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GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
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THE
GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS,IN A
SELECTION OF TEXTS,
GIVING THE POWER 0 READING
THE WHOLE GREEK TESTAMENT
WITHOUT DIFFICULTY.
ftTOij erammattcal |ktcs, anif a Parsing ILm'cmt
ASSOCIATING THE
<&vtzk Prtmttto battiy fEnglfelj JBcrtbaitfars.
j -
G. K. GILLESPIE, A.M.
Trjs 'PI'ZA^
, .ristotle, in Diog. Laert.
LONDON:
WALTON AND MABERLY,
UPPER GOWER STREET;AND IVY LANE, PATERNOSTER ROW.
M.DCCC.LVIIl.
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LONDON:
HINTED BY J. AND CO.
CIKOCS TLACE, FINSBUKT.
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?*
PREFACE.
It may be regarded as an axiom in the art of learning
languages, that the first step should be to acquire
a knowledge of the primitive words, since they
form the only skeleton or framework by which the
memory can connect and retain the parts of which the
Body of a language is composed.
Applied to the Greek language, probably the most
copious and indisputably the most systematic that ever
existed, this principle is more obviously true than in
respect to any other. Hence the best lexicographers,
by ranging the multitudes of derivatives under theii
respective roots, obliged the student habitually to refer
the members of each family of words to a single lead-
ing or Parent idea ; and hence many grammarians have
recommended and compiled vocabularies of roots to be
got by heart; aware that, if the primitive words
appropriately called the roots— of the language are
stored in the memory, the knowledge of the derivatives
will soon follow, as they spring naturally out of their
roots by constant laws of formation and development.
The acquisition of the roots by a vocabulary is open
a 3
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PREFACE.
to the objections, that not only is the task repulsive
and wearisome, but words thus isolated are committed
to memory with difficulty and, from the absence of
connexion or association, soon forgotten. A direct
method of learning the Greek roots, free from such
objections, has hitherto remained a desideratum in the
mechanism of classical instruction.
The leading principle on which the present work is
founded is, that the roots of a language will be best learnt
in association with sentences or texts in which they occur.
They will thus be less painfully acquired, and more
easily retained, than when learnt by rote in the dry
form of a vocabulary. The natural method of learning
the words of a language is to acquire them, not singly
and without association as from a dictionary, but
grouped together into sentences; and the more im-
portant or entertaining those sentences are, the more
likely are the words which compose them to be remem-
bered. On the other hand, single words, like abstract
numbers, are always recollected with difficulty, from
the want of some link of association to recall them to
the memory.
The object of this publication is to enable the pupil
to acquire the principal roots of the Greek language,
by studying a selection of verses involving all the pri-
mitive words to be found in the New Testament. That
volume has been chosen as the basis of the work
because many persons, whose opportunities for the
cultivation of the language are limited, are anxious to
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PREFACE. vii
become acquainted with the Testament in the original
and because the Evangelical Penmen, by their simple
style, afford the easiest introduction to Greek for those
who intend to pursue the study farther.
The design governing the selection of the extracts
here given, was to collect the smallest possible number
of verses comprising all the radical words that occur in
the Greek Testament, in order to furnish the student
with a clue, in the narrowest compass, to the language
of the whole Book. They are necessarily detached
passages; but in no case is less than a verse given;
and the absence of the context will be little felt, the
subject being universally familiar; and the verses of
Scripture having mostly the peculiarity of being sus-
ceptible of isolation, as separate texts, without mutila-
tion of the complete sense.
The extent of these extracts is about five hundredand ninety verses; a number less than that of the
verses in the shortest of the gospels, and only a little
more than a fourteenth part of the whole New Testa-
ment. The learner, after having carefully studied this
small quantity of Greek, willbe capable of translating
every part of the Greek Testament without difficulty.
The extracts having been taken, in proportional quanti-
ties, from all the writers of the Testament, he will have
some knowledge of the style of each ; and, in reading
the Epistles, will feel less of the difficulty complained
of by persons who have read only the historical books.
In fact, whoever thoroughly masters these six hundred
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viii PREFACE.
verses, may be truly said to possess a key to all the
words and all the styles of the Greek Testament; and
certainly cannot meet, in the whole of the sacred
volume, one word with which he is not more or less
acquainted.
The text is accompanied by original notes,* con-
taining an etymological or critical explanation of the
grammatical difficulties which occur in the text ; . and
directing the learner's attention to the chief pecu-
liarities of Greek syntax, and to other points connected
with the analysis of the language. They are almost
exclusively grammatical or philological; the chief ex-
ception being the note on Rev. xiii. 18, in which a
new solution is offered of the famous problem of
St. John.
A Lexicon or Vocabulary follows, in which all words
that present any difficulty are carefully parsed. It has
been thought judicious not to parse words which are
but little deflected from the root. It is possible to
give too much aid to a learner ; and it is not the inten-
tion of the Parsing Lexicon to save him all trouble of
investigation. A vocabulary, parsing all words indis-
criminately, presents too great an inducement to indo-
lence; and to a laborious student is not only useless,
but pernicious, as tending to make him lose sight of
the necessity of exercising himself in tracing the pedi-
* In one instance a note (on the composition of the new-
word telegram) appears in the Lexicon, p. 270.
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PREFACE. ix
gree which connects the inflected form with its Stem.
Wherever a slight acquaintance with the general modes
of forming the inflections wonld enable the pupil to
discover the root of an inflected form, he will find no
assistance in the Lexicon. But, since too little aid
may be afforded as well as too much, care has been
taken to leave no difficulties in the student's path,
which very moderate exertion will not enable him to
surmount. Hence, in all cases where any material or
unusual change takes place in the original word, or
where the least irregularity exists, the inflected form
is parsed. Under each derivative the student's attention is
directed to the root; and with the irregular verbs are
given the supposed primitive or obsolete forms from
which some of their tenses are borrowed ; as the stu-
dent is thus enabled to reduce to regularity a majority
of the tenses commonly called " anomalous," although
in reality perfectly regular. The radical words are
printed in capitals, not only in order that they may
attract the learner's especial notice, but also that the
Lexicon may occasionally serve as a vocabulary of roots
exclusively; which the student may, if he thinks pro-
per, commit to memory concurrently with reading the
extracts. But this task is not obligatory ; indeed, the
knowledge of the roots will more naturally follow from
the assiduous study of the texts with which they are
associated. It is merely suggested in aid of those who
desire to pursue the study with more than ordinary
earnestness and rapidity.
