Solution Focused Therapy Modernity, Post modernity.

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Solution Focused Therapy Solution Focused Therapy Modernity, Post Modernity, Post modernity modernity

Transcript of Solution Focused Therapy Modernity, Post modernity.

Solution Focused TherapySolution Focused TherapyModernity, Post modernity Modernity, Post modernity

Usage of Counseling/Psychotherapy ModelsUsage of Counseling/Psychotherapy Models Types/ ModelsOf Counseling/Psychotherapy

IllinoisN=584n=18631.84%

NationalN=1660n= 45627.5%

CounselN=877n=24127.48%

PsychN=437n=9421.51%

S.W.N=346n=11934.39%

Adlerian 6 3 3 0 0

Behavioral 65 58 35 11 9

Brief Strategic 35 35 16 6 9

Client Centered 38 39 33 3 2

Cognitive 66 93 49 34 9

Family Systems 54 65 35 8 21

Jungian 1 1 0 1 0

Narrative 9 3 0 2 1

Psychodynamic 34 58 10 25 24

Reality 23 27 24 0 3

Solution Focused 82 82 51 4 25

Structural 5 3 1 0 2

Usage frequency of various models of counseling/psychotherapy as reported by Internship Sites, from Illinois Counseling, and by discipline in the USA*. Data from COR Grant research from a State of Illinois Survey (1999-2000) and a National Survey (2000-01), by Dr. Jeffrey K. Edwards, Department of Counselor Education, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL 60625. * Most all sites also provide internship preparation for multi-disciplines.

An interesting story about a famous research scientist who had An interesting story about a famous research scientist who had made several very important medical breakthroughs came about as made several very important medical breakthroughs came about as he was being interviewed by a newspaper reporter who asked him he was being interviewed by a newspaper reporter who asked him why he thought he was able to be so much more creative than the why he thought he was able to be so much more creative than the average person. What set him so far apart from the others?average person. What set him so far apart from the others?

He responded that, in his opinion, it all came from an experience He responded that, in his opinion, it all came from an experience with his mother that occurred when he was about two years old. He with his mother that occurred when he was about two years old. He had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when had been trying to remove a bottle of milk from the refrigerator when he lost his grip on the slippery bottle and it fell, spilling its Contents he lost his grip on the slippery bottle and it fell, spilling its Contents all over the kitchen floor—a veritable sea of milkall over the kitchen floor—a veritable sea of milk

When his mother came into the kitchen, instead of yelling at him, When his mother came into the kitchen, instead of yelling at him, giving him a lecture, or punishing him, she said, “Robert, what a giving him a lecture, or punishing him, she said, “Robert, what a great and wonderful mess you have made! I have rarely seen such great and wonderful mess you have made! I have rarely seen such a huge puddle of milk. Well, the damage has already been done. a huge puddle of milk. Well, the damage has already been done. Would you like to get down and play in the milk for a few minutes Would you like to get down and play in the milk for a few minutes before we clean it up? before we clean it up?

Indeed, he did. After a few minutes, his mother said, You know Indeed, he did. After a few minutes, his mother said, You know Robert, whenever you make a mess like this, eventually you have to Robert, whenever you make a mess like this, eventually you have to clean it up and restore everything to its proper order. So, how would clean it up and restore everything to its proper order. So, how would you like to do that? We could use a sponge, and towel or a mop. you like to do that? We could use a sponge, and towel or a mop. Which do you prefer?” He chose the sponge and together they Which do you prefer?” He chose the sponge and together they cleaned up the spilled milk.cleaned up the spilled milk.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

Modernity -Modernity -Functionalism - Functionalism - Structuralism -Structuralism -

Logical positivism –Logical positivism –

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Second Order Cybernetics -Second Order Cybernetics -

Constructivism (radical and social)Constructivism (radical and social)

Epistemology -Epistemology -

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

Modernity –Modernity –Modernity, which began intellectually Modernity, which began intellectually

with the Enlightenment, attempted to with the Enlightenment, attempted to describe the world in rational, empirical describe the world in rational, empirical and objective terms. It assumed that there and objective terms. It assumed that there was a truth to be uncovered, a way of was a truth to be uncovered, a way of obtaining answers to the question posed obtaining answers to the question posed by the human condition. by the human condition.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponderModernity -Modernity -

Functionalism - Functionalism -

Functionalism is one of the major proposals that have Functionalism is one of the major proposals that have been offered as solutions to the mind/body problem. Solutions to been offered as solutions to the mind/body problem. Solutions to the mind/body problem usually try to answer questions such as: the mind/body problem usually try to answer questions such as: What is the ultimate nature of the mental? That is, What is the ultimate nature of the mental? That is, what makes a what makes a thought a thought? What makes a pain a painthought a thought? What makes a pain a pain? Functionalism says Functionalism says that mental states are constituted by their causal relations to one that mental states are constituted by their causal relations to one another and to sensory inputs and behavioral outputs. another and to sensory inputs and behavioral outputs. Functionalism is one of the major theoretical developments of Functionalism is one of the major theoretical developments of Twentieth Century analytic philosophy, and provides the Twentieth Century analytic philosophy, and provides the conceptual underpinnings of much work in cognitive science. conceptual underpinnings of much work in cognitive science.

