“The Matter of Britain”: Life, Death, and the Experience of Time in the World of King Arthur

7/31/2019 The Matter of Britain: Life, Death, and the Experience of Time in the World of King Arthur

1/23

R@F GNRRFTJA DTMRNMH5 IMAF) BFNR@)

NHB R@F FP[FTMFHLF JA RMGF MH R@F

SJTIB JA OMHC NTR@VT

Mh r`f Frfthni hjr`mhc m| rtnh|mfhr) dvr r`f s`jif m| {tf|fhr(

Nvcv|rmhf) Ljhaf||mjh|) Djjo PM

Mhrtjbvlrmjh

R`f qn|r {n||mjh {in} ja Ntr`vtmnh ifcfhb) bff{i} sjqfh smr` |rtnhb| ja fr`mlni) {j'

imrmlni) |jlmni) nf|r`frml nhb {ft|jhni fpmcfhlmf|) {ifnr| amingfhr| ja nh Fhcim|` ljhlf{rmjh

ja imaf) bfnr` nhb r`f fp{ftmfhlf ja rmgf r`nr `nqf djvhb nhb ln{ntm|jhfb r`f Dtmrm|` {fj'

{if nhb hnrmjh ajt lfhrvtmf|( Omhc Ntr`vt nhb r`f ohmc`r| ja r`f Tjvhb Rndifbnvhrif||

l`ng{mjh| ja atffbjg) {ntncjh| ja qmtrvf nhb ljvtncf) bfafhbft| ja mhbmqmbvni `vgnh

sjtr`ljg{tm|f n qfhftnrfb gjbfi ja df|r n{rmrvbf nhb df`nqmjt r`nr `n| dffh nbj{rfb

d} gnh} {fj{if| nhb hnrmjh| ntjvhb r`f sjtib( R`m| {j{vintmr} `n| nr rmgf| tf|virfb mh

Omhc Ntr`vt dfmhc tfbvlfb rj n lvbbi} lntrjjh l`ntnlrft) mbfjijcmlni ainc snqft) jt `nlo'

hf}fb ohmc`r mh |`mhmhc ntgjt) dvr nr r`fmt gj|r rtnh|lfhbfhr) r`f Ntr`vt rnif| tfgnmh)

lfhrtnii}) nh niifcjt} ja R`f Gnrrft ja Dtmrnmhr`f Dtmrm|` hnrmjhni nhb `m|rjtmlni ljh'

|lmjv|hf||) ajvhbfb jh nhb qftmrndi} qfhftnrmhc n ljhlf{rmjh ja imaf) bfnr` nhb r`f fp{ftm'

fhlf ja rmgf n| r`f f||fhrmni ljh|rmrvfhr| ja n qm|mjh ja ntbjt) ctfnrhf|| nhb {ftgnhfhlf(

Bnqmb [fhbft} >


2/23

Ntr`vt `mg|fia sn| n `ftj ngjhc `ftjf|) {ftaflri} qmtrvjv|) nh frfthni jhlf nhb avrvtf

omhc nhb n |nqmjt s`j sjvib ifnb Dtmrnmh nhb r`f Dtmrm|` jvr ja f|rffgfb {n|r `m|rjtmlni

fp{ftmfhlf) nijhc n {inhf ja fqft'mg{tjqmhc {tf|fhr fpm|rfhlf) nhb mhrj r`f cijt} ja av'

rvtf| }fr vhrjib5

Nhb r`ftfsmr` r`f} ohffifb nr jhlf) djr` tml` nhb {jjt) nhb ltmfb Ntr`vt gftl} df'

lnv|f r`f} `nb bfin}fb `mg |j ijhc) nhb Ntr`vt ajtcnqf r`fg) nhb rjjo r`f |sjtb df'

rsffh djr` `m| `nhb|) nhb jaaftfb mr v{jh r`f nirnt s`ftf r`f Ntl`dm|`j{ sn|) nhb |j

sn| `f gnbf ohmc`r ja r`f df|r gnh r`nr sn| r`ftf( Nhb |j nhjh sn| r`f ljtjhnrmjh

gnbf( Nhb r`ftf sn| `f |sjth vhrj `m| ijtb| nhb r`f ljggjh| ajt rj df n rtvf omhc) rj|rnhb smr` rtvf ev|rmlf atjg r`fhlfajtr` r`f bn}| ja r`m| imaf( Gnijt} qji( >) >2-

Nbgmtndi} ljhambfhr rj r`f {jmhr ja ljhlfmr-) nhb |ffgmhci}|j Dtmrm|` |vl` nrrmrvbf|

ntfdvr sf smii amhb r`nr r`m| qm|mjh m| jhi} `nia r`f rtvr`( Ajt ljvt|mhc dfhfnr` r`m| qmfs

ja r`f {ftgnhfhlf nhb cijt} ja Fhcinhb nhb r`f Fhcim|` m| n if|| |nhcvmhf lvttfhr r`nr

tfljchmuf| gvrndmimr}) qjinrmimr} nhb |vaaftmhc mh imaf) nhb n{{tjnl`f| sjtib'sfntmhf||

nhb bm|miiv|mjhgfhr( Mh r`m| gjtf amravi qmfs) sf amhb r`f Dtmrm|` n{{tf`fhbmhc imaf'mhrj'

bfnr` nhb rfg{jtnimr} gjtf lnvrmjv|i}) nhb r`f tfljchmrmjh ja nh mhhnrf r`tfnr rj jtbft

nhb aijvtm|`mhc r`nr ivto| mh r`f ljthft| ja imqfb fp{ftmfhlf( R`jgn| Gnijt} qjmlfb n

{ntnbjpmlni qm|mjh ja imaf| aiffrmhc) ngdmcvjv| nhb fqfh {ntijv| ~vnimr} nltj|| rmgf5

mh r`m| |fn|jh) n| mh r`f gjhr` ja Gn}) mr dfafii n ctfnr nhcft nhb vh`n{ r`nr |rmhrfb

hjr rmii r`f aijsft ja l`mqnit} ja nii r`f sjtib sn| bf|rtj}fb nhb |inmh( qji( 4)


3/23

r`tjvc` r`f {tm|g ja Djjo PM ja \r( Nvcv|rmhf| Ljhaf||mjh|) r`f ctfnr Natmlnh*Inrmh

