The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE...
Transcript of The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE...
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
Disclaimer:
The material herein is developed under NSF-NUE (Nanotechnology
Undergraduate Education) award #1242087, NUE: NanoTRA- Texas
Regional Alliance to foster 'Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and
Safety Awareness' in tomorrow's Engineering and Technology Leaders. http://nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1242087
This material is developed pursuant to a National Science Foundation
grant and is to be used strictly for educational purposes. Developers of the
material have used a number of images to enhance understating of
various concepts and they are acknowledged accordingly. Any comments
or concerns over the use of these images should be directed to Dr. Jitendra S Tate [email protected]
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
NUE: NanoTRA- Texas Regional Alliance to foster 'Nanotechnology
Environment, Health, and Safety Awareness' in tomorrow's Engineering and Technology Leaders.
• Investigators:
– Dr. Trybula, Walt
– Dr. Fazarro, Dominick
– Dr. Hanks, Craig
– Dr. Tate, Jitendra
– Mr. Dutta, Satyajit
– Dr. Allhoff, Fritz
– Dr. McLean, Robert
• Students: – Mr. Alvarez, Andres
– Mr. Espinoza, Sergio
– Ms. Wilson, Luna
– Mr. Mokhtari, Adam
NSF Program Manager: Ms. Mary Poats
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
INTRODUCTION TO
NANOTECHNOLOGY SAFETY
MODULE 7A
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH
AND MEDICINE
Developed by Dr. Jitendra Tate and Mr. Andres Alvarez.
For comments please contact at [email protected]
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
• Goal: Students will know potential risks of nanotechnology in
health and medicine.
• Objectives: This module will provide the students with an
overview of the issues of nanotechnology in health and
medicine. Topics that will be covered include:
1) What are the issues?
2) Context described: a)Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics;
b) Diagnostics and imaging; c) Nanoscale surgery; d)
Implants and tissue engineering; e) Multifunctional
nanodevices and nanomaterials; f) Personalized
medicine; g) Broader health care system.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
• Goal: Students will know potential risks of nanotechnology in
health and medicine.
• Objectives: This module will provide the students with an
overview of the issues of nanotechnology in health and
medicine. Topics that will be covered include:
3) Framing ethical questions
4) Assessing options for action
5) Finding common ground.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PREREQUISITES AND TEXT
• Prerequisites by Topic:
– Understanding of Basic Human Anatomy
– Basic High school Level Chemistry
• Required Text (if applicable):
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
TOPICS COVERED
Lecture I:
• Issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine
• Context described:
– Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics
– Diagnostics and imaging
– Nanoscale surgery
– Implants and tissue engineering
– Multifunctional nanodevices and nanomaterials
– Personalized medicine
– Broader health care system
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
TOPICS COVERED
Lecture II:
• Framing ethical questions
• Assessing options for action
• Finding common ground
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Student Learning Outcomes:
• Students will know what are the issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine
• Students will appreciate role of nanotechnology in various fields of health and medicine industry such as pharmaceuticals and therapeutics, diagnostics and imaging, nanoscale surgery, and implants and tissue engineering
• Students will be able to frame ethical questions and assessing actions while using nanotechnology in health and medicine
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
ABET PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Relationship to ABET Program Outcomes:
a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics,
science, and engineering.
(f) An understanding of professional and ethical
responsibility.