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x PREFACE.
One of the most efficient methods of impressing
radical Greek words on the mind, is to observe their
incorporation into any other language with which the
student may be acquainted. To encourage this asso-
ciative exercise, some of the more remarkable English
derivations are indicated in the Lexicon; each Greek
primitive being illustrated by some English derivative from
it, whenever the Greek root has been incorporated into
the English language. The extensive connexion of the
Greek language with the English is thus brought before
the learner at every step of his progress. He will at
once be struck with the advantages which his own
language has derived from its etymological kinship to
the Greek ; and, his curiosity being thus stimulated by
inspiring a taste for derivations—the most interesting
of all exercises connected with the study of a foreign
language—he will find pleasant and instructive em-
ployment, and exercise for his ingenuity, in tracing
other affinities or identities for himself. He will do
this the more readily, and will lay the foundation of
more extensive philological comparisons, if he make
himself master of some etymologicallaws,
governing
such analogies, which have been prefixed to the texts
with that view. His Greek learning will, in this man-
ner, become subsidiary to his more intimate knowledge
of English ; and the student of the mathematical, phy-
sical, or medical sciences especially, will find himself
materially profited by this discipline. It will save him
the trouble of getting by heart many an irksome defi-
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PREFACE. xi
nition of technical words ; -which, when their derivation
is known, convey their own meaning at sight.
In the Etymological Introduction, a prominent posi-
tion has been given to the classification of the Mutes.
The distribution of the Nine Mutes into three classes
and three o?*ders, is a part of grammar usually passed
over without adequate attention by the learner, fromignorance of its great value. It is no less than the
chief foundation of the comparison of languages, as far
as etymological affinities are concerned. The student,
who duly appreciates the fundamental principle of the
interchangeability of mutes of the same class, will not
only perceive many apparent difficulties in Greek form-
ations and inflections disappear, but will find himself
in possession of a key to innumerable derivations of
words from one language into another. By virtue of
this important classification — due to the old gram-
marians— identity is incontrovertibly proved to subsist
in respect to words which have scarcely a letter in com-
mon. Hence the first care of the student, anxious to
trace the etymology of ancient and modern words,
should be to make himself master of this analysis of the
principal consonants. In the Parsing Lexicon he will
find derivations given, and affinities asserted, the au-
thenticity of which he may at first be disposed to
question ; but, on applying to them the principles
governing the mutations of letters, his doubts will
generally be cleared up.
The universality of this canon for the interchangeability
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xii PREFACE.
of mutes of the same class is demonstrated, in the Intro-
duction, by the exhaustion of all the possible combina-
tions ; instances being given of the change of each one
of the labials, dentals, and gutturals, into the other two
mutes of its class. Among those eighteen combinations
or identities will be seen several interesting examples
of the disguises which a root may assume, in passing
from one language into another, without losing any of
the radical properties by which its Protean forms may
be compared and identified.
It is, however, to be observed that the etymological
relationship which certain English words evidently bear
to Greek words of the same signification is not always
the relation of offspring to parent. It is often only
that of collateral kindred, both words being children of
the common progenitor of a family of languages. Thus
there can be no rational doubt that the words father,
mother, daughter and brother, are the very words,, and, with their form alone
altered in accordance with the universal canon observed
in such changes. But it is not hence to be concluded
that the word father is derived from
,and mother
from
;the correct inference being only that they
are cognate or akin to one another. Some other re-
markable instances of collateral kinship, between words
in Greek and English, will be found in the Introduction
or dispersed in the Lexicon. And, as such words are
the names of notions which were necessarily among the
earliest conceived by all the tribes of mankind, the sub-
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PREFACE. xiii
stantial identity of the Greek appellations with the
corresponding Teutonic terms, is a striking proof of the
common origin of the nations in whose languages such
affinities exist.
The number of Greek words deemed entitled to the
character of primitives varies with different etymologists;
and muchingenious conjecture has been exercised in
endeavouring to reduce their number to a minimum.
But even were a solution of this philological problem
effected, it would not be attended with much advantage
since words that, by the accumulation or complication
of additional component notions, have widely diverged
in signification from others to which they have a remote
affinity, must for practical purposes be considered roots.
In our vocabulary, all words prescriptively recognised
as primitives have been considered so ; but the curious
student, as he advances in knowledge, will doubtless
make some reduction in their number.
Many of the primitives occur in the New Testament
only in composition. In such cases the root is of course
found, in the extracts, only in a compound form ; but,
in the Lexicon, the root appears as well as the com-
pound. Many more are to be found in both the simple
and the compound form; but, whenever the word occurs
in its uncompounded form in any part of the Testament,
it appears in that form among the extracts ; in order to
its being brought more conspicuously before the learner
than it would be, if presented to him in the disguise of
a compound word. Had it not been for this considera-
b
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xiv PREFACE.
tion, the extent of the extracts might have been still
further restricted, by the exclusion of verses which havebeen added to the selection solely for the purpose of
introducing, in their simple form, words which are in-
volved in compounds in other parts of the extracts-
The benefit of this arrangement outweighs any which
might arise from more closely abridging the quantity
of text ; which should be extensive enough to afford to
the reader the advantage of frequently meeting the
most common expressions, and of thus becoming ha-
bituated to the general formula of Greek style.
Besides the advantages of becoming acquainted with
ALL THE WORDS AND ALL THE STYLES OF THE NEW
Testament, and with the connection of the Greek
with the English Language, this book is submitted
as affording an easy method by which a knowledge of
the Greek Testament may be revived and kept up.
The student's attention is concentrated on the diffi-
culties ; and these are placed before him in a compact
form, with sufficient explanation to enable him to con-
quer them. To an adult, especially, who has but par-
tially forgotten his Greek Testament, this collection
offers a concise manual, the perusal of which will
speedily recall his lost power of examining the sacred
writings in the original; and the numerous and in-
creasing classes of persons who desire not to remain in
ignorance of the original of the Greek Testament, while
they are willing to content themselves with as muchGreek as will enable them to consult that volume with
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PREFACE. xv
discrimination and advantage, are here furnished, in
the most compendious form, with an instrument, which,
accompanied by any Greek grammar, will enable them
speedily to accomplish that most desirable object.
