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The Anicent Chinese and MongolianEmpires 2000BC to 1350AD

CHAPTER 12, SECTION 2

CHAPTER 12, SECTION 3

Tang and Song China

The Mongol Conquests

The Mongol Empire

CHAPTER 12, SECTION 1

CHAPTER 7, SECTION 3

CHAPTER 2, SECTION 4

CHAPTER 4, SECTION 2

River Dynasties in China

Han Empire Restores China

The Unification of China

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Chapter 2, Section 4

River Dynasties in ChinaEarly rulers introduce ideas about government and society that shape Chinese civilization.

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The Geography of China

River Dynasties in China

Barriers Isolate China• Ocean, mountains, deserts isolate China from other

areas

River Systems• Huang He (“Yellow River”) in north, Yangtze in south• Huang He leaves loess—fertile silt—when it floods

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Environmental Challenges• Huang He floods can devour whole villages• Geographic isolation means lack of trade; must be

self-sufficient

China’s Heartland• North China Plain, area between two rivers, center

of civilization

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Civilization Emerges in Shang Times

The First Dynasties• Around 2000 B.C. cities arise; Yu, first ruler of Xia

Dynasty• Yu’s flood control systems tames Huang He

(“Yellow River”)• Shang Dynasty, 1700 to 1027 B.C., first to leave

written records

Early Cities• Built cities of wood, such as Anyang—one of its capital

cities• Upper class lives inside city; poorer people live outside• Shang cities have massive walls for military defense

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The Development of Chinese Culture

Chinese Civilization• Sees China as center of world; views others as

uncivilized• The group is more important than the individual

Family• Family is central social institution; respect for parents a

virtue• Elder males control family property• Women expected to obey all men, even sons

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Continued . . .

Social Classes• King and warrior-nobles lead society and own the land

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Religious Beliefs• Spirits of dead ancestors can affect family fortunes• Priests scratch questions on animal bones and

tortoise shells• Oracle bones used to consult gods; supreme god,

Shang Di

continued The Development of Chinese Culture

Development of Writing• Writing system uses symbols to represent syllables;

not ideas• People of different languages can use same system• Huge number of characters make system difficult to

learn

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Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle

The Zhou Take Control• In 1027 B.C., Zhou Dynasty takes control of China

Mandate of Heaven• Mandate of Heaven—the belief that a just ruler had

divine approval• Developed as justification for change in power to Zhou• Dynastic cycle—pattern of the rise and decline of

dynasties

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Continued . . .

Control Through Feudalism• Feudalism—system where kings give land to nobles in

exchange for services• Over time, nobles grow in power and begin to fight each

other

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Improvements in Technology and Trade• Zhou Dynasty builds roads, canals to improve

transportation• Uses coins to make trade easier• Produces cast iron tools and weapons; food

production increases

continued Zhou and the Dynastic Cycle

A Period of Warring States• Peaceful, stable Zhou empire rules from around 1027

to 256 B.C.• In 771 B.C., nomads sack the Zhou capital, murder

monarch• Luoyang becomes new capital; but internal wars

destroy traditions

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Chapter 4, Section 4

The Unification of ChinaThe social disorder of the warring states contributes to the development of three Chinese ethical systems.

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Confucius and the Social Order

The Unification of China

Zhou Dynasty• Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near

end of dynasty

Confucius Urges Harmony• End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder• Scholar Confucius wants to restore order,

harmony, good government• Stresses developing good relationships, including

family• Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and

ancestors• Hopes to reform society by promoting good

government

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Continued . . .

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Confucian Ideas About Government• Thinks education can transform people• Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy,

a trained civil service• Confucianism is an ethical system of right and

wrong, not a religion• Chinese government and social order is based on

Confucianism

continued Confucius and the Social Order

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Other Ethical Systems

Daoists Seek Harmony• Laozi teaches that people should follow the

natural order of life• Believes that universal force called Dao guides

all things• Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and

be free of desire• Daoists influence sciences, alchemy, astronomy,

medicine

Legalists Urge Harsh Rule• Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore

order; stifles criticism• Teaches that obedience should be rewarded,

disobedience punished

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Continued . . .

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I Ching and Yin and Yang• I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice,

common sense• Concept of yin and yang—two powers represent

rhythm of universe• Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm, bright,

hard, clear• I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into

the world

continued Other Ethical Systems

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The Qin Dynasty Unifies China

The Qin Dynasty• Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third

century B.C.

A New Emperor Takes Control• Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting,

conquers new lands• Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin

officials• With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books• Establishes an autocracy, a government with

unlimited power

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Continued . . .

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A Program of Centralization• Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects;

increases trade• Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and

measures• Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive

government

continued The Qin Dynasty Unifies China

Great Wall of China• Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep

out invaders

The Fall of the Qin • Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel leader;

Han Dynasty begins

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Section 3

Han Emperors in China The Han Dynasty expands China’s borders and develops a system of government that lasts for centuries.

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The Han Restore Unity to China

Han Emperors in China

Troubled Empire• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh

labor, rebel

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Continued . . .

Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty• Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and

founds Han Dynasty• Han Dynasty—begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400 years• Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people,

culture• Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a

central authority rules• Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to

keep people happy

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The Empress Lü• Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control

of empire• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout

Han Dynasty

continued The Han Restore Unity to China

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The Martial Emperor• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to

87 B.C.• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu

(nomads) and mountain tribes• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as

what is now Vietnam

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A Highly Structured Society

Emperor’s Role• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to

rule from god• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles

reveal poor rule

Structures of Han Government• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public

projects

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Continued . . .

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Confucianism, the Road to Success• Wudi’s government employs 130,000;

bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs• Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained

through examinations• Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge

of Confucianism• Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to

train them• Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive

schooling• Civil service system works well, continues until

1912

continued A Highly Structured Society

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Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture

Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life• Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread

education• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve

farming

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Agriculture Versus Commerce• As population grows, farming regarded as important activity• Government allows monopolies—control by one

group over key industries• Techniques for producing silk become state secret

as profits increase

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The Han Unifies Chinese Culture

Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages

assimilation• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into

Chinese culture• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history

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Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars• Most women work in the home and on the farm• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops,

practice medicine

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The Fall of the Han and Their Return

The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor• Large landowners gain control of more and more land• Gap between rich and poor increases

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Wang Mang Overthrows the Han• Economic problems and weak emperors cause

political instability• In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes

empire• Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon

regain control

The Later Han Years• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until A.D. 220