(j) A knowledge of contemporary issues.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
LECTURE I
MODULE 7A: Nanotechnology in Health and Medicine
Image Credit: NANO Magazine. (http://www.nano.org.uk/news/images/imageD1260784747.jpg)
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
BASIC ANATOMY
• Will focus on:
– Lungs
– Circulatory system
– Liver
– Kidneys
– Digestive system
www.sciencekids.co.nz
http://bnas.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/anatomy-400x355.png
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
TOXICITY AND CHEMISTRY
• Direct effects – direct chemical and/or physical
damage to tissue (e.g. asbestos fibers –
asbestosis (scarring of lungs, restricts breathing
– can be fatal)
• Indirect effects – nanoparticle may enhance
toxicity of other chemicals
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
LUNG TOXICITY ISSUES
• Lungs (essential for life) – allow us to get oxygen
and remove carbon dioxide
• Materials enter lungs via breathing
– Larger materials filtered out by nose hairs
– Smaller particles trapped in mucus, then removed by
coughing; others removed by special cells
(macrophages)
– Over exposure can cause inflammation, possible scar
formation and possible loss of lung function
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
– heart (body’s pump for moving blood)
– arteries (“pipes” that move blood from heart to rest of body)
– veins (“pipes” that return blood to heart)
– capillaries (very tiny pipes that provide oxygen and nutrients to parts of body
• Hydrophilic (water-loving) nanoparticles can be moved throughout body by being carried in blood – readily removed by kidneys
• Hydrophobic (water-repelling) nanoparticles – associate with fat and are more persistent
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NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
LIVER
• Large organ associated with digestive system
and waste disposal
• Controls blood chemistry, also helps with some
digestion
• If nanoparticles are in blood, may be chemically
altered by liver, and toxicity may be increased or
decreased
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
URINARY SYSTEM
• Kidneys filter and concentrate wastes from blood
• Bladder stores urine until voided
• Chemical levels in urine may be > 100X higher
than in blood
• Higher chance of toxicity
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Mouth, esophagus (tube from mouth to stomach), stomach, small and large intestines
• Nanoparticle entry through ingestion (eating/drinking)
• Possible chemical changes due to: stomach acid, reducing (anaerobic) conditions in intestines; chemical changes due to digestive chemicals (enzymes)
• Toxicity risks: Damage to tissues, entry of materials into body (and transport by blood), access to other tissues
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
MUTAGENESIS CONCERNS
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is genetic blueprint
(“blueprint” of all information for making an
individual)
• Each cell in human has DNA, humans have
approx. 3 trillion cells
• Mutation is a permanent change in DNA –
possible harm if in reproductive cells (birth
defects), or key tissue (cancer risk).
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
ISSUES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Prioritization of research:
– How will the basic infrastructure of health care be
altered in response to emerging technologies?
• Cost:
– Will nano-enable technologies increase or decrease
the overall cost of health care?
• Access:
– How will limited resources be reallocated and who is
most likely to benefit?
• Implications of personalized medicine
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
ISSUES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Cytotoxicity:
– The degree to which something is toxic to living cells.
– Because nanoparticles possess different
physicochemical properties than their fine-sized
analogues due to their extremely small size and large
surface area, they need to be evaluated separately
for toxicity and adverse health effects.
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NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
ISSUES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
HEALTH AND MEDICINE • Cytotoxicity:
– Intravenous and subcutaneous injections of
nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous
nanoparticles directly into the human body without
passing through the normal absorption process.
These nanoparticulate carriers themselves may be
responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological
macromolecules within the human body.
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
• Development of methods that simplify , speed
up, and reduce the cost of drug development
and testing
• Increasing drug safety and efficacy.
• Targeted drug delivered
http://www.kurzweilai.net/images/cntdrug.jpg
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
• In 2009, 95% of all new potential therapeutics had poor
pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutical properties.
• Is necessary to develop suitable drug delivery systems
to distribute the therapeutically active drug molecule only
to the site of action, without affecting healthy organs and
tissues.
• Nanomedicines are delivery systems in the nanometer
size range (1-100 nm) containing encapsulated,
dispersed, adsorbed or conjugated drugs.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
• Nanoscale drug delivery systems have the ability to
improve the pharmacokinetics and increase
biodistribution of therapeutic agents to target organs.
• Nanoscale drug delivery systems have the ability
improved efficiency by reducing doses required and
increasing the therapeutic indices and safety profiles of
newer therapeutics.
• Drug toxicity is reduced as a consequence of preferential
accumulation at target sites and lower concentration in
healthy sites.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
• Nanocarriers have the desirable advantage of improving
solubility of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous medium
to render them suitable for parenteral administration.
