The Leaning Tower of Pisa · 2020. 6. 17. · 21015_BI.indd 1 07/02/2013 2:59 PM. The Leaning Tower...

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa Torre pendente di Pisa Pisa, Italy Booklet available in English on Livret disponible en français sur Folleto disponible en español en LEGO.com/Architecture

Transcript of The Leaning Tower of Pisa · 2020. 6. 17. · 21015_BI.indd 1 07/02/2013 2:59 PM. The Leaning Tower...

Page 1: The Leaning Tower of Pisa · 2020. 6. 17. · 21015_BI.indd 1 07/02/2013 2:59 PM. The Leaning Tower of Pisa. The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Torre pendente di Pisa) took almost 200 years

The Leaning Tower of PisaTorre pendente di PisaPisa, Italy

Booklet available in English on Livret disponible en français surFolleto disponible en español en LEGO.com/Architecture

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The Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Torre pendente di Pisa) took almost 200 years to complete and has stood beside the Cathedral of Pisa for over 600 years. Thanks to its famous tilt, it has become one of the world’s most recognizable architectural landmarks. The story behind the bell tower spans over 800 years of European history and provides a fascinating glimpse into a miracle of medieval engineering.

La tour penchée de Pise

La construction de la tour penchée de Pise (Torre pendente di Pisa) dura presque 200 ans, et elle se tient à côté de la Cathédrale de Pise depuis plus de 600 ans. Grâce à sa célèbre inclinaison, elle est devenue l’un des monuments architecturaux les plus célèbres du monde. L’histoire de ce clocher couvre plus de 800 ans d’histoire européenne et offre un regard fascinant sur un miracle d’ingénierie médiévale.

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© Shutterstock

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History

The story of the tower of Pisa begins in January 1172 when the widow Berta of Bernado left 60 soldi (gold coins) in her will to purchase stones for the construction of a bell tower. A year later, in August 1173, the first foundations for the tower were laid in the ground behind the existing Pisa Cathedral.

At that time, Pisa was a rich, independent trading port and it was hoped that the new tower would become a symbol of a city at the height of its cultural and economic power. Therefore the circular, freestanding tower was designed to be one of the tallest in Europe and included finely elaborately carved columns and intricate bas-reliefs.

Within five years, and with only two floors completed, the builders faced a serious obstacle – a combination of shallow foundations and soft, unstable subsoil was causing the tower to lean. Construction was stopped, and with Pisa’s prosperity and power on the decline, a hundred years would pass before building was resumed. Four more floors were added in 1272, the seventh floor in 1319 and the bell-chamber in 1372. On completion, the tower would stand 185 ft. (56.4 m) tall and consist of eight stories, including the bell-chamber. A total of seven bells, one for each note of the musical scale, were installed – adding even more weight to the already heavy structure. Throughout the construction period, and especially during the last one hundred years, many have tried to solve the tower’s overriding structural problem, more often than not, making

the problem worse. It would be 2008 before engineers could confirm that the tower had stopped moving for the first time in its history.

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Histoire

L’histoire de la tour de Pise commence en janvier 1172 lorsque la veuve Berta de Bernado légua 60 « soldi » (pièces d’or) dans son testament pour la construction d’un clocher. Un an plus tard, en août 1173, les premières bases de la tour furent posées sur le terrain à côté de la Cathédrale de Pise actuelle.

À ce moment, Pise était un riche port de commerce indépendant et espérait que sa nouvelle tour allait devenir le symbole d’une ville à l’apogée de sa puissance culturelle et économique. La tour circulaire autoportante était donc conçue pour être l’une des plus hautes d’Europe et incluait des colonnes savamment sculptées ainsi que des bas-reliefs sophistiqués.