It must not, however, be dissembled that the mere
beginner, in order to derive from these extracts the
power— which the diligent use of them will infallibly
confer— of reading the whole Greek Testament without
difficulty, must study them minutely and thoroughly.
Particularly he must be capable, 1. of referring every
word to its theme or root ; 2. of parsing every inflected
form, by tracing the successive steps ofits inflection
upto the uninflected form; and, 3. of shewing what rule
is violated in irregular formations. The student who
can do this may be assured, that he has laid a solid
foundation for his subsequent Greek reading; since the
Greek Testament Roots comprise the great majority
of the important primitives of the whole language.
Such as are not found among them either immediately
or involved in compounds, are generally words of un-
frequent occurrence. Having established this basis, he
will read profane authors with comparatively little dis-
couragement. He cannot, however, expect more from
this preparation than a general or fundamental know-
ledge of Greek ; since he would deceive himself if he
did not calculate on encountering in the Classics diffi-
culties peculiar to themselves, which will bend before
no other power than vigorous and long-continued ap-
plication.
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xvi PREFACE.
The employment of the New Testament as an instru-
ment for the acquisition of its original language, and
particularly as a school-book, has sometimes been ob-
jected to as a desecration of Holy Writ. This objection
may perhaps apply with some force to the common
practice of putting schoolboys through a few chapters
of the easiest of the Gospels; less with the view of
giving them the power of reading the Sacred Scriptures
in the original, than of facilitating their introduction to
some profane author. But it can have little application
to a method of instruction having for its immediate and
direct aim the acquisition, on the part of the pupil, of
the words and phrases of the Greek Testament, with the
express object of qualifying himself to translate every
part of that volume with facility. To those, however,
who entertain a scruple on this point it may be sug-
gested that the youth who pores, in his studious hours,
over the sublime and pure maxims of Christian Ethics,
is not unlikely to imbibe a portion of their spirit.
Although at the time he attends chiefly to the language
and its construction, the subject-matter cannot wholly
escape his meditation ; and this early study of the
Sacred Volume may leave a permanent impression in
Jiis heart.
George Knox Gillespie.
London, May 1, 1858.
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ETYMOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION.
Kules for Tracing Derivations
and Affinities.
In tracing the derivation of words, or the affinity of one
word to another, the following laws for the changes of
letters must be borne in mind ; whether (1.) both the
kindred words are Greek; or (2.) one is Greek, and the
other derived from that language into English.
I. It is a Universal Canon, (1.) in the comparison
of the words of the Greek or any other language with
one another; and (2.) in the derivation of the words of
one language from those of another, that mutes of the
same class are interchangeable, as being merely modifica-
tions or different modes of uttering a sound radically one
and the same. Hence a knowledge of the classification
of the mutes is a primary requisite in studying the deri-
vation of words.
The CLASS of a mute is determined by the organ of
speech principally instrumental in its enunciation. There
are three classes—the labials, dentals, and gutturals;
b 3
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xviii RULES FOR TRACING DERIVATIONS
each consisting of three ORDERS, called smooth, interme-
diate and aspirate. The mutes are thus distributed :
Smooth. Intermediate. Aspirate.
Labials . . . w . , . . . .
Dentals . . . ... ...Gutturals . . . . . . . . . .
Hence in derivations
(1.) , b, and / j
(2.) t, d, and th > are often interchanged.
(3.) h} g, and ch )
1. Examples of the change of each of the labials
into the other two.
7 into b; as
^(wood) ; =& (Latin);
VTTo=s\ib (Latin),
into /or ; as =/ather ; 7ri5p=/ire;,7ro8o?=/bot: 6=seven ;"* wep=oveT.
into ; whenever would otherwise come before :
thus makes 3. sing. perf. pass,
.nto /or v; as=/ascinate; zia/StS=Da-
vid; vev=goveY.into 6; as <^pdTrjp^=bioUiex', ep=besL•r ; •=
airibo (Latin),
into /? ; as = purple.
2. Examples of the change of each of the DENTALS
into the other two.
into d; as , poet, for, before Be; tod (Ger-
man)=death.
into f ; as
p=mothe;Tpets=thxee.
* For the change of the aspirate into s, see note on 2 Pet. ii. 22.
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AND AFFINITIES OF WORDS. xix
8 into t; as Bvoz=two; i/£a>p=wa/er; ,=/ooth.
into th ; as, poet, for ; tod (German)
= death,
into d; as 0?)/==daughter; 6vpa=doov ;
=good; 060?-= Deity.
into £; as 0iWo?=/unny; /a#apa=gui/ar.
3. Examples of the change of each of the GUTTURALS
into the other two.
into^; as /co\7ro?=^ulf ; €=$0;= ei^ht ; vu£, = ni^ht
;= vag
;
= guitar,
into
;as /ct»
= kirk or cAurcA; =anchor,
into # ; as=^;;=^\, £en.
into cA ; as-- (to milk)= milchen (German)
also whenever would otherwise come before
, thus makes l.aor. pass,
.into g ; as= gander,
into c ; as^= lance.
II, Law of Assimilation.
Part I. Of Mutes before Mutes or aspirated Vowels.
Whenever by eliding a final vowel, or in the forma-
tion of a word, a smooth mute is made to come before
an aspirated vowel or mute, the smooth is changed into
the aspirate of its class : as " (not ) for
. Both parts of the rule are exemplified in
&(not or'
)for
;the becoming before an aspirated vowel, and the
becoming before an aspirated mute.
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xx RULES FOR TRACING DERIVATIONS
This rule is only a part of the following general pro-
perty of the mutes. When in the formation of a word two
mutes of different orders are made to come together, the first
mute assimilates its order to that of the second.
1. A smooth or intermediate mute is changed into an
aspirate before an aspirate. An application of this law
is constantly made in the formation of the First Aorist
Passive. That tense is formed from the third person
singular of the perfect passive, by changing rat into.The third person singular of the perfect passive of
is; and, according to the rule, the first aorist
would be
;but, by the foregoing general pro-
perty of the mutes, cannot come before 0, and
is therefore converted into. Similarly from
comes 3. sing. perf. pass., from which is
formed the 1. aorist, instead of or-; the intermediate mute 7 of the root thus becoming
successively the smooth and the aspirate of its class.
Similarly in Latin, o/-ficio is compounded of ob and
facio.
