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Bochum, Germanye-mail: myoung.yu@rub.de

200

The Humanitarian's Dilemma: The experience ofinternational NGOs in North Korea.

BRONWEN DALTON AND KYUNGJA JUNG

University ofTechnology, Sydney'

ABSTRACT

Until the drastic reduction in the flow ofinternational aidprecipitated by US sanctions in2005, International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs) conducted significantoperations in the Democratic People's Republic ofKorea (DPRK). The DPRK solicitedassistance from the international community in 1995, after a major flood and subsequentchronic food shortage. Over subsequent years the country became increasingly dependanton international assistance. Given this dependence on foreign aid by one of the world'smost isolated, repressive andpotentially dangerous regimes and the recent withdrawal of'many aid agencies, it is timely to examine the impact of INGO operations, not only inhumanitarian terms but with regards to economic, political and social development. Afterdiscussion of the various theories relating to the role ofINGOs in economic, social andpolitical development, including their potential to promote democratisation, the pdperexamines the impact of the activities of international aid organisations participatingdirectly or indirectly in the provision ofhumanitarian aid, assistance or development inthe DPRK. Based on the findings of10 semi-structured telephone interviews with relevantINGO personnel, INGO documents and other economic and social data, the paperexamines the impact of INGOs on three key areas: Humanitarian objectives, economicdevelopment andpolitical/ social development.

ntil the drastic reduction in the flow of international aid precipitated by US sanctions inOS, International Non-Governmental Organisations (lNGOs) conducted significanterations in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). The DPRK solicitedsistance from the international community in 1995, after a major flood and subsequentronic food shortage. Over subsequent years the country became increasingly dependantinternational assistance. By 2001, North Korea received more food aid from the UNrld Food Programme (WFP) and US government than any other country. Similarly,

Yate relief aid to North Korea significantly increased, with approximately 130nisations worldwide providing over US$1.66 billion in aid between 1995 and 2000.

Iln this dependence on foreign aid by one of the world's most isolated, repressive and.~ntially dangerous regimes and the recent withdrawal ofmany aid agencies, it is timely, xamine the impact of lNGO operations, not only in humanitarian terms but with

ds to economic, political and social development.

After discussion of the various theories relating to the role of lNGOs in economic,land political development, including their potential to promote democratisation, the

examines the impact of the activities of international aid organisations participatingfy or indirectly in the provision of humanitarian aid, assistance or development in the

Based on the findings of 10 semi-structured telephone interviews with relevantpersonnel, lNGO documents and other economic and social data, the paper

like to acknowledge Professor John Casey for his valuable input for the draft of this paper

201

Published byThe Korean Studies Association of Australasia

© Copyright remains with the contributors and editor

ISBN 978-0-9806679-0-5

Editor's Notes

This book contains the proceedings of the 6th Biennial Korean Studies Association ofAustralasia (KSAA) Conference: Global Korea: Old and New, held at the University ofSydney 9-10 July 2009. After its establishment in 1994, the KSSA launched its firstconference in 1999 at the University of New South Wales, Sydney. As a result, this eventmarks a decade since the founding of the KSAA Conference, commemorated by the returnof the conference to its city of origin.

The theme of the conference, Global Korea: Old and New, was chosen to reflect not onlyvarious issues related to globalisation and the current development of 'new' Korea butalso to meet the demand for academic investigation of how 'old' Korea related to the restof the world.

As you know, recently the Republic of Korea has been dramatically transformed bymodernity and faced many challenges associated with such change. The majority of paperspresented at the Conference, which appear in this volume, concern issues associated withglobalism, as well as topics that delve into both old and contemporary Korea. Some papersexamine global Korea from past perspectives, while others advance .a vision andphilosophy for the future based on Korea's currentsituation.:~ ..

Thanks to the initiative of our first KSAA Conference organiser, Dr Chung-Sok Suh of theUNSW, this Conference has a valued tradition of not only requiring presenters to submitfull papers to the conference organiser but also of offering them the opportunity to submittheir papers for publication in the proceedings prior to the Conference. The five previouslypublished proceedings have advanced Korean studies and provided a strong academicfoundation for future research. All the proceedings represent the time, effort andintellectual rigor of experts who cherish Korea and Korean studies, and establish a strongbenchmark for additional academic scholarship. Since the 5th Biennial KSAA Conference,held at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth under the guidance of Dr Kyu SukShin, conference organizers have produced refereed conference papers that have beengublished in the form of Conference proceedings. This makes the Conference moreyaluable to academics and researchers worldwide since refereed conference papers havethe same standing as papers published in professional journals.

rpllis time, 32 papers underwent the review process at the request of authors. The double­lil1d peer review process began in late April. Each paper was sent to two referees in the

I?; without information on the author's identity. Referee comments were relayed to the~lllors. The authors of the 20 papers selected for publication then made appropriateYi$ions or corrections to reflect issues raised by the referees. Final versions appear in

"on I: Refereed Papers. Section 2 contains 26 non-refereed papers and other material:~~llted at the Conference. In each section, papers are listed in alphabetical order basedl~~field of study and the author's name.

los addressed by the papers in this volume include:

lltbropology: There is an intriguing paper on an aspect of old Korea: an~Ilthropological and archaeological study of the relationship between earlyMongols and ancient Koreans.

lstory: Two papers discuss modernity in Korean art since the late Chasonnasty.

1