• These delivery systems have shown to increase the
stability of a wide variety of therapeutic agents such as
small hydrophobic molecules, peptides and
oligonucleotides.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS • A great amount of nanoscale systems for drug delivery
has been investigated.
http://www.pharmainfo.net/files/u2882/current_ststus_of_nanotecg_drugs.jpg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS Nanoscale systems for drug delivery:
Nanoemulsions
http://s3.hubimg.com/u/1601002_f260.jpg
http://ciencias.uis.edu.co/~rtorres/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/nanoparticulas2-150x150.jpg
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS Nanoscale systems for drug delivery:
Micelles http://www.amalgam-models.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Amalgam-Micelle-III.jpg
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
http://www.thno.org/v03/p0152/thnov03p0152g03.jpg
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
http://www.therisktoolboxshop.com/400px-MolecularImagingTherapy.png
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
PHARMACEUTICALS AND
THERAPEUTICS
• Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy
– Length of video: 5:03min.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA
• Nanomedicine: nanotechnology for cancer treatment
– Length of Video: 2:26 min.
– (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I)
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
• Optical probes based on quantum dots
• Biological sensors
• Improved contrast agents for imagining
http://www.swedish.org/getattachment/Services/Heart---Vascular-Institute/Heart---Vascular-
Services/Diagnostic-Services/diagnostic_header.jpg.aspx
http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/images/cmc-
pineville/Diagnostics_Imaging.jpg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
• Malignant tumors are highly localized during the
early stage of their development. If detected
early, the tumors can often be surgically
removed with high success.
• Imaging probes variety: cages, diamonds, dots,
rods, tubes and even wontons.
• Diagnostic Imaging – Length of Video: 1:35min
– (http://www.azonano.com/nanotechnology-video-
details.aspx?VidID=27)
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
• Nanoparticle Probes Researchers at the University of Michigan are
developing nanoprobes that can be used with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
– Nanoparticles with a magnetic core are attached to a cancer antibody that attracts cancercells. The nanoparticles are also linked with a dye which is highly visible on an MRI. When these nanoprobes latch onto cancer cells they can be detected on the MRI. The cancer cells can then be destroyed by laser or low dosage killing agents that attack only the diseased cells.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
• Nanoparticle Probes
Researchers at the University of Michigan are
developing nanoprobes that can be used with
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):
– In brain tumors, the presence of cancer can
weaken the blood brain barrier. Research is being
conducted to have nanoprobes cross the
weakened barrier to the tumor but not cross into healthy brain tissue.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
• Nanoparticle Probes
Reasearchers at Washington University are using nanoparticles to attract to proteins emitted from newly forming capillaries that deliver blood to solid tumors. The nanoparticles circulate through the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels containing their complementary protein. Once attached, chemotherapy is released into the capillary membrane. The nanoparticles traveling in the bloodstream would be able to locate additional cancer sites which may have spread to other parts of the body.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ DIAGNOSTICS AND IMAGING
Quatum Dots
Nanodiamonds can be fed to Caenorhabditis elegans and imaged over several days.
Nanodiamonds are taken up by intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans
Nanodiamonds
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NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ NANOSCALE SURGERY
• Operating Tools
– To improve surgical results benefiting both the patient
and surgeon, minimally invasive surgical procedures
are increasingly being done using laparoscopic
techniques.
– Making use of small entry ports into the area of
interest, a rod shaped telescope attached to a camera
and other long and narrow surgical instruments are
used to perform all of the major maneuvers.
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ NANOSCALE SURGERY
• Smart Instruments
– Surgical tools such as scalpels, forceps, grippers,
retractors and drills are being embedded with
miniature sensors to provide real time information and
added functionality to aid surgeons.
– Surgeons can be given continuous data on the force
and performance of their instruments, the tissue type
about to be cut (i.e. cartilage, bone, muscle, vascular,
etc) and specific tissue properties, such as density,
temperature, pressure, and electrical impulses.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ NANOSCALE SURGERY
• Smart Instruments
– Instruments are being developed with specific
functionality like tilt and pressure to allow
neurosurgeons to perform operating tasks with
greater precision and safety.
– Nanocameras can provide close up visualization of
the surgery
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ NANOSCALE SURGERY
http://gryphonperspective.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/heart.png
http://cdn.medgadget.com/img/4432ste2.jpg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
LECTURE II
MODULE 7A: Nanotechnology in Health and Medicine
http://www.cbm.fvg.it/research-projects/research/bio-nanotechnology/drug-delivery#
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
• Biocompatibility of synthetic materials that can
be implanted in the human body to replace
tissues or organs that have been damaged by
disease, injury or simple wear and tear.