{`mij|j{`ft| gfbmrnrmjh jh rmgf nhb frfthmr}( Sf smii amhb) M rtv|r) r`nr Nvcv|rmhmnh

r`jvc`r vhm~vfi} miivgmhnrf| r`f qftmrndi} hfvtjrml ngdmqnifhlf mh r`f Ntr`vtmnh rnif|)

smr r`fmt smiiavii} j{rmgm|rml {tj{`fl} ljvt|mhc nijhc|mbf r`fmt {fh|mqf bjshsntb

cinhlf nr mg{ftgnhfhlf nhb ngdmcvmr}( Mh r`f fhb sf gn} bflmbf r`nr |vl` nh nhpmjv|

ngnicngnrmjh ja mbfnim|g nhb mh|flvtmr}) qnmhcijt} nhb qnlmiinrmjh) bmqmhnrmjh nhb bf'

|{jhbfhl}) m| r`f anrf hjr jhi} ja |jlmfrmf| r`nr `nqf `nb |vl` fhjtgjv| |vllf||f| nhb

anmivtf| n| Fhcinhb) dvr gn} ni|j df fhajibfb smr`mh r`f andtml ja hnrmjhni imaf) `m|rjtmlni

ljh|lmjv|hf|| nhb r`f imrftnrvtf ja jr`ft {fj{if| nhb hnrmjh|(

R`f Stmrmhc ja @m|rjtmlni Hnttnrmqf

@m|rjt} m| qmtrvnii} n cmqfh mh fqft}bn} imaf( Sf ntf |rff{fb mh `m|rjtmf|) bn} mh nhb

bn} jvratjg jvt jsh `m|rjtmf| |fltfrfb nsn} mh gfgjt} nhb {ft|jhni bmntmf|? rj angmi}

`m|rjtmf| ljhqf}fb d} {ntfhr| nhb ctnhb{ntfhr|) ijqmhci} `jv|fb mh |ltn{djjo| nhb {`jrj

nidvg|? rj ljhlf{rmjh| ja `m|rjt} ifnthfb mh |l`jji| nhb l`vtl`f|? rj gfbmn jvrifr| r`nr

ntf |vd|rnhrmni ljhrtmdvrjt| rj gj|r {fj{if| `m|rjtmlni vhbft|rnhbmhc? nhb amhnii} rj `mc`'

ft'ifqfi `m|rjtmjctn{`} nhb r`fjt} ja `m|rjt}) s`ml` |ffo rj fp{inmh fqfhr| nhb nlrjt|

nltj|| rmgf nhb |{nlf) atjg r`f ltv|`mhc ja n dvrrftai}| smhc| rj r`f fqjivrmjh ja nh fh'

rmtf ftn) nhb rj imho |vl` mhlmbfhr nhb rfg{jtnimr} nltj|| nh f{m|rfgjijcmlni nhb jhrjijcm'

lni ljhrmhvvg |{nhhmhc mhbmqmbvni) ljggvhmr}) hnrmjh nhb lmqmimunrmjh) virmgnrfi} imhomhc

`vgnh fhbfnqjt rj n vhmqft|ni ljhlf{rmjh ja nsntfhf|| nhb fp{ftmfhlf( R`nr `m|rjt}

`n{{fh|vhajibmhc mh n ljjii} vhsnqftmhc an|`mjh hjr ajt hjr`mhc `nqf rfifjijcmlni jt

bfrftgmhm|rml r`fjtmf| ja `m|rjt} ijhc dffh n{{fnimhc rj `vgnh|-) ljg{mimhc n qn|r nttn}

ja fp{ftmfhlf| bn} d} bn}) {ftgfnrmhc fqft} gjgfhr nhb mhlmbfhrm| hj bjvdr jhf nl'

lvtnrf bf{mlrmjh ja `vgnh fpm|rfhlf( Sf gn} {j|mr r`nr r`f qft} |rtvlrvtf ja `vgnh ljh'

Bnqmb [fhbft}


4/23


5/23

n{{tjnl`5 r`f tf'ljg{j|mrmjh ja imqfb fp{ftmfhlf smr`mh r`f ctnhb nf|r`frml fbmamlf ja

hnttnrmqf( Sf r`v| mggfbmnrfi} bfrflr n ljhctvfhlf) smr` djr` hnttnrmqf nhb imqfb fp{ftm'

fhlf n{{tf`fhbfb nhb ljh|rtvlrfb n| fg{ijrrfb |rjtmf| ja rfg{jtni nhb |{nrmni {tnpm|

s`ml` ntf ljg{j|fb ja) M affi ljg{fiifb rj |n}) dfcmhhmhc|) gmbbif|) fhb| nhb hjr n afs

jr`ft f||fhrmni nf|r`frml fifgfhr| ljggjhi} v|fb rj hnttnrf fp{ftmfhlf-( Mh r`f|f tf|{flr|

`m|rjt} dfljgf| hnttnrmqf) nhb r`fh hnttnrmqf dfljgf| `m|rjt}) amt|r s`fh `m|rjt} m| gnhm'

af|rfbbvtmhc imqfb fp{ftmfhlf) nhb inrft s`fh mr m| gnbf d} sn} ja r`f fg{ijrgfhr nhb

hnttnrmjh ja amlrmjhni nhb hjh'amlrmjhni stmrft|( Bnqmb Lntt imho| imqfb `m|rjtmlni fp{ftm'

fhlf nhb hnttnrmqf mh r`m| sn} s`fh `f stmrf| r`nr r`f |rjt} sf rfii {inlf| _W nlrmjh mh

n rfg{jtni ljhrmhvvg) tfinrmhc mr rj {tfqmjv| nlrmjh| nhb fqfhr| r`nr ifb v{ rj mr? nhb mr

{inlf| r`f nlrmjh ni|j mh tfinrmjh rj n avrvtf |lfhntmj jt |fr ja {j||mdif avrvtf| Hnttnrmqf

Fp{inhnrmjh 44-( @n}bfh S`mrf) jhf ja r`f gn|rft nhni}|r| ja r`m| `m|rjtmlj'hnttnrmqf

ljbmhc) nbb| mh r`m| tf|{flr r`nr `m|rjtmlni fqfhr| {j||f|| r`f |ngf |rtvlrvtf n| hnttnrmqf

bm|ljvt|f R`f Gfrn{`}|ml| ja Hnttnrmqmr} >3>-( R`f fhb tf|vir ja r`m| |rtvlrvtni {tj'

lf||mhc m| r`nr sf ntf mh `m|rjt} n| sf ntf mh r`f sjtib Rmgf) Hnttnrmqf nhb @m|rjt}

2-( M smii ljhrmhvf smr` r`m| ljhlf{rmjh mh gmhb n| sf fpngmhf r`f sjto| d} Gnijt} nhb

Rfhh}|jh) fnl` ja s`ml` faaflr| nf|r`frmlnii} nhb `m|rjtmlnii}) n ljhrmhvnhlf ja r`f

