The Industrial Revolution (1750-1914)
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Transcript of The Industrial Revolution (1750-1914)
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1750-1914)
THE FIRST INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION: BRITAIN (1750-1850)
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: WESTERN
EUROPE, USA, JAPAN (1850-1914)
Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution An ancient Greek or Roman would have been
just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years
The Industrial Revolution changed human life drastically
More was created in the last approximately 250 years than in the previous 2500+ years of known human history
What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a
fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labour to machines
The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production triggered far-reaching changes to industrialized societies
Developments Machines were invented that replaced
human labour
New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – water, steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
Increased use of metals and mineralsAluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
Developments Continued Transportation improved
Ships○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
TrainsAutomobiles
Communication improvedTelegraphTelephoneRadio
Developments Continued Mass production of goods
Increased numbers of goodsIncreased diversity of goods produced
Development of factory system of production“Division of Labour” – complex tasks
completed as a series of simpler tasks. Less skilled workers needed.
Rural-to-urban migrationPeople left farms to work in cities
Developments Continued Development of capitalism
Financial capital (investment) for continued industrial growth
Development and growth of new socio-economic classesWorking class (proletariat) and wealthy
industrial class (bourgeoisie or middle class)
Commitment to research and developmentInvestments in new technologiesIndustry and government interest in
promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth
Background of the Industrial Revolution Commercial Revolution
15th, 16th, and 17th centuriesEuropeans expanded their power
worldwideIncreased geographic knowledgeColonies in the Americas and AsiaIncreased trade and commerceGuild system (associations of
tradespeople or merchants) could not meet the demands of increasing numbers goods
Background of the Industrial Revolution Scientific Revolution
17th and 18th centuries Discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, etc.
Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment) 17th and 18th centuries Writings of Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, etc.
Atmosphere of discovery and free intellectual inquiry Greater knowledge of the world Weakened superstition and tradition Encouraged learning and the search for better and newer
ways of doing things
Remember the simulation?
Something occurred in Britain that was both a cause and an effect of the Industrial Revolution…
THE AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
The Agricultural Revolution Agricultural methods had not changed much since the
Middle Ages
Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow
Open-field system – unfenced farms with few improvements made to the land. Farmers sometimes worked several strips in different locations – inefficient.
Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the land fallow each year to restore fertility to the soil – inefficient, but necessary.
No significant surplus – only enough food was made to feed the population
Open-field System
3 Field System
Britain’s Enclosure Acts Between 1760 and 1830, Britain consolidated
(enclosed) the small parcels of land in the Open Field System through a series of acts to make farming more efficient
Formed large parcels of land that could now be owned by wealthy land owners and experimented on (new methods/varieties of crops applied to fallow)
Much of the taken-over land was used for sheep grazing to feed the Industrial Revolution’s demand for wool
Less available land and low demand for farmers cost a lot of farmers their land and livelihood
Agriculture and Industry The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to
farms and increased food production
The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed
Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factoriesThis is called rural-to-urban migration
Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more cropsFood to eatRaw materials (like cotton) for textile factories
Agricultural
Revolution
Increased food
production
Lower food
pricesPeople ate
more
More healthy babies
were born
Population
skyrocketed
Social Changes:Population Increases
• 1750 – 144,000,000• 1900 – 325,000,000Europe
• 1750 - 11,000,000• 1900 - 30,000,000
England
• Many people immigrated to industrialized countries• Numerous nationalities to the United States• Irish to Manchester and Liverpool in England
• Population growth in industrialized nations required growing even more food