2. An intermediate or aspirate mute is changed into a
smooth before a smooth mute. This principle is illus-
trated by the formation of the third person singular of
the perfect passive, from the second singular of that
tense, by changing into rat. In the verbs
and, the second persons sing, of the perf. pass, are
(, that is) \e\e*yacu and(, that is) -,; and from these are formed the third persons
and
,not \\< or
.imilarly, in Latin, su/?-pono is compounded of sub and
pono.
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AND AFFINITIES OF WORDS. xxi
3. A smooth mute is changed into an intermediate
beforean
intermediate ; as
,for
,.4. A remarkable exception to this law of the assimila-
tion of the order of a mute to that of the mute which
follows it, is that two aspirate mutes of the same class can-
not come together. If, therefore, the second mute is an
aspirate, and the first is of the same class, the first
becomes the corresponding smooth. As {labial)
-(not) for; (dental)
-not) for; (guttural)-'(not) for. The word (Mark
vii. 34), in which this principle seems to be violated, is
Syriac or Hebrew.
Part II. Of Mutes before .
1. A labial before is changed into ; as in the fol-
lowing examples;
7 into , as
,perf. pass,-*
. . . , . .
,perf. pass,
-'...}
. ., perf. pass,-.2. A guttural before is often changed into ; as
follows:
into 7, as, perf. pass. \€<-'
% ... ,. .
,perf. pass,
-.Part III. Of before Mutes.
1. before a labial is changed into , as follows:
Before 7, as-, from and'... , . . -, ... eV ...
'... </>,..
-,. . .
). . .
'... , . . -, ... iv ....
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xxii RULES FOR TRACING DERIVATIONS
2. before a guttural is changed into 7 ; as fol-
lows :
Before a:, as-, from and'7, . . -, .
.
. . . . <yevo<;'
• • • %> • • eV-%P^, ... eV ...', . . iy-, ... ev ... fea>.
?' JF. O/IV &e/bre the liquids , -, />.
JV before another liquid is changed into that liquid,
thus :
before into , as\-\, from &'.. . . . , . .-, ... iv . ."
... . . . , . .
-,. . . . . /^.
"^* Observe,, that in all the applications of this Law
of Assimilation, it is the first letter that conforms itself to
the second, and not the second to the first.
III. Vowels.
Vowels are often changed, omitted or added, arbitra-
rily in derivation; and are, therefore, less to be regarded
in etymology than consonants, which have been appro-
priately called the stamina of words. The root or immu-
table part of a word consists chiefly of consonants. Even
vowels, however, are changed, preferably, into vowels
or diphthongs having an affinity to them. Thus e is
changed into or et ; into or ; a into or at
and, in the purely radical part of a word— that is, in
the part which is independent of initial or terminal
variations—vowels seldom suffer alteration; or, if they
do, it is by contraction, or crasis, on coming into colli-
sion with some other vowel.
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AND AFFINITIES OF WORDS. xxiii
IV. Orthographical Equivalents.
In turning Greek letters into English or Latin, ob-
serve the following equalities:
1. at = ae or a3, as }4X<£a609= Alph#us.
2. =oe or ce, .. = Pha?bus.
3. et =e or z, .. = Laodicea ;-7 atSeia=Cyrop3ed2a.
4. oy =ii ore, .. = Jesws ; %\=Silvanus.
5. =?/, .. = Cyprus.
6. /c = c, . . = Ca?sar.
7. =rh, .,
'= Rhodes.
8. o? final= us, .. = Pontiws.
9. ov final = wm, .. = sudariwm.
To the equalities 1. and 2. it may be observed as an
exception, that the diphthongs <s and are gradually
disappearing from the English language; and that e is
often substituted for at and ot indiscriminately. Thus
udEgypt and (Economy (from and) are now
always spelt i^gypt and economy.*
* Some of the foregoing etymological and orthographical prin-
ciples are further developed and exemplified in The Formative
Greek Grammar, by G. K. Gillespie, A.M. London, Taylor and
Walton, 1842.
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GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
MATTHEW.
Chap. I.
18 -*
,\ .Chap. II.
1 "iv
,.-. 18. .] before that, similar to the Latin, prius—quam.
.'] The nominative case to this verb is, understood
from the genitive, Mapias, employed absolutely in the preceding
clause instead of the nominative. The more natural construc-
tion of the sentence would be :
, etc. .....'] This pronoun refers to Joseph and Mary, and is put
in the masculine, to agree with what grammarians call the more
worthy gender.
.]', an embryo or foetus, is understood as the
accusative or objective case after this active participle.
II. 1. '.] This is called the genitive absolute, that is, inde-
pendent of any governing word. The genitive absolute consists
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2 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
2
'6\
,\ .18 ',
,
,^' ,tl .19
',,-
. Chap. III.
,\',
of a substantive and a participle, and is used for the purpose of
attaching some additional circumstance to the main sentence.
It corresponds with the Latin ablative absolute.
2.
.']This verb, usually translated " worship," does
not necessarily include the idea of deity in its object ; it usually
means to pay homage as to a king. The wise men came to do
homage to Him who was born King of the Jews.
18..] An Attic contraction of, feminine of the re-
ciprocal pronoun. It is to be carefully distinguished from
avrrjs, genitive of. See note on Matt. iii. 4.
19.
.]The use of the present tense in narrating past
events is common in the Greek, as in some modern languages.
Being accompanied in this sentence by the word " Behold," it is
very impressive, and tends to call up in the imagination a picture
of the angelic vision.
III. 4. ....] These words, which are distinguished
only by the breathing, are employed in very different senses.
The reciprocal pronoun, (for), is used when fche per-
son to whom the pronoun refers is the subject of the sentence
but is used where the verb has a subject or nominative
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MATTHEW. 3
10" 8e ?
, -,, el?
.Chap. V.
4, ?• -.0
-'
.8 ' 4, ? ] 6? , ev, KCpaia) , €? .2 \
,6?
ase distinct from the person referred to by the pronoun. In
the sentence, "John had his raiment," is the Greek for
" his," since that pronoun refers to John, the subject of the verb
but in the sentence, " his meat was," etc., is the Greek for
his, since, the nominative case to the verb, is distinct from
the person referred to by the pronoun.