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
• Tissue Repair and Replacement Human tissue that is diseased or traumatically
compromised may require synthetic materials for its repair or replacement.
– “Hard” tissues such as bone and teeth heal by reproducing tissues indistinguishable from the original. This, implants are often coated with a biocompatible material to increase their adherence properties.
– “Soft” tissues such as skin, muscle, nerves, blood vessels and ligaments repair damaged areas with fibrous tissue. Graft material using artificial sheets can replace skin and other tissue with reasonable graft stability and cosmetic outcome.
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
• Tissue Repair and Replacement
Human tissue that is diseased or traumatically
compromised may require synthetic materials for its
repair or replacement.
– “Ultrasoft” tissue such as cell membrane and
organelles that exhibit metabolic function, tissue
replacement can best occur when living cells are
transplanted in a mesh structured synthetic scaffold.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
• Structural Implant Materials
Nanotechnology provides a new generation of biocompatible materials that can be used as
implants or temporary biosorbable structures.
– Bone Repair: Nanotechnology brings a variety of new
high surface area biocompatible nanomaterials that
can be used for bone repair and cavity fillers. High
strength nanoceramic materials, such as calcium
phosphate apatite (CPA) and hydroxyapatite (HAP),
can be made into a flowable, moldable nanoparticle
paste that can conform to and interdigitate with bone.
NSF-NUE
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
• Structural Implant Materials
Nanotechnology provides a new generation of biocompatible materials that can be used as implants or temporary biosorbable structures.
– Bioresorbable Materials: nanostructures are being fabricated which could be used as temporary implants. Nanostructured implants are being designed to degrade at a rate that will slowly transfer load to a healing bone that it is supporting.
– Smart Materials: Smart materials are a class of nanomaterials that respond to changes in the environment such as a drop in temperature or pH.
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ IMPLANTS AND TISSUE ENGINEERING
http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/departments/biotech/members/dvir/images/Picture1Dvir.jpg
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NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANODEVICES AND
NANOMATERIALS
• Multifunctional nanodevices equipped with
molecular motors, sensors and actuators to
operate as a self-contained entity to diagnose,
treat, and monitor diseases.
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANODEVICES AND
NANOMATERIALS
• Nanotechnology offers sensing technologies that provide more accurate and timely medical information for diagnosing disease, and miniature devices that can administer treatment automatically if required.
• Nanotechnology can new offer new implantable and/or wearable sensing technologies that provide continuous and extremely accurate medical information. Complementary microprocessors and miniature devices can be incorporated with sensors to diagnose disease, transmit information and administer treatment automatically if required.
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MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANODEVICES AND
NANOMATERIALS
• Example applications are: – Implantable Sensors: Nanosized sensors can make
use of a wide range of technologies that most effectively detect a targeted chemical or physical property
– Implantable Medical Devices: Implantable sensors can also work with a series of medical devices that administer treatment automatically if required. Tiny implantable fluid injection systems can dispense drugs electrically on demand making use of microfluidic systems, miniature pumps, and reservoirs
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MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANODEVICES AND
NANOMATERIALS
http://www.gastroendonews.com/aimages/2009/GEN0809_001a2_graphic_426.jpg
http://www.gastroendonews.com/aimages/2009/GEN0809_001a1_graphic_426.jpg
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• Shift in the traditional western model of medicine from diagnosing and treating acute disease once it develops to an increasingly predictive and preventative model.
• Personalised Medicine - Animation – Length of video: 2:07min
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak
• Personalized Medicine – Length of video: 1:43min
– http://www.youtube.com/user/vanderbilthealth?v=HidhLGfmzHY
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http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ BROADER HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
• Nanotechnology has the potential to change the way medicine is practiced.
• Radical change in the delivery of medicine will likely
lead to the need a similar radical change in the basic infrastructure of the health care system.
• Radical change in the basic infrastructure of the
health care system including the health care
workforce.
• Current research and targeted applications
emphasize prevention, early diagnosis, and
embedded systems for health monitoring and repair.