Au bout de cinq ans, et avec seulement deux étages terminés, les constructeurs rencontrèrent un problème grave : la combinaison de bases trop peu profondes et d’un sous-sol mou et instable faisait en sorte que la tour commençait à pencher. Les travaux furent arrêtés et, la prospérité et la puissance de Pise déclinant lentement, cent ans passèrent avant que les travaux ne reprennent. Quatre étages supplémentaires furent ajoutés en 1272, le septième étage en 1319 et la salle des cloches en 1372. Une fois terminée, la tour devait mesurer environ 56,4 m et comprendre huit étages dont la salle des cloches. Un total de sept cloches, une pour chaque note de la gamme musicale, furent installées, augmentant le poids d’une structure déjà lourde. Pendant toute la durée de la construction, et surtout au cours des cent dernières années, beaucoup de gens ont essayé de résoudre le problème structurel de la tour, souvent en l’empirant. Ce n’est qu’en 2008 que les ingénieurs purent déclarer que la tour avait cessé de bouger pour la première fois de son histoire.

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Construction

While the Tower of Pisa is most known for “leaning”, it would still be a remarkable architectural structure without this famous feature. Constructed at a time when there was very little building of this kind being carried out in Europe, the intelligent use of columns and arches demonstrates an in-depth understanding of weight and load characteristics that was way ahead of its time.

What the architect overlooked however, was the clay-based soil and the need for a foundation capable of supporting a bell tower that would eventually weigh 16.000 tons (14.500 metric tons).

The eight-story tower was built with limestone and lime mortar, with an exterior covering of marble. Interestingly, the limestone is probably why the tower has not cracked and collapsed – the rock is flexible enough to withstand the pressures placed on it by the tilt. The bottom story of the tower is an arcade of 15 closed marble arches. Each of the following six stories contains 30 arches, while the final story, or bell-chamber, has 16 arches.

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Bien que la tour de Pise soit surtout célèbre pour son « inclinaison », elle resterait tout de même un monument architectural remarquable sans cette caractéristique notoire. En effet, elle fut construite à une époque où il y avait très peu de constructions de ce type en Europe. L’utilisation intelligente de colonnes et d’arches montre une compréhension des caractéristiques de poids et de charge très en avance sur son temps.

L’architecte n’a cependant pas tenu compte du sol à base d’argile et des fondations correctes nécessaires pour un clocher qui allait éventuellement peser 14 500 tonnes.

Cette tour de huit étages était construite en pierre calcaire et en mortier de chaux, avec une couverture extérieure en marbre. La pierre calcaire est probablement la raison pour laquelle la tour ne s’est pas cassée et n’est pas tombée, la pierre étant assez souple pour supporter les pressions imposées sur elle par l’inclinaison. L’étage inférieur de la tour est une arcade de 15 arches en marbre fermées. Chacun des six étages suivants contient 30 arches, tandis que le dernier étage, ou salle des cloches, contient 16 arches.

Construction

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Many of the attempts to rectify the tower’s leaning are just as interesting as the actual construction itself. After work resumed on the tower in 1272, engineers attempted to compensate for the tilt by building the upper floors with one side taller than the other. However, the weight of the extra floors caused the edifice to sink further and lean more.

In 1934, 362 holes were drilled in the base of the tower and filled with 99 tons (90 metric tons) of cement, with almost disastrous consequences. In the early 1990s, the tower was closed to the public and engineers anchored the tower to the ground using high tensile steel cable in an attempt to stabilize it. After two decades of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, it was announced in 2008 that the tower had been stabilized to such a degree that it had actually stopped moving for the first time in its history. It is now claimed that the tower will remain stable for at least 200 years.

Prior to this final restoration work, the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees. It now leans at 3.99 degrees. This means that the top of the tower is displaced horizontally by 12 ft. 10 in (3.9 m).

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Beaucoup de tentatives pour rectifier l’inclinaison de la tour sont tout aussi intéressantes que la construction elle-même. Après la reprise des travaux sur la tour en 1272, les ingénieurs ont essayé de compenser l’inclinaison en construisant les étages supérieurs avec un côté plus haut que l’autre. Cependant, le poids des étages supplémentaires fit que l’édifice s’enfonça davantage et pencha encore plus.

