The Industrial Revolution A new kind of revolution.
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution A new kind of revolution.
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The Industrial Revolution
A new kind of revolution
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Introduction
What was revolutionary about the Industrial Revolution?It changed the way people worked!
The Industrial Revolution is the era when power-driven machinery was developed. What power-driven machines do you use in your
everyday life?
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution
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Causes The Agrarian
Revolution A population
explosion A revolution
in energy
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Agrarian Revolution
Famers improved livestock breeding and created better varieties of crops
Jethro Tull invented the seed drillMade planting grain
more efficient
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Enclosure movementWealthy farmers bought up land and combined
small fields to created larger, fenced-in fieldsAllowed for more efficient farming methodsKicked poor famers off their land
Crop rotationRotated crops to prevent a field from losing all of
its important minerals
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Population Growth
Greater food supply led to a population boom
Poor famers moved into cities Human numbers through the ages
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The Energy Revolution
From the beginning of history, the physical labor of humans and animals provided energy for work
This all changed when we began to harness the power of water and coal
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In 1769 James Watt developed the steam engine powered by coalThis invention
would run the machines of the Industrial Revolution
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James Watt and his steam engine design
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Britain starts the Industrial Revolution
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Britain leads the way
Industrialization began in Britain, and by the 1800s would spread to the United States, Japan, Germany, and other countries
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Exploration and colonizationColonies around the world provided raw materialsColonies also became new markets for finished
goods Geography
As an island, Britain had many natural harbors and rivers that could be used for trade, transportation, and a power source for factories.
Britain also had an abundance of coal and iron.
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Political stabilityBritain had a strong, stable government that
supported businessmen. The powerful British navy also protected overseas trade.
Growth of private investmentBecause of their huge overseas empire the British
had a very strong economy. Wealthy middle-class Englishmen invested their money in mines, railroads, inventions, and factories.
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Factors of Production
Great Britian had all three factors of production:Land
Natural resources like coal, rivers, harbors, etc.
Labor A growing population that made a willing
workforce
Capitol Funds for investment from wealthy citizens
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Advances of the Industrial Revolution
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Textiles
Before the Industrial Revolution, spinners and weavers made clothing at home by hand. Cotton was spun into thread, and then woven into cloth. Later the cloth was dyed by an artisan.
This was known as the cottage industry, or domestic system, which was very slow.
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Textiles: Inventions
The old ways of making cloth were completely transformed with industrialization Flying shuttle- John KaySpinning Jenny- James HargreavesWater frame- Richard ArkwrightSpinning Mule- Samuel Crompton
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Flying shuttle- John KayHand-operatedWove cloth
more quickly
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Spinning Jenny- James Hargreaves One person
could spin 16 threads at once
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Water frame- Richard ArkwrightFaster, water-
powered spinner
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Spinning Mule- Samuel CromptonFastest of all, produced the best thread
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Factories
Because the spinning mule needed water power to function, producers set up factories with water wheels along streams.
Factory – place where workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods.
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Mass Production
The system of manufacturing large numbers of identical itemsMade possible by interchangeable parts and
the assembly line Interchangeable parts: identical, machine-made
parts Assembly line: production moves from worker to
worker, items made more quickly
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Transportation
In the early 1800s George Stephenson developed steam-powered locomotives to pull carts along rails. Railroads increased trade and industry, and connected Britain from one end to the other
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Transportation
In 1807 Robert Fulton, an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power a boat up the Hudson River.
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
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Urbanization
During the Industrial Revolution, people moved from villages and towns into cities
Urbanization: movement of people to cities Garbage filled overcrowded city streets and
disease spread
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“It was a town of red brick, or brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but, as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black, like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves forever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal, and a river ran purple with ill-smelling dye.”
Charles Dickens, Hard Times
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Poor Working Conditions
Factory conditions were very harsh. Men, women, and even children worked 12 to 16 hours a day
Work was monotonous and boring, and could also be dangerous and unhealthy
Women were hired because they could be paid less than men
Children were hired by textile mills and mines because of their size
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New Class Structure
Upper class: rich, industrial business owners Upper middle class: professionals like doctors
and lawyers Lower middle class: teachers, shop owners,
office workers Working class: factory workers
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New Class Structure
Impact on Women Middle class women
Enjoyed more economic opportunities Greater access to education Affected by idea of “separate spheres”
Working-class women Separated from families Found jobs because more people could afford to hire them Some or no improvement to status
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New ideas about economics
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The problems caused by the Industrial Revolution caused many to look for solutions. While some believed the market would eventually fix the problems, others believed there should be a change in government.
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Laissez-faire Economics
The idea that government should not interfere with business- “free to do”
Adam SmithWealth of NationsFather of economicsPromoted laissez-faire
capitalism (means of production privately owned for profit)
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Smith argued that free market forces of supply and demand would produce more goods at lower pricesIt would also encourage investors to invest money
in new ideas Claimed that the “invisible hand” of capitalism
would lead individuals to work for their own good and the good of the entire community
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Thomas Malthus In his 1798 Essay on the Principle of
Population, Malthus predicted that population growth would outpace food supply
Warned that the poor would suffer from starvation and that the only option was to have fewer children
His predictions didn’t come true: food supply grew faster than the population
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Socialism
A system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses
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Socialism
Socialists claimed that industrial capitalism had made a large gap between the rich and the poor
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Socialism
Socialists cared less about individual ownership rights, and more about the interests of society
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Utopian Socialism
Sought to create self-sufficient communities where all property and work would be shared, and fighting would end
Robert Owen set up a utopian community in Scotland Provided housing fair
wages, education
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Communism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels promoted “scientific socialism” in their work The Communist Manifesto
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Communism
A form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees and inevitable
History was a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (wealthy capitalists) and the proletariat (working class)
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Communism
The proletariat would eventually revolt and create their own classless society
1917 revolt in Russia set up the first communist state