{tjlf|| ja gn{{mhc r`f imgmr dfrsffh r f mgncmhnt} nhb r`f tfni s`ml` dfcmh| smr r`f mh'

qfhrmjh ja amlrmjh mr|fia S`mrf) R`f Ljhrfhr ja r`f Ajtg 26-( Virmgnrfi}) sf amhb r`nr

r`f |mchmamlnhlf ja {n|r jllvttfhlf| m| vhbft|rnhbndif jhi} n| r`f} ntf ijlnrndif mh r`f

fh|fgdif ja mhrfttfinrmjh|`m{| r`nr lnh df ctn|{fb jhi} mh r`f ljh|rtvlrmjh ja hnttnrmqf

ajtg Gmho >20-( R`m| mbfhrmlni hnttnrmqf amcvtnrmjh |`js| r`nr r`f hnttnrfb fp{ftmfhlf

ja djr` amlrmjhni nhb hjh'amlrmjhni `m|rjtmf| ntf f~vni mh rftg| ja r`fmt f{m|rfgjijcmlni)

ljchmrmqf) fp{ftmfhrmni) imhcvm|rml) nf|r`frml nhb jhrjijcmlni ~vnimrmf|(

R`nr `m|rjtmjctn{`} bmaaft| atjg amlrmjhni `m|rjtmlni stmrmhc) mh r`nr r`f `m|rjt} mh `m|'

Bnqmb [fhbft} 6


6/23

rjtmjctn{`} m| fmr`fttfgfgdftfbjt(tf-n||fgdifb atjg |jvtlf bjlvgfhr| nhb ntrmanlr|)

n| j{{j|fb rj r`nr s`ml` m| mgncmhfbjtltfnrfbd} nvr`jt| ja amlrmjh) m| ja imrrif dfntmhc mh

g} ntcvgfhr( N| @n}bfh S`mrf `n| |`jsh) r`f rfl`hm~vf| jt |rtnrfcmf| r`nr _`m|rjtmnh|

nhb hjqfim|r|W v|f mh r`f ljg{j|mrmjh ja r`fmt bm|ljvt|f| lnh df |`jsh rj df |vd|rnhrmnii}

r`f |ngf) `jsfqft bmaaftfhr r`f} gn} n{{fnt jh r`f {vtfi} |vtanlf) jt bmlrmjhni ifqfi

R`f Amlrmjh| >4>-( R`m| rtvi} m| n hfs jib mbfn> mh r`f amfib ja imrftnt} nhb `m|rjtmlni

nhni}|m|) nhb sf ntf hj ijhcft |vt{tm|fb r`nr r`f `m|rjtmjctn{`mlni qnivf ja n {mflf ja `m|'

rjt} m| bfrftgmhfb if|| d} r`f anlr| bm|lij|fb mh mr r`nh d} r`f hnttnrmqf mhrft{tfrnrmjh ja

|vl` anlr| Nhoft|gmr >-( Mh rftg| ja nii ja r`f ndjqf) sf amhb r`nr fgftcfhr `m|rjtmlni

hnttnrmqf| ljvt|f v{ jvr ja imqfb `m|rjtmlni fp{ftmfhlf) ntf gn{{fb jhrj hnttnrfb `m|rjt'

mlni stmrmhc) nhb ntf amhnii} tf-{inlfb smr`mh n `fnir`} ljhrfprvni lmtlif ja `vgnh fp{ftm'

fhlf nhb ljggvhmlnrmqf fhbfnqjt(

Sf lnh atvmravii} mhrft{tfr r`f Omhc Ntr`vt rnif| smr` r`f ndjqf vhbft|rnhbmhc mh

gmhb( Dvr s`nr lnh sf `j{f rj amhb ja rtvf `m|rjtmjctn{`mlni qnivf mh |vl` amlrmjhni*{jfrml

sjto|: Mh nh|sft rj r`m| ~vf|rmjh) nhb n| M `nqf tfafttfb rj) sf smii amhb n `m|rjtmlni

ctjvhb) dfhfnr` s`ml` sf smii df ndif rj gmhf n ijbf ja `m|rjtmlni n{{tf`fh|mjh( R`m| n{'

{tf`fh|mjh m| ljg{j|fb ja n {fj{if| nrrmrvbf|) dmn|f|) afnt|) dfimfa|) mhrfiiflrvni nhb

{`mij|j{`mlni gmhb|fr|) ljhlf{rmjh| ja l`ntnlrft) {tfevbmlf|) ljhqmlrmjh|) mbfn|) fgj'

rmjh|) frl(4 \vl` anlrjt| gn} nr rmgf| df jhf |rf{ tfgjqfb atjg `m|rjt} {tj{ft) dvr r`f}

> Atjg Instfhlf \rjhf| R`f Tfqmqni ja Hnttnrmqf5 Tfaiflrmjh| jh n hfs jib `m|rjt}( Mh R`f

@m|rjt} nhb Hnttnrmqf Tfnbft( Fbmrfb d} Cfjaatf} Tjdftr|( Ijhbjh nhb Hfs ]jto5 Tjvrifbcf)

4;;>) 40>'4=0(

4R`f anlrjt| im|rfb `ftf nlljtb smr` Bnhmfi Smlodftc| ajlv| jh r`f qnivf ja `m|rjtmf| ja |fh|mdmimrmf|

mh `m|rjtmjctn{`}( Smlodftc bm|lv||f| nhb bfamhf| |fh|mdmimrmf| n| gjbf| ja {ftlf{rmjh nhb affimhc) r`f

rftg| nhb ajtg| mh s`ml` jdeflr| sftf ljhlfmqfb) fp{ftmfhlfb) nhb tf{tf|fhrfb mh r`f {n|r 114-) n| sfii

n| mbfn|) fgjrmjh|) dfimfa|) qnivf| 13;-( F(@( Lntt mh r`m| tf|{flr bf|ltmdfb r`f `m|rjtmnh| hffb ja

Bnqmb [fhbft} 1


7/23

ntf hj if|| {jrfhrmnii}- rtvr`avi nhb tfqfnimhc( R`f |jmi ja r`m| ctjvhb dfljgf| n tml`) jt'

cnhml lvirvtf) virmgnrfi} }mfibmhc ltfbmdif nhb hflf||nt} {ft|{flrmqf| jh) nrrmrvbf| rj'

sntb|) nhb fhintcfgfhr| ja ljg{ifrf `m|rjtmlni n{{tf`fh|mjh( Mh n sjtb) r`ftf m| gjtf cj'

mhc jh mh sjto| imof Mb}ii| ja r`f Omhc nhbIn Gjtrf BNtr`vtr`nh ev|r {jfrt}) amlrmjh)

ifcfhb) andif jt g}r` Nhb r`m| |`jvib hjr |vt{tm|f v|) ajt r`f ljgdmhnrmjh ja Imrftnrvtf

nhb @m|rjt}) n| `m|rjtmnh Hjtgnh Bnqmf| `n| stmrrfh) ljh|rmrvrf r`f cvntbmnh| ja r`f hn'

rmjhni ljh|lmfhlf 4>3-) s`mif [frft Gvhu stmrf| fqfh gjtf dtjnbi} r`nr amlrmjh nhb `m|'

rjt} `nqf gvl` mh ljggjh mh r`fmt vhmqft|ni nlrvnimr} >23-(

Mh |vg) M |ff r`f rjrnimr} ja r`m| {j|mrfb ctjvhb n| n bn{{ifb fp{ftmfhrmni rtnlr ja

