The Mongol Empires-07
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Transcript of The Mongol Empires-07
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The Mongol Empires
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Genghis Khan and theRise of the Mongols
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Origins of the Mongols
Mongols (a.k.a. Tartars/Tatars) were a group of
tribes from the steppes (open plains) of central
Asia and the area that is now known as Mongolia
Originally nomadic
Excellent horsemen and archers
Stereotype: primitive and barbaric, bloodthirsty
Skilled at cultural borrowing
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As they became more settled, they developed a
law code, written language, religious practices,
better technology, and other social and cultural
achievements (adapted from neighbors and those
they conquered)
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The Unification of the Mongols
Before 1200, the Mongols were not joinedtogether in a single group; population b/w 1.5 and3 million
Tribes often went to war against each other Disunity came to an end after 1200 due to the rise
of a warlord named Temujin (a.k.a. Genghis Khan)
He had been born into a family that had beendisgraced during a clan dispute, but he stillmanaged to become an important tribal leader asan adult
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In 1206, he did what no one else had been able to
do: he united the dozens of Mongol tribes under
one authority
Proclaimed himself khan or ruler and took the
name Genghis, meaning limitless strength
He completely reorganized the armies and soon
after led their great campaign of conquests----oneof the most successful in the history of the world
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The First Wave ofConquest
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Genghis Kan and the Early Mongol
Conquests
In 1211, Mongol armies attacked the state of Xi
Xia.
Launched an attack on China
By 1214had overtaken Great Wall and the Jin
capital ofBeijing
To the westconquered the land of kara-Khitai
and the Khwarazm Empire (powerful CentralAsian state and home of the silk road trading
centerSamarkand)
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Took their wealth and then took the large city ofHerat in Afghanistan
Trend: fight in east, take the west
Fought empires of western China, and finally tookthem
Sent large forces westward to look for furtherareas of expansion
During this time the Russians first encountered theMongols
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Genghis Khan dies in 1227 and ended the first
wave of Mongol conquest
Sons begin settled the question of succession
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Reasons for Mongol Success
Originally people thought it was all about the game
of numbers
Talented calvary men and archers.even at great
speeds!
Mongols and horses possessed great endurance
and toughness
Organized into efficient tight knit military unitsAND took ideas from others (especially methods
of siege warfare)
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The Second Wave ofConquest and thePax Mongolia
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Ogodeis New Conquests
The new great khan was Genghiss 3rd son,
Ogodei
Under his rule the empire reached tremendous
proportions
He built capital: Karakorum
In east, they had almost taken over all of China
(they will eventually take the Song in the 1260s)and in 1231 he forced Korea into tributary status
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The Mongol Drive Into Europe
Ambitious goals for the west
Calls his nephew, Batu, and the general Subudeito conquer as much ofEurope as possible.
They conquered most of Russia and the Ukraine
Next they pushed through easternEurope.Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, andPoland causing hysteria and panic
Now, Mongols too far from home and overextended to continue
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Also fighting on unfamiliar terrain
Also Ogodei died and then there was some chaos
This area in Europe was ruled by Batu and hisdescendants
They called their government the Golden Horde
(from the Mongol word orda, or camp
Mongols ruled over Russia for 2 centuries
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Pax Mongolia: The Mogol Empire at
Its Peak
Under the next 2 khans, Guyuk and Mongke, theMongol Empire grew even larger
Moved into China and took over eastern Tibet
In 1250s moved into the Mid East and took overthe Abbasid Caliphate
The Commander, Hulegu, was only halted in 1260by Mamluk cavalrymen
By 1250sMongol empire stretched from Polandto Korea and Siberia to southeast Asia
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This brief joining of most ofEurasia is called thePax Mongolica orPax Tatarica
Maintained by means of force as well as
administrative skill Used turkic language as their written script and
created a code of law (the yasa)borrowed fromseveral countries, including China
The Mongols tended to adopt the religions of thepeople they conquered (usually Buddhism orIslam)
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Used horses to create a postal systemcalled the
yam
An elaborate network of couriers who carried
messages on horseback
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Breakup of the MongolEmpire
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Overextension and Breakdown of
the Mongol Empire
Soon began to break apart after its size and power
peaked
The last khan who truly ruled over a united Mongol
Empire was Mongke.
Died in 1260, civil war broke out between Genghis
Khans nephews and grandsons
The empires 4 largest units became independentstates
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The Domain of the Great Khan and
Yuan China
Title of Great Khan (ruled over Mongolia and
territories to east and southeast) went to Khubilai,
grandson of Genghis.
He shifted his political focus away from the
Domain of the Great khan to the Yuan Empire he
created in China
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The Golden Horde
Retained control over Russia until mid 1400s
Rule ended by the rising city-state of Moscow,Russia
After that many mongols left
But many others stayed in what was becoming alarge and powerful state
Over time, the mongols became inhabitants ofRussia, in many cases intermarrying and
assimilating
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The Il-khans
These were the rulers of the Middle East
Coverted to Islam
Rein lasted in to the 1300s
Later, the Il-Khans were weakened by attacks
from their fellow Mongols
Shortly after, they were displaced by the Ottoman
turks, whose rapid expansion during the 1370smade them the new masters of the Middle East
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The Jagadai Khanate and Timurs
conquest
For 2.5 centuries the Jagadai Khanate controlled
the Central Asia
Converted to Islam
From 1370-1405, the Jagadai warlord Timur
(a.k.a. Tamerlane) tried to repeat the military
triumph of his ancestor, Genghis Khan.
Expansion ended in 1405 with his death and theboundaries shake
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Timerlanes descendants ruled over central
Asia.and the silk road cities ofSamarkand and
Bukharauntil the early 1500s