En 1934, 362 trous furent creusés à la base de la tour et remplis de 90 tonnes de ciment avec des conséquences presque désastreuses. Au début des années 1990, la tour fut fermée au public et les ingénieurs ancrèrent la tour au sol avec un câble d’acier à haute résistance pour essayer de la stabiliser. Après deux décennies de reconstruction corrective et d’efforts de stabilisation, il fut annoncé en 2008 que la tour avait été stabilisée et avait cessé de bouger pour la première fois de son histoire. Il est maintenant avancé que la tour restera stable pendant au moins 200 ans.

Avant les derniers travaux de restauration, la tour penchait à un angle de 5,5 degrés. Elle penche maintenant à environ 3,99 degrés. Ceci signifie que le haut de la tour est déplacé horizontalement de 3,9 m par rapport à l’endroit où il serait si la structure était parfaitement verticale.

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The identity of the Tower of Pisa’s first architect remains a mystery. For many years, the initial phase of the design work was attributed to Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa. However, recent studies appear to indicate that an architect named Diotisalvi, who designed the baptistery, was also responsible for the tower.

The second phase of construction is attributed to Giovani di Simone, who added four floors to the tower in 1275. Architect Tommaso di Andrea Pisano (1350-1372) was the architect who finished the work and succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower.

Today

The Leaning Tower of Pisa remains an iconic architectural landmark and a true feat of medieval engineering. Though more famous for its tilt, the true wonder of the tower is that it still stands after 800 years.

In 1987, the entire Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Square) – also known as Piazza Dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles) – including the tower as well as, the Cathedral, and baptistery was declared a Unesco World Heritage Site. This was an acknowledgement of the unique nature of the site and its importance as one of Italy’s most popular tourist attractions.

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La véritable identité du premier architecte de la tour de Pise demeure un mystère. Pendant de nombreuses années, la phase initiale de conception fut attribuée à Bonanno Pisano, un artiste résident de Pise célèbre au 12e siècle. Cependant, des recherches récentes semblent indiquer qu’un architecte appelé Diotisalvi était responsable de la tour. On sait, par exemple, qu’il a conçu le baptistère de l’autre côté de la cathédrale.

La deuxième phase de construction est plus claire et est attribuée à Giovani di Simone, qui a ajouté quatre étages à la tour en 1275. Tommaso di Andrea Pisano (1350-1372) est l’architecte qui termina le travail et parvint à harmoniser les éléments gothiques de la salle des cloches avec le style roman de la tour.

La tour penchée de Pise reste un bâtiment architectural emblématique et une véritable prouesse d’ingénierie médiévale. Elle est surtout célèbre pour son inclinaison, mais le réel prodige de la tour est qu’elle existe toujours après 800 ans.

En 1987, toute la Piazza del Duomo (Place de la cathédrale), aussi appelée Piazza Dei Miracoli (Place des miracles), incluant la tour, la cathédrale et le baptistère, a été déclarée site du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco. Ceci reconnaissait la nature unique du site et son importance comme l’une des attractions les plus populaires d’Italie.

Aujourd’hui

Architectes

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Facts about The Leaning Tower

Location: ........................................ Pisa, ItalyArchitects: ..................................... VariousDate: .................................................. Started 1173 – Completed 1399Construction type: ................. Bell TowerArchitectural Style: ................ Romanesque Tower/Gothic Bell ChamberMaterials: ....................................... Limestone, Lime mortar, Marble exteriorHeight: .............................................. 8 stories, 185 ft. (56.4 m)Diameter of base: .................. 50 ft. 9.6 in (15.484 m)Weight: ............................................. 16,000 tons (14,500 metric tons) Angle of tilt: .................................. 3.97 degrees 12 ft. 10 in (3.9 m) from vertical

Lieu: ................................................ Pise, ItalieArchitectes: ............................... DiversDate: ............................................... Commencée en 1173 - Terminée en 1399Type de construction: ........ ClocherStyle architectural: ............... Tour romane/Salle des cloches gothiqueMatériaux: ................................... Pierre calcaire, mortier de chaux, extérieur en marbreHauteur: ....................................... 8 étages (56,4 m)Diamètre de base: ............... 15 484 mPoids: ............................................ 14 500 tonnes Angle d’inclinaison: .............. 3,97 degrés (3,9 m) de la verticale