`m|rjtmlnimr} mh `vgnh naanmt|) n b}hngml) bfh|fi} bfimdftnrmqf nhb mgncmhnrmqf amfib fg'

dfbbfb smr`mh {tjajvhbi} nf|r`frml ljhrfpr| ljg{tm|mhc mhbmqmbvni nhb ljggvhmr} `m|rj'

tmf| |rvbbfb smr` gnhmajib fifgfhr| ja |vdeflrmqmr} nhb mhrft|vdeflrmqmr}) mhqfhrmjh nhb

ntravihf||) mhrfhrmjhnimr} nhb nlrvnimunrmjh( @ftf) `m|rjt} m| amt|r imqfb) nhb jvr ja r`m|) `m|'

rjtmlni stmrmhc m| ljg{j|fb( M gmc`r rvth `ftf rj r`f r`jvc`r| ja r`f ctfnr Bvrl` `m|rjtmnh

Ej`nh @vmumhcn >034'>=26-) s`j stjrf ja `m|rjt} r`nr hj ohjsifbcf ja r`f {ntrmlvint m|

{j||mdif smr`jvr mr| dfmhc vhbft|rjjb smr`mh n cfhftni atngf jt) n| `f }fr gjtf {jfrmlni'

i} {vr mr) Fqft} `m|rjtmlni anlr j{fh| mggfbmnrfi} mhrj frfthmr} _4==)


8/23

mrndif frfthmr}) nhb r`f vhmqft|ni nlrvnimr} smr`mh s`ml` sf lnh bm|lfth `m|rjtmlnimr}(

@m|rjtmlni n{{tf`fh|mjh |vl` n| M ng {j|mrmhc `ftf smii nbgmrrfbi} tf~vmtf |jgfr`mhc

ja n ifn{ ja f{m|rfgjijcmlni anmr` mh jtbft rj ltj|| r`f bmqmbf |f{ntnrmhc `m|rjt} {tj{ft

nhb amlrmjhnimufb qft|mjh| r`ftfja( Mh |{mrf ja r`m| l`niifhcf) M snttnhr r`nr sf ntf nh}'

r`mhc dvr ajtdmbbfh atjg fhrftmhc r`m| rfttmrjt}) smr` r`f nmg ja tfn|jhndi} n|lftrnmhmhc

`m|rjtmlni {ftlm{mfhlf( Sf gv|r df n||mbvjv|) sf gv|r df bm|lfthmhc) sf gv|r df ltmrmlni)

sf gv|r df cfhftjv|dvr fhrft r`m| `m|rjtmlni fhqmtjhgfhr) r`f|f ljttmbjt| ja gfgjt})

`m|rjt} nhb fp{ftmfhlf ljhqf}fb mh amlrmjhni nhb {jfrml sjto|) sf gn}(

\r( Nvcv|rmhf| Ljhaf||mjh| nhb `m|rjtmlni ljh|lmjv|hf|| mh Mb}ii| ja

r`f Omhc

M ng rvthmhc rj Djjo PM ja \r( Nvcv|rmhf| Ljhaf||mjh| mh jtbft rj imho r`f `m|rjtmlni

nrrmrvbf| ja Ntr`vt| bn} smr` r`f gnejt {`mij|j{`mlni r`mhomhc ja r`f rmgf) ajt hj jhf lnh

bfh} r`nr Nvcv|rmhf sn| nh}r`mhc if|| r`nh r`f ajvhr ja nvr`jtmr} bvtmhc `m| nhb aji'

ijsmhc ncf| Rvl`gnh 6=-( Nvcv|rmhf


9/23

ljhlf{rmjh fhljg{n||f| hjr jhi} n |fgm'g}|rmlni mbfn2ja n ljhrmhvjv| frfthmr} mh imqfb

fp{ftmfhlf {n|r) {tf|fhr nhb avrvtf n| vhmamfb) n ljhrmhvjv| gjgfhr r`nr m| fp{flrfb)

rtnh|{mtf|) nhb r`fh {n||f| mhrj gfgjt}) dvr s`ml` virmgnrfi} _bjf|W hjr fpm|r fplf{r mh

r`f {tf|fhr _Ljhaf||mjh| 4


10/23

3>-( Ljh|mbft `js r`m| imho atjg r`f fqft}bn} rfg{jtni rj r`f frfthni bmqmhmr} ljmhlmbf|

smr` r`f bm|lv||mjh r`v| ant) nhb lnh df n{{imfb mhrj r`f vhbft|rnhbmhc ja r`f rfg{jtni

nhb `m|rjtmlni ljh|lmjv|hf|| ja r`f Dtmrm|` {fj{if n| M `nqf atngfb r`fg |ff ni|j hjrf 2-(

Nvcv|rmhf| rfg{jtni atngfsjto lj`ftf| smr` r`f {jfrml| ja Rfhh}|jh| Mb}ii| ja

r`f Omhc) smr` djr` fqmhlmhc |vdrif tf{tf|fhrnrmjh| ja rfg{jtnimr} s`ftf {n|r) {tf|fhr

nhb avrvtf fqfhr| jllvt nigj|r |mgvirnhfjv|i}) nhb smr` frfthmr} ljhbmrmjhmhc nii imqfb

fp{ftmfhlf( Nvcv|rmhf stmrf|) Mr m| hjr r`f ln|f r`nr s`nr sn| dfmhc |nmb ljgf| rj nh fhb)

nhb |jgfr`mhc fi|f m| r`fh |nmb) |j r`nr fqft}r`mhc m| vrrftfb mh n |vllf||mjh smr` n ljh'

liv|mjh) dvr _r`nrW fqft}r`mhc m| |nmb mh r`f |mgvirnhfmr} ja frfthmr} 441-( Mh |{mrf ja r`m|

n{{ntfhr |rndmimr}) `jsfqftsmr` Nvcv|rmhf stmrmhc r`nr hjr`mhc m| rtnh|mfhr) dvr r`f

s`jif m| {tf|fhr 440-sf gv|r fpngmhf mh gjtf bfrnmi Nvcv|rmhf| {`mij|j{`} ja rmgf

nhb frfthmr}) nhb imho| rj Mb}ii| ja r`f Omhc) ajt sf smii amhb r`nr r`ftf m| gvl` gjtf nr

sjto(

Mh Mb}ii| ja r`f Omhc) bfnr` frfthmr}- dfljgf| n dtmbcf atjg {n|r rj {tf|fhr rj av'

rvtf) n dfimfa r`nr hj bjvdr lnh df n{{imfb rj r`f Fhcim|` hnrmjh nhb `m|rjtmlni ljh|lmjv|'

hf||r`m| hnrmjh r`nr ljvib sjvib- in|r ajt n r`jv|nhb }fnt|nhb ni|j imhofb rj

Nvcv|rmhf| Ljhaf||mjh|(6 Nvcv|rmhf ja ljvt|f qmfsfb r`f bfnr` ja r`f djb} n| n {n||ncf

mhrj L`tm|rmnh frfthmr}R`f bfmr} sjvib hjr `nqf bjhf nii r`nr ajt v|) mh ~vnimr} nhb mh

