Human-Computer Interaction Human perception, attention, memory.
The Human: Memory
description
Transcript of The Human: Memory
human memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg
types of memory
seconds
timescale
short-term memory (STM)
long-term memory (LTM)
mezzanine memory
sensory memory
minutes
hours/days
lifetime
mechanism
long term – physicalsynapse growth
short term – electrical7±2 neuron firing
mezzanine – chemical?(no ‘proper’ name) LTP (long term potentiation)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GFPneuron.png
sensory memory
at the sensors
after images
habituation
... always sense change
in the brain
buffers for stimuli received through sensesiconic memory: visual stimuliechoic memory: aural stimuli
... what did you say?haptic memory: tactile stimuli
continuously overwritten
short-term memory
short-term memory
short-term memory (STM)
also called ‘working memory’
scratch-pad for temporary recallrapid access ~ 70msrapid decay ~ 200mslimited time ~ 30s without rehearsallimited capacity – 7± 2 chunk
Millers 7+/-2
2832
1387430
212348278493202
421945200110664219452001106642 1945 2001 42 1945 2001 10661066
seven ‘chunks’meaning matters
0121 414 2626
HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET
HEHEC ATC ATR ANR ANU PU PTH ETH ETR TR EEEETT
long-term memory
long-term memory
repository for all our knowledge... and
who we are
slow access – relative to STM
slowly created – rehearsal
slow decay, if anyhuge or unlimited capacity
types of (explicit) LTM
episodicserial memory of eventsmay be hard to recall out of order
semantic / declarativestructured memory of facts, concepts, skillslinks and associations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tyger_BM_a_1794.jpg
associative
concepts linked to one anotherfinding a start point?external cues
recognition vs. recall
e.g. menus vs command line
explicit memory
episodic & semantic memoryexplicit / conscious
you know that you know
not all memory like that ....
implicit / tacit knowledge
motor memoriesplaying an instrument
automatic reactionsPavlov and Skinner
expert knowledge
http://www.flickr.com/photos/protographer23/358987856/
linked
from explicit to implicitproceduralisation
from implicit to explicitintrospection and
externalisation
implicit associations activate explicit recall
mezzanine memory
mezzanine memory
what you are doing nowcontext – activates LTM
what you have been doing recently
short-term episodic memory
where studied
cockpits and control roomssituation awareness
readinglong-term working
memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_Saab_2000_Cockpit.jpg
reliable memories?
Charlotte walked through the door ...
semantic not photographic
all memories are constructed confabulation
false memories
e.g. Deb Roy @ MIT, first steps
perception
encode
memories
reconstruct