Informations sur la tour penchée

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© Shutterstock

Lieu: ................................................ Pise, ItalieArchitectes: ............................... DiversDate: ............................................... Commencée en 1173 - Terminée en 1399Type de construction: ........ ClocherStyle architectural: ............... Tour romane/Salle des cloches gothiqueMatériaux: ................................... Pierre calcaire, mortier de chaux, extérieur en marbreHauteur: ....................................... 8 étages (56,4 m)Diamètre de base: ............... 15 484 mPoids: ............................................ 14 500 tonnes Angle d’inclinaison: .............. 3,97 degrés (3,9 m) de la verticale

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At only 185 ft. (56.4 m), the Leaning Tower of Pisa is the smallest “tower” to achieve

worldwide recognition.

Avec une hauteur de seulement 56,4 m de haut, la tour penchée de Pise est la plus petite « tour »

mondialement célèbre.

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The fi rst bell was placed in the tower in 1198.

La première cloche fut placée dans la tour en 1198.

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The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh fl oor has two fewer steps on the north-facing

staircase.

La tour a 296 ou 294 marches, le septième étage ayant deux marches

de moins sur l’escalier nord.

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There are 207 individual columns ranged around the eight-story tower.

Il y a 207 colonnes individuelles sur la tour de huit étages.

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On the upper fl oors, one side is taller than the other. As a result,

the tower is actually curved.

Aux étages supérieurs, un côté est plus haut que l’autre. La tour

est donc courbe.

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© Shutterstock

The bell-chamber incorporates a built-in 5.5 in (14 cm) correction in

relation to the tower’s lean.

La salle des cloches comprend une correction intégrée de 14 cm par rapport à l’inclinaison de la tour.

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The foundation of the tower is only 10 ft. (3 m) deep, a key contributing

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Les fondations de la tour sont profondes de seulement 3 m, ce qui est la cause principale de sa

célèbre inclinaison.

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A Word from the Artist

“As an Architectural Artist, my desire is to capture the essence of a particular architectural landmark into its pure sculptural form. I fi rst and foremost do not view my models as literal replicas, but rather my own artistic interpretations through the use of LEGO® bricks as a medium.

In an attempt to appeal to the vast admirers of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, our specifi c aim was to ensure that it could be both aff orded and constructed by anyone looking to enjoy displaying a miniature Pisa they can call their own. To do so, I needed to adhere to a minimal element/part pallet, which would aff ect the model’s scale, level of detail and construction techniques while maintaining structural integrity.

Exploring diff erent, creative solutions and incorporating artistic license makes it possible to capture the essence of the structure without sacrifi cing its identity. Once the identifi able features, subtle details, and overall form were completed, I turned my attention to accomplishing the task of what color would best represent the building materials used in the real structure. The color selection turned out to be rather eff ortless since white was the clear choice for representing the tower’s white Italian marble from Carrara.”

Adam Reed Tucker

The Leaning Tower of Pisa model was created in close collaboration with the LEGO design team. They look at the model from a LEGO building point of view and ensure the construction process is simple, logical, and a positive experience for the user.

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« En tant qu’artiste architecte, je veux capturer l’essence d’un monument architectural spécifi que dans sa forme sculpturale la plus pure. Je ne vois pas mes maquettes comme des répliques exactes, mais plutôt comme ma propre interprétation artistique avec des briques LEGO® comme vecteur.

Afi n d’attirer les nombreux admirateurs de la tour penchée, notre but spécifi que fut d’assurer que le modèle était abordable et pouvait être construit par toute personne souhaitant exposer sa propre tour de Pise miniature. Pour ce faire, je devais utiliser un minimum d’éléments qui permette d’obtenir l’échelle, le niveau de détail et les techniques de construction du modèle tout en préservant l’intégrité structurelle.