10, e«K07rrerat.] This verb is in the present tense, and the sense
of the passage is, that the process of hewing down and casting into
the fire is "now" going on. The version, "is hewn down," does
not vividly indicate the actual presence of the event. In this
Ninstance, as in numerous others, the precise force of the original
Greek is lost by a confusion of tenses arising from the want, in
English, of a present participle passive ; as the translator has no
other means of avoiding an incomplete or a periphrastic version,
than to employ the active present participle in a passive sense,
which is a mode of expression not sufficiently sanctioned by
usage; or to resort to such solecisms as "is being hewn down."
V. 18. .] A peculiarity of Greek syntax is that a
neuter plural nominative case requires its verb to be in the
singular. This rule is very seldom deviated from. An instance
of a plural verb occurs in James ii. 19,
.But
there,
,although neuter in form, in reality indicates per-
sons, and consequently has the verb in the plural.
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4 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, rrj'€7) ',
evoyps
'efcy,.
36 ev Trj} ,.€
€ ,' •,1 ev, viraye,44 '
'-
, ,, -, -.22. ei <}.] This word does not appear in the Vatican manu-
script. This remarkable omission materially alters the precept,which becomes, without qualification, " Whosoever is angry with
his brother shall be in danger"...
... eis•.] The dative case, which is put after in the
first two clauses of the verse, is here changed into an accusative
with a preposition. Some suppose to be understood,
the sense being, " shall be liable to be cast into hell fire."
39.
.]This may be taken either as neuter or mascu-
line. In the former case, the translation will be, "That ye resist
not evil"; in the latter, "That ye resist not the wickedperson."
41. -.~] The ayyapoi were Persian couriers, stationed
at successive posts along a road, to receive the king's despatches
from one another, and thus transmit them rapidly to their desti-
nation. They had the power of impressing horses and their
drivers to expedite their progress. This is one of the instances
in which a knowledge of Oriental customs throws light on pas-
sages of Scripture otherwise unintelligible.
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MATTHEW. 5
Chap. VI.
27 -;28 ; -, '.
30
,, , 6, ,;
Chap. VII.
4. ; ', -', .13 ' -
,,\
-Chap. VIII.
6 ', 6
tyj ,.VI. 30. .] This word is, in the Attic dialect,,
hich is probably a contracted form for rfj. It is, how-
ever, sometimes used with the article, as, ea>s , unto
this day. Matt, xxvii. 8.
VII. 4.
.]This subjunctive is governed by
,under-
stood.
VIII. 6..] Literally, has been cast down, i.e. now lies;
5
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6 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
26 Kou
?'eVre,
-;Tore
kou }' .0 ^.Chap. IX.
17 olvov
' , ol, \ 6?, \ ,8
, ,, ,'' ,*, \.
Chap.
.9 ?7
, ,14 ,,the perfect tense indicating an act of which the operation or effect
commenced at a past time and still continues.
30. .'] far, a long way; the accusative case feminine, of
the adjective being put adverbially, ohov being understood. The
full expression is , by a long way.
IX. 17..] Literally, they put, i.e. people put. This
Greek idiom is similar to the English " they say."
18.
.]is properly to end, ovfinish ; but it
is sometimes used absolutely for to die, in which case is un-
derstood. The expression is a species of euphemismus.
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MATTHEW. 7
€?,. Chap. XI.
8 ; iv-? ; ,
,iv
€,16 yeveav ;
iv?,?,17 Kat, , \'
,€€.
21
,,
l iv \?v , iv.14. .] Shake the dust offyour feet: being go-
verned in the genitive by e< in composition with the verb.
XL 8. .] i.e. , soft garments. The ellipsis
of is frequent, especially with adjectives signifying colour.
So in English, clothed in white, etc.
16. .] Contracted for, genitive plural of the reci-
procal pronoun iavrov. See note on Matt. iii. 4. , as well
as the similar words, aeavrov and, are compounded of
,genitive
of
,and of
thecorresponding personal pro-
nouns. The syllables e, ae, and «/x, are not to be regarded as the
accusative cases of the personal pronouns, but as part of the old
genitive forms, eo, , and e/xe'o. This will be manifest by
observing the formation of the Ionic equivalents,,^,and€*, in which the connecting the two component parts
of each word is formed by the usual contraction of oa into .21. ... €€.] One of the uses of the particle av is to
give to an indicative mood joined with it the force of the po-
tential. In such cases av may be considered equivalent to the
English auxiliaries, would or would have, should or should have, etc.
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8 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
23 at ,'kv
\, .Chap. XII.
20
,).40 *\ }\ '
6 ttj
\ .46 '
,,,.Chap. XIII.
15
' ,23. .] The Greek word, or, and the Hebrew
yeewa, are indiscriminately translated, Hell. But the origin of
?7? is the negative particle and ZSeii/, to see; and its meaning is
consequently a place of darkness—'"the Shades," a place of de-
parted spirits ; whereas Teeuva is more properly Hell, being (as is
evident from Matt. v. 22) a place of fire or torment.
XII. 20. ^.] This word is of peculiarly irregular forma-
tion. It is Attic for. In the Attic dialect it is common
to use the syllabic augment instead of the temporal : as,
for 777771/, from ; eadov, imperfect, from ; but, in,he e is prefixed to a tense (the first future) which never admits
either augment.
40.
.]Words denoting continued time, i.e. answering the
question, how long? are generally put in the accusative case
without a preposition.
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MATTHEW. 9
\ , -,6-
, ,rrj
, \, \ .25 ,,.
30'
' \
' -XIII. 15. .] indicating the repetition of acts that
are always taking place, the Greek aorist is often used where the
present tense is employed in English. The force of the tense is
that the people habitually shut their ears and eyes against the
truth ; not that they did so on one occasion only.
(.] The composition of this verb, from and,exemplifies a portion of a general orthographical rule observed
with respect to r, when in composition it comes before a liquid,
namely, that it is changed into that liquid. As (),^or Karakeineiv
; () for; () for-
^; and ()
^for
..] Dative plural of , genitive. The formation of
this genitive may be thus traced : is a contracted form of, of which the genitive,, by omitting r, becomes,and (by shortening the diphthong in the usual manner, namely,
by omitting the latter of its vowels) oaos; the regular con-
traction of oa is , hence (resuming r of the regular genitive) we
havefinally
.25. iv €€(..~\ The Greek infinitive mood is very fre-
quently converted, by the use of the article, into what is called
in English a verbal substantive. Thus, is sleeping, i.e.
the act of sleeping. This substantive may, as here, be governed
by a preposition. At the same time, it does not lose its power
as a verb, taking an accusative or other case before or after it.