Functionalists believe that the basis of an orderly society Functionalists believe that the basis of an orderly society is the existence of a is the existence of a central value system that imposes central value system that imposes common values on all its members.common values on all its members. Therefore, when Therefore, when Functionalists look at the ways in which the various parts of Functionalists look at the ways in which the various parts of society contribute to bringing about social order they are mainly society contribute to bringing about social order they are mainly concerned with the ways in which these parts help to perpetuate concerned with the ways in which these parts help to perpetuate and maintain this common value system. and maintain this common value system.

In architecture, functionalists believed that all that was In architecture, functionalists believed that all that was required of buildings was that they do their job. required of buildings was that they do their job. Mies Van Der Mies Van Der RoheRohe

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

Modernity -Modernity -

Structuralism –Structuralism –In the 1960's, the structuralist movement, In the 1960's, the structuralist movement,

based in France, attempted to synthesize the based in France, attempted to synthesize the ideas of Marx, Freud and Saussure. They ideas of Marx, Freud and Saussure. They disagreed with the existentialists' claim that each disagreed with the existentialists' claim that each man is what he makes himself. For the man is what he makes himself. For the structuralist the individual is shaped by structuralist the individual is shaped by sociological, psychological and linguistic sociological, psychological and linguistic structures over which he/she has no control, but structures over which he/she has no control, but which could be uncovered by using their methods which could be uncovered by using their methods of investigation. of investigation.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

Modernity -Modernity -Logical positivism –Logical positivism –

Twentieth-century philosophical movement Twentieth-century philosophical movement that used a strict principle of that used a strict principle of verifiability to to reject as meaningless the non-empirical reject as meaningless the non-empirical statements of statements of metaphysics, theology, and , theology, and ethics. Under the influence of . Under the influence of Hume, Russell, and the early , and the early Wittgenstein, the the logical positivists regarded as meaningful only statements reporting only statements reporting empirical observations, logic and mathematics. observations, logic and mathematics.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Second Order CyberneticsSecond Order Cybernetics

Constructivism (radical and Constructivism (radical and social)social)

Epistemology –Epistemology –

Narrative -Narrative -

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Post-structuralism and deconstruction can be seen as the Post-structuralism and deconstruction can be seen as the theoretical formulations of the post-modern condition. Modernity, theoretical formulations of the post-modern condition. Modernity, which began intellectually with the Enlightenment, attempted to which began intellectually with the Enlightenment, attempted to describe the world in rational, empirical and objective terms. It describe the world in rational, empirical and objective terms. It assumed that there was a truth to be uncovered, a way of assumed that there was a truth to be uncovered, a way of obtaining answers to the question posed by the human condition. obtaining answers to the question posed by the human condition. Post-modernism does not exhibit this confidence. The underlying Post-modernism does not exhibit this confidence. The underlying certainties that reason promised are considered with skepticism, certainties that reason promised are considered with skepticism, and reason is seen as a particular historical form, and truth is and reason is seen as a particular historical form, and truth is subject to scrutiny. The postmodern person has no rational way to subject to scrutiny. The postmodern person has no rational way to evaluate a preference in relation to judgments of truth, morality, evaluate a preference in relation to judgments of truth, morality, aesthetic experience or objectivity. As the old hierarchies of aesthetic experience or objectivity. As the old hierarchies of thought are torn down, a new clearing is formed on the frontiers of thought are torn down, a new clearing is formed on the frontiers of understanding.understanding.Gone are truth and the need for hierarchical positioning. Gone are truth and the need for hierarchical positioning. Life and meaning can be deconstructed, and new meanings Life and meaning can be deconstructed, and new meanings provided with equal validity.provided with equal validity.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Second Order CyberneticsSecond Order Cybernetics

All knowledge is based on what we All knowledge is based on what we have learned, not on truths. have learned, not on truths.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Constructivism (radical and Constructivism (radical and social)social)

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Constructivism (radical and Constructivism (radical and social)social)

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – –

Epistemology –Epistemology –

The study of knowledge, or The study of knowledge, or how we know what we know.how we know what we know.