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Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ BROADER HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
• Hospitals and related industries (pharmaceutical and medical device) require to make a substantial investment in retooling facilities to accommodate new equipment and services.
• The impact is likely to introduce new roles in the need for areas of expertise that raise issues, similar to those in manufacturing, of the need to retrain the existing workforce.
• The significant investment should be recovered in the medium term, due to nanotechnology will make certain process faster and cheaper.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FRAMING ETHICAL QUESTIONS
• Will nano-enabled biomedical sensors, probes,
and genetic testing and monitoring capacities,
developed for medical purpose, constitute an
overwhelming threat to privacy and autonomy?
• Do the clinical benefits of nano-enabled
medicine outweigh the clinical risks or harms?
• Will the benefits of nanomedicine be equitably
and fairly distributed?
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FRAMING ETHICAL QUESTIONS
• Who has a greater claim to scare research
dollars - those in need of preventive medicine or
those in need of curative medicine?
• When weighed against the cost and benefit of
other social goods, are we morally obligated to
develop and provide the services of
personalized medicine to everyone?
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ ASSESSING OPTIONS FOR ACTION
Predictions on the time frame of Nanotechnology
(made in late 2005):
• Next 5 – 10 years
– Nanobiotechnology applications
• Long-term beyond 2016
– Construction of artificial human organs
• Very-long term as 2025 or beyond
– Practical use of nanomachines for therapy and
diagnosis inside the body
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ ASSESSING OPTIONS FOR ACTION
Current Issues:
• The current risk model does not a do a very precise job of clinical efficacy and cost effectiveness.
• Pressure to get products to the market and to reduce the overall cost of health care.
• Ethical considerations (cost, prioritization and access)
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND
http://www.kevinwunderly.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/common-ground.png
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND
Ethical issues
Industrialized Countries
• Prenatal genetics and abortion
• Resuscitation of extremely premature and severely compromised babies
• In vitro fertilization
• Advanced life support
• Health care cost
• Access to basic health care system
Ethical issues
Developing Countries
• Political and economic instability
• Lack of technology, infrastructure, and medicines
• Threat of emerging diseases and global pandemics
• Health care cost
• Access to basic health care system
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND
• Nanotechnology has the potential to add quality
and functionality to the lives of people facing
disease and disability.
• Proceeding with its development is easily
justified in terms of:
– Utility
– Nonmaleficence
– Beneficence
http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/V/D/e/U/x/big-big-stamp.svg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND
• A healthy population is:
– Happier
– More productive
– More sustainable.
• As individuals are able to retain functional
independence and achieve their personal
potentials.
http://www.getorganizedwizard.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Happy-Dude-1024x1024.jpg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/ FINDING COMMON GROUND
• We also have the ethical obligation to minimize
suffering when we can, and act in ways that
serve the welfare of patients and the interest of
society.
http://marylandethics.com/w p-content/uploads/2013/04/cropped-imagesCAF3HGDZ-150x150.jpg
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Issues of nanotechnology in health and medicine:
– Prioritization of research
– Cost
– Access
– Implications of personalized medicine
– Cytotoxicity
• Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics
– Development of methods that simplify , speed up, and
reduce the cost of drug development and testing
– Improve the pharmacokinetics and increase biodistribution
of therapeutic agents to target organs.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Pharmaceuticals and therapeutics
– Improved efficiency by reducing doses required
– Increasing the therapeutic indices and safety profiles of
newer therapeutics.
– Drug toxicity is reduced as a consequence of preferential
accumulation at target sites and lower concentration in
healthy sites.
• Diagnostic and Imaging
– Malignant tumors are highly localized during the early
stage of their development. If detected early, the tumors
can often be surgically removed with high success.
– Imaging probes variety: cages, diamonds, dots, rods,
tubes and even wontons.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Nanoscale surgery
– Operating Tools: To improve surgical results benefiting
both the patient and surgeon, minimally invasive surgical
procedures are increasingly being done using laparoscopic
techniques.