In the present passage the verb
^,taken in its capacity
of a verbal substantive, is governed by the preposition iv ; but,
as a verb, it takes before it the accusative case,.
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10 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, ., -'.35 -*'
.6 Tore
,* \,' .48 Hi',
,,
,
.5 6 ;, \, \, ,
;Chap. XIV.
11 ,' .30. .] This verb, taken as a substantive, is go-
verned bythe preposition 7rpoy; but, as a verb, it takes
theaccusative case,, after it.
48. .] i.e., the net spoken of in the preceding verse.
XIV. 11. .] it may seem uncouth that a neuter noun
should signify damsel; , feminine, a girl, is the original
word, and, neuter, its diminutive. Diminutives fre-
quently merge in the neuter the genders of their.primitives.
This change of gender is somewhat similar to the English," pretty little thing," applied to a child.
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MATTHEW. 11
. XV.
8
' -, '.14 ' ,
av ), -
.6
';80 ,,,,,'
• .Chap. XVI.
2 , ' -,' 6.Chap. XVII.
1 ' 6', , \ -'.25
,/.
,6
,'XV. 16. .'] for ( being understood), at the
fulness of time, even now. means the point, summit, fullest
vigour, or highest degree, of anything.
XVI. 2. cvbia.] understand carat.
XVII. 1. avroi.'] his brother, i.e. the brother of James. Analteration in the breathing to
,would make John the bro-
ther of Jesus. See note on Matt. iii. 4
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12 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
,
;, ; -, ;7 , -, ,m/3aj/ra
, ' -, .. XVIII.
6 ' * ) -€ , ,
)iv -.4 ,-
7 6
, , \. -, ' -.Chap. XIX.
4 , ' -XVIII. 6.^ Literally, it is good for him. In order to
complete the sense, which is, "it were letter for him,"
must be supplied. The ellipsis of is frequent both in
biblical and classical writers.
24. awaipeiv.] is understood. In ver. 23, that word is
expressed, -yov to take account with.
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MATTHEW. 13
,otl ?,
;
17 - ayaOov, , 6', .4 be ,
,
,.Chap. XX.
3 ,]
.Chap. XXI.
44 Kat ,• * * ), -.
Chap. XXII.
24
', ' /,, -Chap. XXIII.
4 \-,'.XXII. 24.) ... avrov.] See rule for the different uses of
these words in note on Matt. iii. 4.
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14 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
23 Oval ,
,,' € -, ,, \ ,' de ,4
', -, .6 ,, -\ .
Chap. XXIV.6 .€€€
,\
* ' €-* .7 , -
eVt' \
.).,
, »9
6 , -XXIV. 6. €€€ be axovetv.] ye will hear. The verb
\is generally equivalent to the English auxiliaries for the future,
shall, will, or am about to ; but it sometimes has the signification,
to delay or hesitate, as in Acts xxii. 16. The use, in Matt. xxiv. 6,
of the future tense (€€, which does not occur elsewhere in
the New Testament, seems to indicate a more remote period for
the fulfilment of the prophecy than where the present tense is
used, as in another prophetic passage, Rev. xii. 5. The two tenses
might perhaps be thus distinguished in the translation:
(-aere ..., ye shall hereafter hear of...; and (Rev. xii. 5),
..., is about forthwith to rule ...
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MATTHEW. 15
,1 ev ' -, .Chap. XXV.
5
,.2' ,, .
Chap. XXVI.
18
, ' *,.41. .] That the two persons here spoken of are women, ap-
pears from the feminine
.Understand
',which
is expressed in ver. 40..] Lit. " is taken." The use of the present for
the future, in the prophetic style, has a similar effect to that of
the present for the past in narrative. It awakens and impresses
the imagination by presenting a picture to it. See note on Matt,
ii. 19.
XXV. 32.
^.] Attic for
.When the first future
ends in, the Attic future is formed by dropping and circum-
flexing . The tense thus formed is inflected like other futures
ending in , i. e. like the present tense of contracted verbs in, .
XXVI. 18. .] The sense is, He said, "Go to such
a one (naming him) and tell him," etc. The name being unim-
portant, the evangelist suppresses it, supplying its place by the
pronoun
,which is equivalent to the English phrase,
siich or such a person, and the French un tel.] In expressing an intention, the Greek present is some-
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16 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
37 \
, -.51 , € ,, ' \,68
' ,,' ;Chap. XXVII.
24 6
. ,,€-
,'\ '.8 ,
.4 -
' , .48 e£, -, ,
, .times used for the future, as it is in English familiar discourse
in such sentences as, " I go to the country to-morrow."
51. .] "An ear," not "the ear." The student must not
suppose the Greek article to be always equivalent to the English
definite article. It is frequently to be translated by the indefinite
article. See note on Mark xv. 46.
XXVII. 24. €€.] The future indicative used in the sense
of the imperative.
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MARK. 17
5 1
, -eh eW
*' .MARK.
Chap. .
7 ,'' 6-
.26
-, \ }, if;.Chap. II.
4
, '6?.Chap. III.
4
'';
,; .Chap..27 ,
51. els .] was rent in two, or in twain. Understandparts. The Greek idiom is here identical with the English.
II. 4..] See note on Matt. ii. 19.
C 3
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18 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
'6
), ,28 ,/, ,2 ,
,\
, \ ?€ ,7 Kat '.
Chap. V.
35™ ,';
38 Kat
-\
, -. Chap. VI.
53' \.hap. VII.
2 -IV. 37..] See note on Acts xxvii. 14.
V. 35. ."] Understand Tives, and compare note on Matt.
ix. 17.
38..] Translate, the people weeping, etc. Compare
preceding note.
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MARK. 19
, ,,., ,,
\.Chap. VIII.
8 , ' fjpav, .Chap. IX.
3 Kat , ,.4 6 ,
Chap. .24, * ,
VII. 4. .] i.e.£€, etc.
4. eav
,0.] Except they first wash, they
eat not. Observe the change of tense from the aorist to the
present, indicating the succession of the acts spoken of. Similarly,
in Acts x. 13, (f)aye, "kill and eat," i.e. first kill and then
eat. The Greek tenses are, in such instances, distinguished with
a propriety which it is impossible to transfer to the English
without giving undue prominency to the circumstance that the
acts are successive ;
which, in languages of less delicate structurethan the Greek, is considered as sufficiently indicated by the
order in which the verbs occur in the sentence.
