THE MIDDLE AGES

Europe AD 500-1500

PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

After fall of Rome, chaos ensues- wars, no trade, signs of advanced civilization disappear in Europe

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Conditions improve as Monarchs provide security / economic growth- begin to build nations

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Progressive thinking eventually leads to increased democracy, technology, science, etc… Renaissance, Reformation

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

•Frankish King c. 800 AD

•Unites Present day France, Germany, N. Italy into empire

•Works with church- spreads Christianity throughout W.Europe

•Values education= schools, textbooks, etc

•Sets up strong gov’t = model for future kings

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800•Christian Pope crowns King successor to Roman Emperor

•Revives ideal of united Christian community

•Widens split between E / W Christians

•Power struggles in future- who’s in charge- king or pope? State or church?

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

England England

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Lord= Landowner Fief= Land Knight= Mounted Warrior (owes lord)

Vassal= pledge loyalty to lord in return for landholdings

Chivalry= Knights code of conduct

Page= Young boy training to be knight (start at 7) Squire= Apprentice of knight

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

SQUIRE

PAGE

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

Manor = Estate

Serf= Peasant, bound to land

Slave= Peasant, property of lord

Peasant= Work for lord in exchange for protection, place to live, and food

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William “Duke of Normandy”- Brings knights from France and becomes King Of England

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

Legal rights of individuals protected

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament. (parler = “to talk”)- given power to tax (power over monarch)

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:

France France

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade•1095 Calls on Europeans

to join Christian crusade to recapture Palestine, Jerusalem from Muslims

•200 years of religious wars ensue- Christians vs. Muslims

•1099 Christians capture Jerusalem, massacre Jews, Muslims

• Within 100 years, Muslims regain land- bloody religious war goes on

•Leaves legacy of mistrust, hatred

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

EDUCATION

•Church and Gov’t need educated people

•Political and economic conditions improving

•Mostly wealthy sons go to university

Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy ImprovesMedieval Economy Improves

Commercial Revolution:

Merchants join together- pool funds= bigger business, more $ (corporations)

Insurance- owners look to protect shipments, investments

Banks hold money- doesn’t have to be carried on trade route

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild