The Human Form in Egypt
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Transcript of The Human Form in Egypt
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The Human Form in Egypt
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Predynastic, Early Dynasties, and the Old Kingdom
The Oldest Egyptian Art: • Pre-dynastic paintings from 3500 BCE.
– Already representing a funerary scene.– Stick figures are reminiscent of Catal Hoyuk.– Mesopotamian influences also evident.
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Predynastic, Early Dynasties, and the Old Kingdom
The Unification of Egypt:• Division between
Upper and Lower Egypt was geographic as well as political.
• The Narmer “palette” dates this at 2920 BCE, but thought to have taken severalcenturies to complete..
– A palette was, in its simplest form, a surface to prepare eye makeup. [used for protection against the sun]
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Predynastic, Early Dynasties, and the Old Kingdom
Narmer’s Palette: Important as a document, but also as a template for representing the human figure that lasted for 3,000 years
• The goddess Hathor is at the top of both sides, represented as a cow with a woman’s face
• Motif on the back resembles the lower left group in the Hierakonpolis painting & became the formula for representing triumph of the god-kings over their enemies.
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Predynastic, Early Dynasties, and the Old Kingdom
Narmer’s Palette: • The elongated necks of
two felines form the circular depression where the eye makeup would be placed.
• The intertwined necks may be a reference to Egypt’s unification.
Portraying the Human Figure: used a convention from Mesopotamia & also seen earlier– head, legs, arms in profile -- eyes, torso in frontal view– Introduction of “registers” [a kind of ground line]
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Bowling pin hat= Upper EgyptHorus= Kings ProtectorMan= Lower Egypt
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Catfish= Nar Chisel=mer Frame around represents the royal palace
Crown= Lower Egypt
Bull = Represents the kings strength taking over other cities
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Sculptural Forms: Statues for Eternity
• Tombs included images of the deceased for the ka’s abode in case the mummy was destroyed.
Statue of Khafre• Stone is diorite• Symbolism includes: -- Throne of two stylized
lion’s bodies– Intertwined lotus & papyrus
representing union of Egypt.– Horus spreads falcon wings
behind his head to protect him.– Headdress has royal cobra on
front.
ca. 2520-2494
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Sculptural Forms: Statues for Eternity Statue of Khafre• Wearing his royal false beard• Represented in ideal form and flawless
face.• Form manifests purpose: to last for
eternity.
Characteristics of the style:• Bilaterally symmetrical• Frontal pose• Idealized body and features• Compact and solid with few projecting
parts
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Sculptural Forms: Statues for Eternity • Menkaure & one of his wives.
– This standing statue was one of the basic formulaic types.
– Stood in the valley temple of his pyramid complex.
– Also shows how close to the stone block shape these statues were.
– Pose is rigidly frontal – use of conventional poses to suggest timeless nature of these substitute homes for the ka.
– The wife’s pose symbolizes their marital status, but no emotion is expressed.
ca. 2490-2472
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Sculptural Forms• The scribe, Kay
– Differences show both the conventions of representation and his lower status than the pharaoh. [below]
• More relaxed in the 5th dynasty [on left] with increasedrealism.
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Egyptian Relief Conventions
From the mastaba of Ti, 5th dynasty
The "canon of human proportions”• An artist drew a grid on the wall, then placed
various body parts at specific points on the network of squares.
• Each body part was a fixed number of squares. • Artists did not sketch from life or show much variation on
the canon.• The canon
lasted thousands of years.
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The Middle Kingdom
The pyramid tombs so popular in the Old Kingdom were replaced by mountain tombs in the Middle Kingdom.
• How does the portrait of Senusret III reflect the changed political conditions of the Middle Kingdom?
• His mood is shown through the realism in the features, indicating
expression by lines around the nose and eyes.
Senusret III ca. 1860 BCE
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Mountain Tombs: Beni Hasan
• There were rock-cut tombs earlier, but the best preserved are from the Middle Kingdom.
• ca. 1950-1912 BCE
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The Grand Mortuary Temples
Tomb of Hatshepsut:• With no male sons she
acted as regent for Thutmose III, but eventually took over.
• Some evidence in a relief that Thutmose II had intended that she be queen.
• First recorded great female monarch. Hatshepsut
c. 1492-1458 BCE
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Ramses II Tomb: Abu Simbel
• Ruled for 2/3 of a century.
• Was the last great warrior Pharaoh.
• Proud of his conquests,he put 4 images of himself on the temple façade.
• Not as refined as earlier work because of their size.
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Painting and the Tomb of Nebamun
Thebes: • fresco secco:
let the plaster dry before painting it.
• Figures are more active.
c. 1400-1350
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Akhenaton and the Amarna Period
Amarna style & figural representation:• Figures were shown as more effeminate
or androgynous, with curving contours and elongated forms rather than masculine and angular as in the old style.
• More individuality is allowed in portraits.
Akhenaton c. 1353-1335
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Amarna Period
What aspects of the head of Queen Tiye that reflect the Amarna style?
• Age is shown with lines and furrows.
• Her features are more individualized rather than exact to the canon’s proportions.
• She was sometimes shown equaling her husband in size at the temple of Aton.
Queen Tiye c. 1353-1335
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Statue ComparisonEarly Kingdom Style-- Khafre Amarna Style—Akhenaton
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Statue ComparisonAkhenaton, Nefertiti & Daughters –
Amarna Style