & Society Research Programme2.Three surveys on religion and values designed by me and administered by YouGov, 2013. Each one nationally representative (9,000 people in total)3.Own research
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Moral profile of Britain
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Values consensus
• On personal morality (from abortion to same-sex marriage to euthanasia) the overwhelming majority of British people are liberal
• On socio-political issues matters more are ‘centre-right’ than ‘centre-left’
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7% GB 9% GB
38% GB 45% GB
Social (leftwing)
Paternalist
Liberal
Individualist(rightwing)
A values profile of GB
Vertical axis = personal morality
Horizontal = socio-political views
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Religious values
• The values of most Christians are close to the general consensus
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7% GB5% CofE
9% GB10% CofE
38% GB30% CofE
45% GB56% CofE
Social
Paternalist
Liberal
Individualist
Values profile of Anglicans compared with population
NB the leadership is in a different place
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Church leaders are out of step with the moral convictions of the British people
Positioned in top left and right quartiles
E.g. less than 30% of Christians under 45 think that same sex marriage is wrong. A clear majority under 45 think it is positively right.
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The moral minority
A liberal, democratic/egalitarian ‘moral majority’ of >90% of the GB population
A strict moral minority of 8.5%(on abortion, SSM, euthanasia)
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The post-paternalistic moral revolution
• The boundaries of liberalism extended• Egalitarianism extended to include women,
children, the disabled, LBGT people
• “post-paternalism”• Read by churches as religio-moral dissolution
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• The moral minority remain on the paternalist side of the divide
• Splits churches between approved moral minorities and disaffected moral majorities
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Religious Profile of Britain
1.Ethnic/cultural majority
2.Ethnic/cultural and religious minorities
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Census 2011 (England &Wales)
Source: ONS
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Religious by ageSource: Woodhead, YouGov for Westminster faith Debates 2013
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The failure of religious institutions in GB to connect with religious people under 40
The coming apart of Christian institutions and the spiritual and moral life of the nation
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Spiritual creativity, institutional failure
Results in displaced persons – no neat institutional home
Complex identities
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“Catholics”
• 76% believe in God• 54% don’t go to church• 52% don’t identify as either religious or spiritual• 33% no spiritual practice in private• 19% “not influenced by any religion at all”• 4% take ANY guidance from religious leaders
(11% from my religion, 8% God)
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“Nones” on the run
• 25% practise a spiritual activity in private• 17% believe in God (22% agnostic, 41%
atheist)• 11% describe themselves as “spiritual”• 1% belong to a religious group• 0% take ANY guidance from religious leaders
(30% from science)
Source: Woodhead, YouGov for Westminster faith Debates 2013
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Religious or spiritual or…
Which, if any, of the following best describes you?
A spiritual person 11A religious person 10
Both spiritual and religious 10I would not describe myself, or
my values and beliefs, as spiritual or religious
51
None of these 13Don't know 5
Source: Woodhead, YouGov for Westminster faith Debates 2013
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Which do you rely on most?(CHURCHGOERS)
CofE RC
Own reason and judgement 31 20Own intuition or feelings 14 14Family 11 17Trusted friends 3 3God or 'higher power' 15 13The tradition and teachings of my religion
10 17
Science 1 1A scripture or holy book, e.g. Bible, Qur'an
7 5
The religious or spiritual group to which I belong
3 5
Religious leaders, local or national
1 0
Authority – self not religious leaders or sources
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2.Ethnic/cultural minorities
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Census 2011 (England &Wales)
Source: ONS
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Minorities are likely to have much clearer ‘mono-identities’ – Sikh, Muslim, born-again Christian, atheist etc.
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Conditions favouring mono-identities
1.Cultural defence (and attack) in relation to majority2.Mobilisation against injustice3.Strategic opportunities4.Counter-cultural advantages
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View minority identities in GB in relation to a spectrum of security
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Jewish identity: secure
From trying to achieve security in insecure conditions to greater security – room for more complex and fractured identities to expand.
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Muslim identity: insecure
• Race, class, colonial factors make Muslims the most insecure large group in Britain
• Injustices exacerbate
• Heighted religious identity – from culture to religion – is a reaction
• vicious cycle of insecurity and mono-identity
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Christian minority identity
• Over-60s Christiansplus• A defensive Christian moral minority
• Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph moaning and mourning
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The defensive Christian minority
•Aim to purify and defend ‘fundamentals’ of faith•Conservative family defence•Anti women’s equality, anti gay
Ironically, reinforces drift from the churches
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Atheist minority
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Do you believe in a god or some 'higher power'?
Yes, there is definitely a God or some 'higher power' 26
Yes, there is probably a God or some 'higher power' 23
No, there is probably NOT a God or some 'higher power' 16
No, there is definitely NOT a God some 'higher power' 19
Don't know 17
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Definitely no God
18-14 21%25-39 22%40-59 23%60+ 14%
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Threatened identities
• The two most threatened groups in GB at the moment are paternalist Xns and Muslims. The first because privilege draining away, the second because the most genuinely disprivileged group
• Their loud voices colour views of religion as paternalist, mono-identity, intolerant
• Reinforce “new” atheism
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Insecurities
•Higher profile of religion•Decline of scientific prestige•Masculinity? 5:3 male:female
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Govt policies reinforce mono-identities
•“community” multiculturalism•RE•favouring traditional religious representatives•juridification of religious identity, first under HR law, since 2006 under equality law
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The God-fearing moral minority
A liberal, democratic/egalitarian ‘moral majority’ of 80-90% of the GB population
A strict moral minority of 8.5%(on abortion, SSM, euthanasia)
A God-fearing moral minority of 3.6%
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Conclusion
• Settled majority with clear moral consensus• Non-Christian minorities, secure and insecure• Atheist minority
Religious institutions catering better for defensive minorities than secure majorities
Spiritual creativity, institutional religious failure An increasingly unchurched country