~vnhrmr}) ma smr` r`f djb}| bfnr` r`f |jvi| imaf sftf ni|j bf|rtj}fb >;6-s`ml` lnh

df mhrft{tfrfb) n| smr` r`f Ntr`vtmnh rnif|) n| hfnti} n imdftnrmjh r`fjijc}) smr` bfnr`

qmfsfb n| n {fnlf) n vhmr}) nh virmgnrf frfthni tfavcf r`nr sn| {tjdndi} n{{fnimhc mh mr|

jsh tmc`r bvtmhc Ntr`vt| rmgf5

6R`f ~vjrf m| atjg Smh|rjh L`vtl`mii) mh n |{ffl` bfimqftfb rj r`f @jv|f ja Ljggjh| jh Evhf >0) >=2;(

Bnqmb [fhbft} >;


11/23

Dvr hjs antfsfii( M ng cjmhc n ijhc sn}

_W

Rj r`f m|inhb'qniif} ja Nqmimjh?S`ftf anii| hjr `nmi) jt tnmh) jt nh} |hjs)

Hjt fqft smhb dijs| ijvbi}? dvr mr imf|

Bff{'gfnbjsb) `n{{}) anmt smr` jtl`ntb insh|

Nhb djsft} `jiijs| ltjshb smr` |vggft |fn)

S`ftf M smii `fni gf ja g} ctmfqjv| sjvhb( 22;-

Nijhc|mbf r`m| {ftgnhfhlf) `jsfqft) sf |ff n bff{ ngdmqnifhlf) ltj||mhc jqft atjg

Nvcv|rmhf) mhrj r`f Ntr`vt ifcfhb) nhb virmgnrfi} mhrj Fhcim|` `m|rjtmlni ljh|lmjv|hf||(

Ajt frfthmr} ajt Nvcv|rmhf `nb n bvni ljhlf{rmjhnr jhlf n lf||nrmjh) r`nr m|) bfnr`) dvr

ni|j n ljhrmhvnrmjh) n |fg{mrfthmr} nhb dtmbcf rj nh vhb}mhc avrvtf( R`m| ljvib df tfnb ni'

rfthnrfi} n| r`f frfthni nhb r`f l`nhcfavi avhlrmjhmhc|mgvirnhfjv|i} mh imqfb fp{ftmfhlf)

jt n| vhlftrnmhr} avhlrmjhmhc smr`mh frfthni l`nhcfif||hf||( R`v| sf amhb r`nr r`tfnrfhmhc

nhb rvtdvifhr ljhbmrmjh| ja imqfb fp{ftmfhlf mhrtvbf mhrj r`f {mlrvtf) smr` |rndmimr} hjr

nisn}| {ntr nhb {ntlfi ja frfthmr}) nhb virmgnrfi} smr` |jgfr`mhc ja n l`nhcmhc'|ngf

rfg{jtnimr} fgftcmhc r`nr m| gvl` if|| r`nh ljh|rnhr nhb `j|{mrndif( R`tjvc`jvr Ljhaf|'

|mjh|) nijhc|mbf `m| gfbmrnrmjh| jh frfthmr}) Nvcv|rmhf tfaft| rj lfn|fif|| l`nhcf nhb rv'

gvir5 `fnqfh nhb fntr` fpm|r) r`f} lt} nijvb r`nr r`f} ntf gnbf) ajt r`f} |vaaft l`nhcf

nhb qntmnrmjh 442-( Rmgf| ntf df|fr smr` |rjtg| ja mhlj`ftfhr fqfhr| Ljhaf||mjh|

422-( @vgnh|) qnmhi}) nrrfg{r rj rn|rf frfthmr} s`fh r`fmt `fntr m| |rmii aimrrmhc ndjvr mh

r`f tfnig s`ftf r`mhc| l`nhcf nhb `nqf n {n|r nhb avrvtf 440-( Nhb ltfnrmjh mr|fia ni'

rfthnrf| dfrsffh tfctf|| nhb {tjctf||) dfrsffh `j|rmimrmf| nhb tfljhlmimnrmjh| Ljhaf|'

|mjh| >


12/23

n hfs ncfnh ncf) cmqfh r`nr Ntr`vt m| f~vnrfb smr` Ef|v| L`tm|r) s`j `n| dffh

dtfnr`fb n |fltfr r`mhc d} Cjb) smii hj bjvdr ljh|rmrvrf nh frfthmr} s`ml` m| nisn}| mh

r`f {tf|fhr Ljhaf||mjh| 44


13/23

Gj|r `mc`) gj|r vrrfti} cjjb) vrrfti} {jsftavi) gj|r jghm{jrfhr) gj|r gftlmavi nhb

gj|r ev|r) bff{i} `mbbfh) }fr gj|r mhrmgnrfi} {tf|fhr) {ftaflrmjh ja djr` dfnvr} nhb

|rtfhcr`) |rndif nhb mhljg{tf`fh|mdif) mggvrndif nhb }fr l`nhcmhc nii r`mhc|) hfqfthfs) hfqft jib) gnomhc fqft}r`mhc hfs nhb ifnbmhc r`f {tjvb rj df jib smr`jvr r`fmt

ohjsifbcf Ejd =56-? nisn}| nlrmqf) nisn}| mh tf{j|f) cnr`ftmhc rj }jvt|fia dvr hjr mh

hffb) |v{{jtrmhc nhb amiimhc nhb {tjrflrmhc) ltfnrmhc nhb hvtrvtmhc nhb dtmhcmhc nii rj

gnrvtmr}) |fntl`mhc fqfh r`jvc` rj }jv hjr`mhc m| inlomhc Ljhaf||mjh| 26-

N {n||ncf atjg R`f [n||mhc ja Ntr`vt miiv|rtnrf| r`f|f ljhlf{rmjh|( R`jvc` n

|fh|f ja rmgfif||hf||) n affimhc ja nh Nvcv|rmhmnh frfthni m| fqmbfhr mh r`m| {n||ncf@f

ljgf| ncnmh? dvrma `f ljgf hj gjtf _W r`fh atjg r`f bnsh mr |ffgb r`ftf lngf) dvr

anmhr * N| atjg df}jhb r`f imgmr ja r`f sjtib) * Imof r`f in|r fl`j djth ja n ctfnr lt}

22;'22>-n |mgvirnhfjv| l`nhcfavihf|| mhatmhcf|) nhb R`f jib jtbft l`nhcfr`) }mfib'

mhc {inlf rj hfs( R`f l`nhcf mh Ntr`vt| sjtib gjqf| dfrsffh imc`r nhb |`nbf) smr`

s`nr sn| jhlf nh mgncf ja r`f gmc`r} sjtib `nqmhc bf|lfhbfb mhrj nh fpm|rfhlf

bfnb) smr` bntofhfb bn}| |{fhr ljg{nhmjhif|| ngjhc |rtnhcf anlf|) jr`ft gmhb|(

Rfhh}|jh stmrf|5

Ajt hjs M |ff r`f rtvf jib rmgf| ntf bfnb)

S`fh fqft} gjthmhc dtjvc`r n hjdif l`nhlf)

Nhb fqft} l`nhlf dtjvc`r jvr n hjdif ohmc`r(

\vl` rmgf| `nqf dffh hjr |mhlf r`f imc`r r`nr ifb

R`f `ji} Fibft| smr` r`f cmar ja g}tt`(

Dvr hjs r`f s`jif Tjvhb Rndif m| bm||jiqfb

S`ml` sn| nh mgncf ja r`f gmc`r} sjtib)

Nhb M) r`f in|r) cj ajtr` ljg{nhmjhif||)

Nhb r`f bn}| bntofh tjvhb gf) nhb r`f }fnt|)

Ngjhc hfs gfh) |rtnhcf anlf|) jr`ft gmhb|(

Nhb |ijsi} nh|sftb Ntr`vt atjg r`f dntcf5

Bnqmb [fhbft} >


14/23

R`f jib jtbft l`nhcfr`) }mfibmhc {inlf rj hfs) 22;-

Mh r`f ajiijsmhc {n||ncf) r`f |fh|nrmjh ja {ftgnhfhlf m| vhbft|ljtfb s`fh Nvtfimv|

Ntr`vt| vhlif- nhb Omhc Vr`ft ntf |ffh rj `nqf vhmajtgi} ajvc`r nhb bmfb r`f {ntni'

ifi |}hrnp ja r`f rsj imhf| ltfnrf| n afir |mgvirnhfmr} jt rmgfif||hf||-) s`ml` m| ajiijsfb

d} r`f nttmqni ja Ntr`vt) s`j tfmchfb ajt nh mhbfrftgmhnrf rfg{jtni |{nlf( Dvr r`m| ljh'

rmhvmr} nhb `j{fb'ajt {ftgnhfhlf m| |ffbfb smr` bfln}) ajt narft nii) n bjvdravi r`tjhf m|

mlf jh |vggft |fn| 4=>-) nhb }fr gjtf jgmhjv|i}) Gjbtfb inmb `m| fnt df|mbf r`f

bjjt|) * Nhb r`ftf `nia'`fntb? r`f |ngf r`nr narftsntb * \rtvlo ajt r`f r`tjhf) nhb |rtmomhc

ajvhb `m| bjjg( 4=4-( Atjg Rfhh}|jh5

Nhb |rmii atjg rmgf rj rmgf r`f `fnr`fh `j|r

\sntgb jqft|fn|) nhb `nttmfb s`nr sn| ifar

Nhb |j r`ftf ctfs ctfnr rtnlr| ja smibfthf||)

S`ftfmh r`f dfn|r sn| fqft gjtf nhb gjtf)

Dvr gnh sn| if|| nhb if||) rmii Ntr`vt lngf(

Ajt amt|r Nvtfimv| imqfb nhb ajvc`r nhb bmfb)

Nhb narft `mg Omhc Vr`ft ajvc`r nhb bmfb)

Dvr fmr`ft anmib rj gnof r`f omhcbjg jhf(

Nhb narft r`f|f Omhc Ntr`vt ajt n |{nlf)

Nhb r`tj r`f {vm||nhlf ja `m| Rndif Tjvhb)

Btfs nii r`fmt {frr} {tmhlfbjg| vhbft `mg(

R`fmt omhc nhb `fnb) nhb gnbf n tfnig) nhb tfmchb( 403400-

Inrft mh r`m| |flrmjh) r`f ljhlf{rmjh ja l`nhcfif||) mg{ftajtnrf) rmgfif|| fpm|rfhlf m|

avtr`ft fg{`n|mufbdvr ncnmh m| imhofb rj n gfinhl`ji} {tlm| ja dimc`r nhb bfnr` mh

Ntr`vt| imaf nhb rmgf|5

R`fh gmc`r sf imqf rjcfr`ft n| jhf imaf)Nhb tfmchmhc smr` jhf smii mh fqft}r`mhc

Bnqmb [fhbft} >2


15/23

@nqf {jsft jh r`m| bnto inhb rj imc`rfh mr)

Nhb {jsft jh r`m| bfnb sjtib rj gnof mr imqf( 40=-

R`f ndjqf {n||ncf mhbmlnrf| r`nr r`f fp{ftmfhlf nhb n{{tf`fh|mjh ja bfnr` sftf lfh'

rtni mh Ntr`vt| sjtib( Bfnr` mh n ohmc`ri} an|`mjh) fqft lniimhc imof n atmfhb| qjmlf

atjg n bm|rnhr amfib Rfhh}|jh) )


16/23

s`mif Rtm|rtng gffr| `m| bjjg smr` `m| im{| jh `m| ijqft| r`tjnr

@f |{jof) `f rvthb) r`fh) aimhcmhc tjvhb `ft hflo)

Lin|{r mr) nhb ltmfb R`mhf Jtbft) J g} ^vffh.

Dvr S`mif `f djsb rj om|| r`f efsfiib r`tjnr)

Jvr ja r`f bnto) ev|r n| r`f im{| `nb rjvl`b)

Df`mhb `mg tj|f n |`nbjs nhb n |`tmfo

Gnto| sn}) |nmb Gnto) nhb lijqf `mg r`tj r`f dtnmh( 24


17/23

rj Dfbmqftf5

R`f cjjbimf|r afiijs|`m{ ja angjv| ohmc`r|

S`ftfja r`m| sjtib `jib| tfljtb( \vl` n |iff{

R`f} |iff{r`f gfh M ijqfb( M r`mho r`nr sf

\`nii hfqft gjtf) nr nh} avrvtf rmgf)

Bfimc`r jvt |jvi| smr` rnio ja ohmc`ri} bffb|)

Sniomhc ndjvr r`f cntbfh| nhb r`f `nii|

Ja Lngfijr) n| mh r`f bn}| r`nr sftf(

M {ftm|` d} r`m| {fj{if s`ml` M gnbf)

R`j Gftimh |sntf r`nr M |`jvib ljgf ncnmh 2) 01-)

s`ml` amr| sfii smr` r`f {jimrmlni nhb |jlmni nmg| ja n vhmamfb Fhcinhb bvtmhc r`f fhrmtf

|{nh ja rmgf M `nqf tfafttfb rj( R`m| gjtf dvj}nhr vhbft|rnhbmhc jaaft| v{ |jgfr`mhc ja n

divhrmhc ja r`f ljttj|mqf {n||ncf ja rmgf) nhb ltfnrf| nh n{ftrvtf jhrj n |fg{mrfthmr} ni'

ijsmhc ajt r`f avii tfnimunrmjh ja r`f {jrfhrmni ja n {fj{if nhb n hnrmjh) n rfg{jtni jhrjij'

c} ljhambfhri} mh l`ntcf ja mr| jsh bf|rmh}) avhlrmjhmhc mh n sjtib s`ftfmh mr m| nvr`jtmrn'

rmqfi} gfn|vtmhc r`f avrvtf s`ml` bjf| hjr }fr fpm|r) hjt r`f {tf|fhr s`ml` `n| hjr fp'

Bnqmb [fhbft} >3


18/23

rfh|mjh) hjt r`f {n|r s`ml` m| hj ijhcft mh dfmhc Ljhaf||mjh| 42;-( R`m| qft} r`fnrft ja

fpm|rfhlf) `jsfqft) ljh|rmrvrf| nh ngdmcvjv| ljg{n||) nhb dfljgf| ni|j nh j{fhmhc mhrj

nh vhlnhh} fp{ftmfhlf ja bff{ rfg{jtnimr}) smr` mr| virmgnrf ljh|rmrvrmjh r`f r`f

fhmcgn ja bfnr` nhb frfthmr}) r`f virmgnrf gnrrft amcvtnrfb mh fqft} gnhmaf|rnrmjh ja `v'

gnh ljh|lmjv|hf|| S`mrf) R`f Ljhrfhr ja r`f Ajtg >02-( Sf gmc`r |ff `ftf |jgfr`mhc

imof r`f nhmgnrmjh ja |vdimgf `m|rjtmlni fp{ftmfhlf) n| Atnho Nhoft|gmr `n| ljhlfmqfb

mr) n {jmchnhr ngnicng ja ljhrfhrgfhr) gfinhl`ji}) ijqf nhb ij||) dtjvc`r rj imaf r`tjvc`

r`f vhm~vf fp{ftmfhlmhc ja r`f {n|r ja stmrft| imof r`j|f sf `nqf fpngmhfb( Ajt n hnrmjh

imof Fhcinhb r`nr `n| `nb |vl` |vdimgf `m|rjtmlni fp{ftmfhlf) r`f {n|r nhb nh nsntfhf||

ja r`m| {n|r smii dfljgf mhfivlrndif tfnimrmf| Nhoft|gmr) \vdimgf @m|rjtmlni Fp{ftmfhlf

pq-( Nhb ajt r`f Fhcim|` R`f {n|r smiidf hj if|| n {ntr ja s`nr r`f} ntf n| jvt imgd|

ntf {ntr ja jvt djbmf| Nhoft|gmr) \vdimgf @m|rjtmlni Fp{ftmfhlf pq-( Ctnhbmj|f sn| r`f

Ntr`vtmnhr`f Fhcim|``m|rjtmlni ljh|lmjv|hf||) n qm|mjh ja mbfni qmtrvf) qnvhrfb ctfnr'

hf||) nhb `j{fb'ajt {ftgnhfhlf5 Ntr`vt sjvib |rnhb smr` rtvf ev|rmlf atjg r`fhlfajtr`

r`f bn}| ja r`m| imaf Gnijt} qji( >) >2-( Fgdfbbfb mh |vl` {tj{mrmjv| f|rmgnrmjh|) `js'

fqft) m| r`f gjtf bm|ljh|jinrf tfljchmrmjh r`nr) fqfh mh r`f gmb|r ja r`f Fhcim|` hnrmjh|

ctfnrf|r cijtmf|) hjr`mhc ljvib in|r ajtfqft) r`nr hjr`mhc sn| {ftgnhfhr dvr l`nhcfSmh'

|rjh L`vtl`mii tfljchmufb r`m| qjinrmimr} s`fh `f stjrf r`nr r`f _Ntr`vtW ifcfhb imqfb

v{jh r`f mhltfn|mhc rtmdvinrmjh| ja nh ncf 20-) nhb Rfhh}|jh `mg|fia `nb mh Mb}ii| ja

r`f Omhc mh|ltmdfb n gfinhl`ji} qmfs ja s`nr d} `m| rmgf sftf r`f ijjgmhc rtmdvinrmjh|

ja r`f Fhcim|` hnrmjh

Ntf gjthmhc |`nbjs| `vcft r`nh r`f |`n{f|

R`nr ln|r r`fg) hjr r`j|f cijjgmft s`ml` ajtfcj

R`f bntohf|| ja r`nr dnrrif mh r`f Sf|r)

S`ftf nii ja r`f `mc` nhb `ji} bmf| nsn}( 224-

Bnqmb [fhbft} >0


19/23

Gnijt} rjj `nb Ntr`vt qjmlf n `nvhrmhc) {ntnbjpmlni qm|mjh ja imaf| aiffrmhc ngdmcv'

mr} nltj|| rmgf

Rmbf gf bfnr`) dfrmbf gf imaf) |nmr` r`f omhc qji( 4) -

Mh r`f ljhliv|mjh rj `m| gn|rft{mflf) Rfhh}|jh |ffg| rj tfqfi mh r`f gj|nml ja ljh'

rtnbmlrmjh|) dfimfa|) `j{f|) btfng|) bm|n{{jmhrgfhr|) ljhlfmr| nhb gjtni fhftcmf| r`nr

gnbf R`f Gnrrft ja Dtmrnmh) n| mr {in}fb jvr mh ljhevhlrmjh smr` r`f hnrvtni tm|f nhb

anii r`tjvc` nii r`f qmlm||mrvbf ja imaf mh Ntr`vt| bn}| Qmhnqft pp-) s`nr mr sn|nh

Bnqmb [fhbft} >=


20/23

jib mg{ftaflr rnif) r`nr}fr ncnmh {ntnbjpmlnii}ctfs sfnir`mftsfnir`mft`jvt

d} `jvt Mb}ii| ja r`f Omhc 22>-( M ~vjrf nr ifhcr dfijs atjg r`f ljhliv|mjh ja r`f

{jfg) Rj r`f ^vffh) fplm|mhc imhf| rj btns nrrfhrmjh rj lftrnmh ja r`f rj{ml| nhb r`fgf|

fpngmhfb mh r`m| {n{ft( M ifnqf tfnbft| smr` r`m|) nhb cmqf g} |mhlftf r`nho| ajt |`ntmhc

mh r`m| n{{tflmnrmjh nhb nhni}|m|(

Rj r`f ^vffh

Nhb sfiljgf. smrhf||) rjj) r`f |mifhr lt})

R`f {tn}ft ja gnh} n tnlf nhb ltffb) nhb limgf

R`vhbftif|| imc`rhmhc| |rtmomhc vhbft |fn

\j ij}ni m| rjj lj|ri}. atmfhb|}jvt ijqf

M| dvr n dvtr`fh5 ijj|f r`f djhb) nhb cj(

M| r`m| r`f rjhf ja fg{mtf: `ftf r`f anmr`

R`nr gnbf v| tvift|: r`m|) mhbffb) `ft qjmlf

S`nr |`jlo `n| ajjifb `ft |mhlf) r`nr |`f |`jvib |{fno

\j affdi}: sfnir`mftsfnir`mft`jvt d} `jvt.