Philosophical frameworks to ponderPhilosophical frameworks to ponder

PostmodernismPostmodernism – – Narrative Narrative ––All of history as well as knowledge are All of history as well as knowledge are

made “true” by those who are in power, (not by made “true” by those who are in power, (not by all who are stakeholders) who put forth the all who are stakeholders) who put forth the knowledge. Concepts and knowledge are knowledge. Concepts and knowledge are “colonized” or “marginalized” by those doing the “colonized” or “marginalized” by those doing the reporting and recording.reporting and recording.

Our stories all have meaning, and through Our stories all have meaning, and through the telling and retelling (deconstructing) they the telling and retelling (deconstructing) they change and create new meanings, The stories change and create new meanings, The stories that have been told about us by others (family that have been told about us by others (family and other groups) maintain us in our positions and other groups) maintain us in our positions and behaviors.and behaviors.

Getting the larger perspectiveGetting the larger perspective Imagine the Pacific Ocean, and Seal Island Imagine the Pacific Ocean, and Seal Island

point off shore of San Diego. It is a habitat for point off shore of San Diego. It is a habitat for all sorts of marine life, and harbor seals and all sorts of marine life, and harbor seals and walrus actually come here to play. It is fully walrus actually come here to play. It is fully ocean, and those who live there believe it to ocean, and those who live there believe it to be ocean. Now back away from this and see be ocean. Now back away from this and see the ocean, of which Seal Island is only a piece the ocean, of which Seal Island is only a piece of the magnificent and larger piece of ocean. of the magnificent and larger piece of ocean. Your understanding of life is like that! A piece Your understanding of life is like that! A piece of a larger, more magnificent and unknowable of a larger, more magnificent and unknowable whole. whole.

Solution-focused- PhilosophySolution-focused- Philosophy

Each individual has skills and Each individual has skills and resources to solve problemsresources to solve problems

Therapist’s task is to help clients Therapist’s task is to help clients identify resourcesidentify resources

Solution-focused-PhilosophySolution-focused-Philosophy

Change is inevitable Change is inevitable Views of situations are what remains the sameViews of situations are what remains the same Therapist’s task is to identify and amplify Therapist’s task is to identify and amplify

changechange History is not importantHistory is not important Therapist’s task is to identify what is already Therapist’s task is to identify what is already

workingworking Symptoms do not serve functions Symptoms do not serve functions

Solution-focused-PhilosophySolution-focused-Philosophy

Small changes lead to additional changes Small changes lead to additional changes - Snowball effect- Snowball effect

There is no single “valid” approach to a healthy There is no single “valid” approach to a healthy lifestylelifestyle

Clients identify goals of treatmentClients identify goals of treatment Each person’s perspective is equally validEach person’s perspective is equally valid Views on problems enhance or diminish problemsViews on problems enhance or diminish problems People create meanings from their experiencesPeople create meanings from their experiences Meaning limits alternatives Meaning limits alternatives

Solution-focused Source of motivationSolution-focused Source of motivation

Individuals must create and find meaning Individuals must create and find meaning thru:thru:

Languaging Languaging

Storying Storying

Solution-focused Development of Solution-focused Development of pathologypathology

Focusing on negatives Focusing on negatives Interpretation of experiencesInterpretation of experiencesPhenomenological experiencePhenomenological experiencePrior solutionsPrior solutions

Solution- focused Nature of changeSolution- focused Nature of change

Focus on positives Focus on positives Focus on resourcesFocus on resourcesFocus on strengthsFocus on strengths

Solution-focused Nature of changeSolution-focused Nature of change

Change the “doing” of the situation Change the “doing” of the situation perceived as negativeperceived as negative

Change the viewing of the situationChange the viewing of the situationEvoke resources, solutions, and Evoke resources, solutions, and

strengths of situation strengths of situation

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques

Use of language by:Use of language by:““Normalizing” complaintsNormalizing” complaintsRe-creating meaning Re-creating meaning

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques

Solution Focused therapy (Cubs coach Solution Focused therapy (Cubs coach Jim Fry and the movie )Jim Fry and the movie )

Look for exceptions to the problemLook for exceptions to the problem Have them do more of what worksHave them do more of what works Miracle questionsMiracle questions Movie method and having them move into Movie method and having them move into

that behaviorally.that behaviorally. Solution Forced TherapySolution Forced Therapy deShazar: the death of resistance.deShazar: the death of resistance.

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques

Joining- Use of client language, Joining- Use of client language, focus on chit chatfocus on chit chat

Exploration of “exceptions” Exploration of “exceptions”

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques

Presupposition questions Presupposition questions So what brings you in?So what brings you in?When does “X” not occur?, When does “X” not occur?, What is different about the times What is different about the times

when ___?when ___?How did you get that to happen? How did you get that to happen? How does it make your day go How does it make your day go

differently when ____(exception)?differently when ____(exception)?