Explorer diff érentes solutions créatives et incorporer une certaine liberté artistique permet de capturer l’essence de la structure sans sacrifi er son identité. Une fois que les caractéristiques identifi ables, les détails subtils et la forme d’ensemble furent terminés, j’ai tourné mon attention vers le choix de la couleur qui représenterait le mieux le matériau de construction utilisé dans la vraie structure. Le choix de la couleur fut relativement facile, car le blanc était le choix évident pour représenter le marbre blanc italien de Carrare de la tour. »

Adam Reed Tucker

Le modèle de la tour penchée de Pise fut créé en collaboration étroite avec l’équipe de design LEGO. Ils regardent le modèle du point de vue de la construction LEGO et s’assurent que le processus de construction est simple et logique, et constitue une expérience positive pour l’utilisateur.

Un mot de l’artiste

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The ‘Scale Model’ line – LEGO Architecture in the 1960sThe history of the current LEGO Architecture series can be traced back to the beginning of the 1960s, when the popularity of the LEGO brick was steadily increasing. Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, the then owner of the company, began looking for ways to further expand the LEGO system and asked his designers to come up with a set of components that would add a new dimension to LEGO building.

Their answer was as simple as it was revolutionary: five elements that matched the existing bricks, but were only one third the height. These new building ‘‘plates’’ made it possible to construct more detailed models than before.

This greater LEGO flexibility seemed to match the spirit of the age; modernist architects were redefining how houses looked, and people were taking an active role in the design of their dream homes. It was from these trends that the LEGO ‘Scale Model’ line was born in early 1962.

The name itself was a direct link to the way architects and engineers worked, and it was hoped that they and others would build their projects ‘to scale’ in LEGO elements. As with LEGO Architecture today, the original sets were designed to be different from the normal, brightly colored LEGO boxes, and also included ‘An Architectural Book’’ for inspiration.

Though the five elements remain an integral part of the LEGO building system today, the ‘Scale Model’ line was phased out in 1965. Many of the principles from the series would re-emerge over 40 years later in the LEGO Architecture series we know today.

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La gamme des « Maquettes à l’échelle » - LEGO Architecture dans les années 1960L’histoire de l’actuelle série LEGO Architecture remonte au début des années 1960 lorsque la popularité de la brique LEGO augmentait toujours. Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, alors propriétaire de la société, commença à rechercher des façons d’étendre le système LEGO et demanda à ses designers de trouver un ensemble de nouveaux composants pour ajouter une nouvelle dimension à la construction LEGO

Leur réponse fut aussi simple que révolutionnaire : cinq éléments qui correspondaient aux briques existantes, mais trois fois moins hauts. Ces nouvelles « plaques » de construction ont permis de construire des modèles plus détaillés que par le passé.

Cette plus grande flexibilité LEGO semblait correspondre à l’esprit de l’époque, alors que les architectes modernes redéfinissaient les maisons, et que les gens s’intéressaient activement à la conception de la maison de leurs rêves. C’est à partir de ces tendances que la gamme « Maquettes à l’échelle » vit le jour au début de 1962.

Le nom lui-même était un lien direct avec la façon dont les architectes et les ingénieurs travaillaient, en espérant qu’ils allaient, ainsi que d’autres, construire leurs projets « à l’échelle » avec des éléments LEGO. Comme avec LEGO Architecture aujourd’hui, les ensembles originaux étaient conçus pour être différents des boîtes LEGO normales aux couleurs vives, et incluaient aussi « un livret d’architecture » comme source d’inspiration.

Ces cinq éléments font toujours partie du système de construction LEGO actuel mais la gamme « Maquettes à l’échelle » fut interrompue en 1965. Il fallut 40 ans pour que ses principes reprennent vie dans la série LEGO Architecture que nous connaissons aujourd’hui.

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Architect series

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Série Architecture

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Landmark series

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Série Édifi ces historiques

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Customer ServiceKundenserviceService ConsommateursServicio Al Consumidor

www.lego.com/service or dial

00800 5346 5555 :1-800-422-5346 :

References

Text credits:

www.leaningtowerofpisa.net

www.towerofpisa.info

en.wikipedia.org

Photo credits:

www.shutterstock.com

www.gettyimages.com

en.wikipedia.org

Références

Crédits textes :

www.leaningtowerofpisa.net

www.towerofpisa.info

en.wikipedia.org

Crédits photos :

www.shutterstock.com

www.gettyimages.com

en.wikipedia.org

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