– Smart Instruments: Surgical tools are being embedded
with miniature sensors to provide real time information and
added functionality to aid surgeons to perform operating
tasks with greater precision and safety. Nanocameras can
provide close up visualization of the surgery
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Implants and Tissue engineering: Biocompatibility of synthetic
materials that can be implanted in the human body to replace
tissues or organs that have been damaged by disease, injury
or simple wear and tear.
• Multifuntional Nanodevices and Nanomaterials:
Multifunctional nanodevices equipped with molecular motors,
sensors and actuators to operate as a self-contained entity to
diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases.
• Personalized Medicine: Shift in the traditional western model
of medicine from diagnosing and treating acute disease once
it develops to an increasingly predictive and preventative
model.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Broader Health Care System
– Nanotechnology has the potential to change the way
medicine is practiced.
– Radical change in the delivery of medicine will likely lead
to the need a similar radical change in the basic
infrastructure of the health care system.
– Radical change in the basic infrastructure of the health
care system including the health care workforce.
– The impact is likely to introduce new roles in the need for
areas of expertise that raise issues, similar to those in
manufacturing, of the need to retrain the existing
workforce.
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
SUMMARY
• Framing Ethical Questions:
– Will nano-enabled biomedical sensors, probes, and
genetic testing and monitoring capacities, developed for
medical purpose, constitute an overwhelming threat to
privacy and autonomy?
– Do the clinical benefits of nano-enabled medicine outweigh
the clinical risks or harms?
– Will the benefits of nanomedicine be equitably and fairly
distributed?
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
VIDEO LINKS
• Personalized Medicine
(http://www.youtube.com/user/vanderbilthealth?v=HidhL
GfmzHY)
• Power of Nanotechnology
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEH6tDLKcVU )
• Nanotechnology for Targeted Cancer Therapy
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBjWwlnq3cA)
• Nanomedicine: nanotechnology for cancer treatment
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxSX6YJTS2I)
• Personalised Medicine - Animation
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEY3Khsmuak)
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
WEB LINKS
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumbe
r=5627506
• http://www.pharmainfo.net/santosh-kumar-jh/role-
nanotechnology-drug-delivery
• http://www.slideshare.net/jasslideshare/an-overview-of-
nanotechnology-in-medicine-3610272
• http://www.pain.cz/nanomedicina/files/taxanomy.pdf
• http://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n12/full/nmeth12
10-957.html
• http://www.slideshare.net/jasslideshare/an-overview-of-
nanotechnology-in-medicine-3610272
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
READING ASSIGNMENT
NSF-NUE
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Education
NanoTRA-Texas Regional Alliance to Foster Nanotechnology Environment, Health, and Safety
http://nsf-nue-nanotra.engineering.txstate.edu/
REFERENCES
• Baker, M. (2010). Quantum dots, nanodiamonds and other nanomaterials broaden researchers'
tools for watching biology. Nature Methods, 7 , 957-962.
• Bennett-Woods, D. (2008). Nanotechnology: Ethics and Society. In D. Bennett-Woods,
Nanotechnology: Ethics and Society (pp. 179-193). Taylor & Francis Group.
• Dvir, T., Timko, B. P., Kohane, D. S., & Langer, R. (2010). Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues. Nature Nanotechnology .
• EDinformatics. (2005). Nanomedicine. Retrieved June 21, 2013, from EDinformatics: http://www.edinformatics.com/nanotechnology/nanomedicine.htm
• Gordon, N., & Sagman, U. (2003, February). Nanomedicine Taxonomy. Retrieved June 21, 2013,
from Nanomedicina: http://www.pain.cz/nanomedicina/files/taxanomy.pdf
• JU, M., P, J., P, T., K, V., B, Y., & KT, N. (2013). Nanomaterials for Photo-Based Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. . Theranostics, 3 , 152-1666.
• Lewinski, N., Calvin, V., & Drezek, R. (2008). Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small, 4 , 26-49.
• Marchant, G. E. (2009). Small is Beautiful: What Can Nanotechnology Do for Personalized Medicine? . Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, 7 , 231-237.
• Santosh Kumar, J. (2009, June 13). Role of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery. Retrieved June 21, 2013, from Pharmainfo.net: http://www.pharmainfo.net/santosh-kumar-jh/role-nanotechnology-
drug-delivery