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20 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
' ,?
-,1 , -.42 ' ,, '
oi -.Chap. XI.
8 be
', \ .Chap. XII.
40 ,'-.Chap. XIII.
20 ,-
, .8 "
,,XIII. 20.
.]is here taken in the sense of any. A con-
struction exactly similar is to be found in Rom. iii. 20, ov-, no (i.e. not any) flesh shall be justified.
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MARK. 21
35 '
,,,
.Chap. XIV.
3 Kal
,rrj
, ,,' ,5 Kai -,' .
20 ,', 6 -.
52 ,70
. ',.Chap. XV.
21, ,35..] Words denoting a point of time, that is, an-
swering to the question, when? are put in the genitive without a
preposition; compare note on Matt. xii. 40.
XIV. 15. €.] An Attic form for
,which is de-
rived from and yala.
70. ."] is understood.
XV. 21. ..] See note on Matt. v. 41.
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22 GREEK TESTMIENT ROOTS.
'
kou', apy
.22 ! ', .29 !, , \ -
' ,6
,.6 ! , -, tyj' \ev €•€
eV!
.Chap. XVI.
1 ! ,/,, / , -, , -il nuT-nii
.46. ... }.] This verse affords several examples
of the close similarity between the Greek and English languages
in respect to the use of the definite article. The general rule is,
that where the English uses the indefinite article, no article is
used in Greek (hence there is no article with,,or) ; but where the English employs the definite
article, the Greek 6, , ,is used (hence it is used before
,, and). There are, however, many exceptions to
this rule. See note on Matt. xxvi. 51. The student desirous of
investigating this subject, which is of considerable interest in a
theological point of view, will find ample and condensed infor-
mation respecting it in a work by Mr. John Taylor, " On the
Power of the Greek Article."
XVI. 1.
.]is here understood. The word expressing
the relationship is frequently omitted, the article belonging to it
alone being expressed. As, ' [ ],
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LUKE. 23
12 £ -v
.,,18 ' ,'.LUKE.
Chap. I.
15
'lvov ]' .
29 Se \from the sons of Emmor the [father] of Sychem, Acts vii. 16
;
where agrees with
,understood. Similarly,
'6
[ ]
,James the [son] of Zebedee ; being un-
derstood with 6. This is as if one were to say in English,
" Zebedee's James," to distinguish him from another James. In
the genealogy of our Saviour, Luke iii. 23—38, the ellipsis is to
be supplied as follows: 6 '' [][], etc.
18. .] for b\v. Similar contractions are frequent, as,
for \ epo\ ; KaKeWev for \ eKeWev; for
;or : the breathing and accent of the initial
vowel of the second word remaining over the contracted syllable,
and being subscribed when it has been suppressed in forming
the contraction..] In the formation of this word from a, not, and
,an additional is inserted in consequence of the ortho-
graphical law that does not occur in the middle of a wordunless preceded by p. For the same reason, the 1 aor. of
is fppavTiae.
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24 GREEK TESTAMENT BOOTS.' € 6
.36 ,' ,€ iv ' $} .41 Rat '
iv
Trj
,''.47 Kat \.51 '€ iv ' -
, .73
€'
-, .Chap. II.
16 , avedpov
T6
, -iv
.21 Kat , -',
iv
.24
,. 36.], Attic for\\, perf. of \, the
obsolete form of. Similarly,' for from, and for€, from pea).
II. 21. ."] This infinitive is taken substantively
and governed by. See notes on Matt. xiii. 25, 30.
24.
) /.]This infinitive is governed by
,under-
stood. Compare preceding note.
(.] Attic. See note on Luke i. 36.
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LUKE. 25
, ,-,
8, , .35 (').1 Kai
.Chap. III.
5 ,'\ .14' ,
;' , -' \
.17
, -/ ' \,.Chap. IV.
3 6
' .18 iw ,III. 5. €(.] / or is here understood. Compare
note on Matt. viii. 30.
17.
.]Attic for
.For the rule respecting
such chauges, see note on Matt. xxv. 32.
IV. 18. ear' *'/"•] i.e. eVri in r/ic.
D
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26 GREEK TESTAMENT BOOTS.
' €,rods'
,, -, iv€.20 , -
), iv ]
.29 Kcu '' \, ,40 ,
,de ivl
,, .Chap. V.
4 ?
,ehre -
''
,.13 , ,/.] This accusative is governed by, as to or in,
understood. This ellipsis is of very frequent occurrence.
29.
.]Attic 2 aorist of
.In verbs beginning with a
vowel a species of change, called the Attic reduplication, is some-
times made, consisting of a repetition of the first two letters of
the verb before the common augment, as,, perfect middle,
from ; (,, pluperfect middle, from, obsolete
for '. But in the case of, the augment appears
before instead of after this reduplication.
40. 8.] The genitive absolute. See note on Matt. ii. 1.
V. 4. /.] he ceased speaking. This is a form of
expression common to the Greek and English. The full phrase
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LUKE. 27
,.Chap. VI.
1 EyeVero iv
,^~.
17 ,- \ ,, -
, ,.21 -.4
^oval
'-
.29 € ,, ^.38 €, ,
\-
s, he ceased to be [emu] speaking. A similar idiom occurs in
Matt. xi. 1, ereXeatv, he ended or left off commanding.
VL 1.^] i.e. , lands sown with corn.
17. ;.] i.e. yrjs or. See note on Luke iii. 5.
24..] Ye are in possession of all your consolation. The
verb means to receive in full.
38. .'] This verb is here taken impersonally, as is
also€€, at the end of the verse.
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28 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
yap
, .Chap. V1T.
14 , (pi,) \-
,.4
,-;0
,\
,37 Kat, , -, .38 Kat
,,'' \ --.] See note on Matt. ix. 17.
VII. 38. \.] The formation of the cases of,, is
peculiar ; but may be accounted for by supposing the original
nominative case to have been
.(1) In combining to
form the double letter , the aspiration of the guttural, becoming
lost, is transferred to the initial dental, and the word is thus
changed into . (2) When—in order to form the genitive
case in the usual manner, i. e. by inserting before the final of
the nominative is decomposed, the original aspiration is re-
transferred from the initial letter to the guttural, and we have
the genitive
.(3) When again, in the dative plural, and
s are amalgamated into' , the initial aspirate reappears in.A similar change takes place in forming the future (for
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LUKE. 29
, ,,41 ' 6, 6 -.Chap. VIII.
