Industrial North

Western Frontier

Southern Agriculture

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITY (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

• The Cumberland Road and

the Erie Canal System

promoted western migration

The Role of

Transportation

(1806 – 1853)

• Native resistance slowed, but

did not stop white expansion

• This migratory surge helped

transform the farm economy

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

Three streams of migrants went West (1790 – 1820)

• New generations of

New England farmers

moved west into the

Northwest territories

of Ohio & Indiana

• Struggling Southern

yeoman farmers moved

west into Tennessee &

Kentucky

• Some Slave-owning

Southern planters moved

into Alabama, Mississippi,

and Louisiana

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

Farmers adapt to Changing Times

• Northwestern farmers planted

and exported Wheat to Eastern

markets at lower prices

• New England farmers

switched to high yield and

nutritious Potatoes

• Farmers in all regions doubled

their yields by rotating crops and

using new farm machinery

• Yeoman farmers diversified

by raising sheep and selling

wool to textile manufacturers

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution

• Decline of the Small Village • Growth of Urban Centers

• Improved Standard of Living

• Overcrowding & Poor Sanitation

THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

• Decline in Agriculture -vs-

Rise of Manufacturing

• Repetitive Cycles of

Boom or Bust

• Rise of Wage Dependency

and Unions

The Changing Economy

of the Market Revolution

The Changing Society of the Market Revolution

• Professional Craftsmen -vs-

Industrialized Wage Workers

• Unmarried Female Factory Workers

-vs- Home bound Married Women

“Self Made Men” “Society Defined Women”

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH

• Development of the Skilled Laborer • Redefining the Roles of Women

THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

• Widening Economic Inequalities

• Increased Gap between Rich & Poor

The Changing Society of the Market Revolution

• Wealthy Businessmen /Professionals -vs- Simple Subsistence Farmers

THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution

• Decline of the Smaller

Family Farms

• Rise of the Larger Cotton

Plantations

THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution

• Simple Subsistence Farming

• Usually on Poorest land available

• Plantations where Cotton was King

• Usually on Good Fertile Lands

THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution

Cotton Gin Revolutionized

Cotton Production Cotton made up half of all

U.S. Exports by 1820

Built on the Backs

of 4 Million Slaves

THE GROWTH OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Society of the Market Revolution

• Poor Yeoman Farmers • Wealthy Plantation Owner

• Considered Ignorant and Lazy • Considered High & Mighty

• Widening Economic Inequalities

• Increased Gap between Rich & Poor

THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

• Frontier Homesteads in

Kentucky and Tennessee

• The Rise of New Urban Centers

along the Mississippi River

The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Landscape of the Market Revolution

• New Trails are blazed across

the Western Plains

• Using Conestoga Wagons

• The Santa Fe Trail

(Established in 1821)

• The Oregon Trail

(Established 1832 - 1834)

• The California Trail

(Established by 1847)

• The Mormon Trail

(Established in 1846)

THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Economy of the Market Revolution

Increased Trade along the Mississippi

Increased Diversity on Midwestern Farms

New Market Opportunities between the Eastern Merchants and the West

THE EXPANSION OF THE WEST

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

The Changing Society of the Market Revolution

Frontier Farmers River People Adventurers Western Pioneers

Westerners tended to more Egalitarian:

Believing that all people deserved Equal Rights and Opportunities in Life

The West became more Socially, Politically, and Economically Equal

Industrial North

Western Frontier

Southern Agriculture

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

The North and South Became vastly Different Regions

“King Cotton” had transformed the South into a rural region

with slavery, little manufacturing, & few railroads

The North had industrial factories, cities, paid immigrant

workers, railroads, & larger population

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

The North and South Became vastly Different Regions

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

Concerns over the Political Balance of Power Arose

1819: U.S. was made up

of 11 Free and 11 Slave

States

1820: Henry Clay

negotiated the Missouri

Compromise

Missouri became a slave state

Maine broke from Massachusetts

& became a free state

Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the

latitude of 36°30'

Economic Panic and the Demise of the Labor Unions

• The Tariff of 1828 and Changes in investing and banking between the

U.S. and Great Britain significantly impacted the American Economy:

• The Panic of 1837 through the

U.S. Economy into disarray:

The price of raw cotton

collapsed

6,000 wage workers in NYC

lost their jobs

• By 1843:

Prices had dropped 50%

Unemployment was at 20%

Unions had disappeared

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

The North and South Became divided by the Tariff

Southerners argued that the Tariff of 1828 only benefited

Northern Manufacturers

John C. Calhoun of S.C. declared the Tariff of

Abominations Null & Void

President Andrew Jackson fought against the States’ Rights & Secession Issue

THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND AMERICA’S

REGIONAL IDENTITIES (1790 – 1850)

THE RISE OF SECTIONALISM IN THE U.S.

Issues over Political Balance & Slavery Resurfaced

Texas was not annexed for Nine years because it would

unbalance the number of

free & slave states

The Mexican Cession of 1848 gave Southerners hope that slavery would spread to the

Pacific Ocean

The Wilmot Proviso was a failed attempt to resolve the

Slavery issue in the new lands