Hjr ajt mr|fia) dvr r`tjvc` r`} imqmhc ijqf

Ajt jhf rj s`jg M gnbf mr jft `m| ctnqf

\nltfb) nllf{r r`m| jib mg{ftaflr rnif)

Hfs'jib) nhb |`nbjsmhc \fh|f nr snt smr` \jvi)

Mbfni gnh`jjb lij|fb mh tfni gnh)

Rj mr| jsh `ntg5 r`f cjni ja r`m| ctfnr sjtib

Imf| df}jhb |mc`r5 }frma jvt |ijsi}'ctjsh

Nhb ltjshfb Tf{vdiml| ltjshmhc ljggjh'|fh|f)

R`nr |nqfb `ft gnh} rmgf|) hjr anmir`fmt afnt|

Ntf gjthmhc |`nbjs| `vcft r`nh r`f |`n{f|

R`nr ln|r r`fg) hjr r`j|f cijjgmft s`ml` ajtfcj

R`f bntohf|| ja r`nr dnrrif mh r`f Sf|r)S`ftf nii ja `mc` nhb `ji} bmf| nsn}(22>'224-

Bnqmb [fhbft} 4;


21/23

Bnqmb [fhbft} 4>


22/23

Sjto| Lmrfb

Nhoft|gmr) A(T(Hnttnrmqf Ijcml5 N \fgnhrml Nhni}|m| ja r`f @m|rjtmnh| Inhcvncf R`f

@ncvf) Dj|rjh) Ijhbjh5 Gntrmhv| Hme`jaa [vdim|`ft|) >=0=01(

'''( Hnttnrmqf Fp{inhnrmjh nhb mr| Gniljhrfhr|) Sf|if}nh Vhmqft|mr}@m|rjt} nhb R`fj'

t} 23 Afdtvnt} 4;;0-) >='=1>( Fbsntb @niifrr Lntt

>=1>(

L`vtl mii) Smh|rjh( N @m|rjt} ja r`f Fhcim| '\{fnomhc [fj{if| Qji >5 R`f Dmtr` ja

Dtmrnmh Ijhbjh5 Ln||fii) >=61(

Bnqmf|) Hjtgnh(@fntr ja Fvtj{f5 N \`jtr @m|rjt} ja [jinhb( Jpajtb) Hfs ]jto5 Jpajtb

V[( Hjtgnh Bnqmf|) >=02) >=01(

Oftgjbf) Atnho( R`f \fh|f ja nh Fhbmhc5 \rvbmf| mh r`f R`fjt} ja Amlrmjh) smr` n hfs

f{mijcvf( Jpajtb5 Jpajtb V[) 4;;;(

Gnijt}) \mt R`jgn|(If Gjtrf BNtr`vtqjivgf| > nhb 4 [tfanlf d} \mt Ej`h T`}|( Ijh'

bjh5 E(G( Bfhr nhb \jh| Irb) >=;1) tf{tmhrfb >=61(

Gmho) Ijvm| J( Hnttnrmqf Ajtg n| n Ljchmrmqf Mh|rtvgfhr) mh R`f Stmrmhc ja @m|rjt}5

Imrftnt} Ajtg nhb @m|rjtmlni Vhbft|rnhbmhc) Tjdftr @( Lnhnt} nhb @fht} Ojumlom)

fb|( Gnbm|jh) Sm|ljh|mh5 R`f V ja Sm|ljh|mh [) >=30(

Gvhu) [frft( R`f \`n{f| ja Rmgf5 N Hfs Ijjo nr r`f [`mij|j{`} ja @m|rjt} Gmbbifrjsh)

Ljhh(5 Sf|if}nh V[) >=33(

Tmljvft) [nvi( Rmgf nhb Hnttnrmqf) Qjivgf >( Rtnh|inrfb d} Onr`iffh GlInvc`imh nhb

Bnqmb [fiinvft( L`mlncj nhb Ijhbjh5 R`f V ja L`mlncj [) >=0


23/23

invft( L`mlncj nhb Ijhbjh5 R`f V ja L`mlncj [) >=02(

\nmhr Nvcv|rmhf( Ljhaf||mjh|( @fht} L`nbsmlo) rtnh|( Jpajtb5 Jpajtb V[) >==>) >==4)

>==0(

\rjhf) Instfhlf( R`f Tfqmqni ja Hnttnrmqf5 Tfaiflrmjh| jh n hfs jib `m|rjt}( Mh R`f

@m|rjt} nhb Hnttnrmqf Tfnbft( Fbmrfb d} Cfjaatf} Tjdftr|( Ijhbjh nhb Hfs ]jto5

Tjvrifbcf) 4;;>) 40>'4=0(

Rfhh}|jh) Niatfb( Mb}ii| ja r`f Omhc) mh Rfhh}|jh5 [jfg| nhb [in}|( Jpajtb) Hfs

]jto5 Jpajtb V[) >=3>) >=0=01) >=0=(

Rvl`gnh) Dntdntn S(N Bm|rnhr Gmttjt5 R`f Lningmrjv| >2r` Lfhrvt}Hfs ]jto5 Niatfb

N( Ohj{a) >=30(

Qmhnqft) Fvcfhf( Omhc Ntr`vt nhb @m| Ohmc r|5 \fiflrfb Rnif| d} \mt R`jgn| Gnijt}

Ijhbjh) Jpajtb) Hfs ]jto5 Jpajtb V[( >=36) >=10) >=61(

S`mrf) @n}bfh( R`f Ljhrfhr ja r`f Ajtg( Dnirmgjtf nhb Ijhbjh5 R`f Ej`h| @j{omh| V[)

>=01(

'''( R`f Amlrmjh| ja Anlrvni Tf{tf|fhrnrmjh( Mh Rtj{ml| ja Bm|ljvt|f5 F||n}| mh Lvirvtni

Ltmrmlm|g Dnirmgjtf5 Ej`h| @j{omh| V[) >=30(

'''( R`f Gfrn{`}|ml| ja Hnttnrmqmr}5 Rmgf nhb \}gdji mh Tmljfvt| [`mij|j{`} ja @m|rj'

t}) mh R`f Ljhrfhr ja r`f Ajtg( Dnirmgjtf nhb Ijhbjh5 R`f Ej`h| @j{omh| V[)

>=01) >1='>02(

“The Matter of Britain”: Life, Death, and the Experience of Time in the World of King Arthur

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Transcript of “The Matter of Britain”: Life, Death, and the Experience of Time in the World of King Arthur