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques

Who else noticed that _________? Who else noticed that _________? How did you get her to stop _____? How did you get her to stop _____? How is it different from the way you How is it different from the way you might have handled it  ________ might have handled it  ________ ago? ago? What do you do for fun? What are What do you do for fun? What are your hobbies and interests?your hobbies and interests?

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques ? ?

Have you ever had this difficulty in in the past?  Have you ever had this difficulty in in the past?  How did you resolve it then? What would you do How did you resolve it then? What would you do to get that to happen again? to get that to happen again? Solution-focused Techniques Solution-focused Techniques Back to the future: Fast-forward questions Back to the future: Fast-forward questions Miracle question Miracle question Are their small pieces of this that are already Are their small pieces of this that are already occurring? occurring? How will your life be different? How will your life be different? Who will be the first to noticeWho will be the first to notice

Solution-focused TechniquesSolution-focused Techniques    

What will he/she do or say? What will he/she do or say? How will you respond? How will you respond?

Two exercises - Two exercises -

Solution oriented therapist and King of Possibilities, Solution oriented therapist and King of Possibilities, Bill O”Hanlon suggests that you:Bill O”Hanlon suggests that you:

Recall a time or phase in your life when you felt free, Recall a time or phase in your life when you felt free, flowing, alive, energetic, expansive, or resourceful.flowing, alive, energetic, expansive, or resourceful. Recreate the experience. Recreate the experience.How did you feel in your body during that moment or How did you feel in your body during that moment or those times?those times?What was your thinking like at that moment or those What was your thinking like at that moment or those times?times?How did you relate to others during that moment or How did you relate to others during that moment or those times?those times?

O’HanlonO’Hanlon What actions did you take that were different What actions did you take that were different

from your usual actions during that moment or from your usual actions during that moment or those times?those times?Bring that sense to any situation in which you Bring that sense to any situation in which you are having current difficulty or anticipate having are having current difficulty or anticipate having difficulty in the future.difficulty in the future.After recreating the experience, bring it to any After recreating the experience, bring it to any current or future situation in which you have felt current or future situation in which you have felt stuck, petty, selfish or frightened. Imagine in stuck, petty, selfish or frightened. Imagine in detail how you would feel in your body and what detail how you would feel in your body and what your thinking, actions, and ways of relating to your thinking, actions, and ways of relating to others would be from that more expansive, others would be from that more expansive, spiritual place.spiritual place.

BerlandBerland

Next, Psychologist Warren Berland outlines a Next, Psychologist Warren Berland outlines a very simple solution oriented process that can very simple solution oriented process that can help you rid yourself of problem focused help you rid yourself of problem focused thinking. He calls it getting “out of the box.” thinking. He calls it getting “out of the box.” Let’s try an abbreviated version of his technique Let’s try an abbreviated version of his technique so you might understand the power of solution so you might understand the power of solution work. work. Imagine a problem you are having. Imagine a problem you are having. Think about how this problem makes you feel Think about how this problem makes you feel and think about yourself. Are you hopeless, and think about yourself. Are you hopeless, anxious, fearful, or self critical? Can you feel anxious, fearful, or self critical? Can you feel how this problem has you inside a box? how this problem has you inside a box?

BerlandBerland This box keeps out new information, and any hope of This box keeps out new information, and any hope of

ever changing. It forces you to think only about the ever changing. It forces you to think only about the problem, and how you cannot get away from it. It makes problem, and how you cannot get away from it. It makes you feel stuck and lose hope of ever having it change. you feel stuck and lose hope of ever having it change. Can you feel the box closing in on you and restricting Can you feel the box closing in on you and restricting you? Your problem has put you inside a box.you? Your problem has put you inside a box.

Now imagine that you can cut a hole in the box, and look Now imagine that you can cut a hole in the box, and look outside, even crawl out of it. As you crawl out of the box, outside, even crawl out of it. As you crawl out of the box, you are able to look around you. What do you see? you are able to look around you. What do you see? What is your sense of being alive and how does your life What is your sense of being alive and how does your life look to you now? Notice how it feels to be totally free, look to you now? Notice how it feels to be totally free, and take a moment to experience this new freedom. and take a moment to experience this new freedom.

BerlandBerland

From this new perspective, you might feel From this new perspective, you might feel a sense of well being, happiness, and a sense of well being, happiness, and confidence. Remember other time when confidence. Remember other time when you felt like this. Now, from this new you felt like this. Now, from this new position, how does your problem look? position, how does your problem look? Remember that, as you think about the Remember that, as you think about the problem and see how it changes for you.problem and see how it changes for you.

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