6
,, .4 ,,, ,9 -? -*
,. Chap. IX.
3 ',--) from
.It appears from these changes that the
double letters, £ and , ought not to be considered as combina-
tions of the aspirate mutes (, ) with s ; but only of the smooth
and intermediate mutes (, y ; , ) with $•. It may also be ob-
served that the principle of transferring, to an initial mute, an
aspiration lost in inflexion or composition, is illustrated in the
formation of the comparative, from ; and the com-
pound
,from and.
VIII. 29. ideo-pciTo ....] The imperfect tense frequently
indicates repetition or habit. The meaning is, he used to be bound
and then to escape, or, to escape as often as he was bound.
D 3
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30 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, , , ,.39 K.GU , ,, \, *,.45
,,- \.58 6'
6
.62 Et7re 6•, -, -. Chap. .
3 '* ,.29 , ,
;4 ^), ,, \ .
IX. 3. '/.] The infinitive mood is here taken in the sense ofan imperative ; or the sentence may be considered as elliptical,
del v(xas being understood.
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LUKE. 31
41'? avrrj 6 ?•
,,?€\
. Chap. XI.
10 ? 6 ' 6
'.
;
29 ', \ ,
.4
? ?6
-' 6? ? ,? , .5 ? ,
?.XI. 12. >.] From comes the Latin o(v)um, an egg, by in-
serting the digamma, a letter used in the iEolic dialect to prevent
the hiatus of two vowels, and having the force of F, V or "W.
A reference to it is useful in tracing the derivation of many
words from the Greek; as it appears to have been of old an
element in a variety of words from which it has disappeared. Afew examples will illustrate the power of the letter. From,an ox, genitive Boos or Bo(F)6s, comes the Latin Bos, genitive
Bowis ; from olvos or (f)oivos, comes the Latin vinum, and the
English vine and wine; from \e1os or .(), smooth, comes the
Latin leuis. The digamma was also often substituted for the
aspiration : thus, eanepos became (f)eanepos, whence, vespers.
.]In interrogative sentences, is often used merely as
anote of interrogation, at the beginning of the question, like the
English, "whether."
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32 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
38
?otl
.Chap. XII.
6
,;
24
,otl -, ? ,6? •;
9 Kat ?
,.
4' ?',' .59 , ,\ .Chap. XIII.
xi ,6 , -?,
38.
]washed himself. The first aorist passive is
used more frequently in a middle sense than any other of the
tenses that are considered as exclusively passive forms.
XII. 59. .] until what time, that is, until the time when,
being understood. This suppression of being common,
may be said to be taken adverbially, in the sense of when. But
the adverb more generally signifies where, the wordbeing then understood ; and being in reality the genitive of
the relative pronoun.
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LUKE. 33-; ',,, .
9 * ,,
, .29 ,'iv ) .
34,',, -, -, ;
Chap. XIV.
3 6, !; .XIII. 8.
.]is understood here. See preceding note,
is the Attic genitive for, from. In the dative
case, the Attic dialect frequently uses for.29. .] See note on ch. vi. 38.
34. .] thee. The reciprocal pronoun, contracted
), is sometimes, in the Attic dialect, used indifferently for all
persons, particularly in the plural. See Luke xxi. 34.
/.] Understand or
\In what manner, or, in the
manner in which.
XIV. 3. ei.] This word is here used merely as a note of inter-
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34 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
9 at 6
?, epel
• ?al-
? .2 'EAeye /? , ??, ??, ? -
? , ??•, \ -
. Chap. XV.
? ? , -
, ,?, ? ;
9 Kat ?? \??,• ,.
5
?? ?'el?
?? ?.25 > 6 ? 6? ['' ?? ,
}? .Chap. XVI.
6 ?.rogation. The full sentence would be, "Tell me if," etc. Compare
note on, Luke xi. 12.
XV. 8. otov.] See note on ch. xiii. 8.
25.
.]Verbs of sensation often govern a ge-
nitive of the object of perception.
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LUKE. 35
'
,\,
,.
9',
\-,.1 Kcu -
-' \.23 at, ,24 - ','
.26
,, ,XVI. 23. eVapas.] 1 aorist participle, from. In liquid
verbs, of which the penultimate syllable is ai, the which is
dropped in the formation of the first future in , is sometimes
subscribed in the first aorist ; as,, 1 aorist rjpa or rjpa, and
this restored t is preserved through the moods and participle.
This subscription of is more common when the penultimate is,
by the Attic formation, changed from into ; as,
/,1 aorist
(, Attic Or^.24. .] governed by eVi, understood.
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36 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. XVII.
12 eiV
,,.7 6, ;24
,,6 iv \.36 iv ay' •, 6 .
Chap.
.12 ,2'
6, 'Er*.
% ^ ,
,,ev
•* , .43 , 9.
Chap. XIX.
16 6, ,.XVII. 24. ... .~\ i.e. [] ... , from
region of heaven to another.
XVIII. 12.
.]For the syntax of this genitive, see note
on Mark xiii. 35.
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LUKE. 37
33
,* ;43" , --, .Chap. XX.
37 ,•, ,, , \'.
Chap. XXL34 ,, \ }, -, ^'
Chap. XXII.
24 'EyeVero , ,.1 EiVe 6',,, 6,.XXI. 34. .] See note on Luke xiii. 34.
XXII. 24. tls- -^.--.'] The Greek neuter
article is not only used to convert a verb into a substantive, as
already remarked in note on Matt. xiii. 25, but is also prefixed
when a whole clause is to be taken as equivalent to a sub-
stantive.
31. .] for the purpose of sifting. This is a commonuse of the infinitive mood with the genitive of the article, eW/<a
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33 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
6 & ,
),
35 - Ore
are, , \,.4
:ay&Wa,• 6
.55 ,, 6.
Chap. XXIII.
29 , ', -, ), .being understood. So Matt. xi. 1, , he de-
parted/or the purpose of teaching. The article, however, is not
always used. See Acts xiii. 44.
32. ."] Here the active verb,, is taken in
the middle or neuter sense. This use of the word is frequent in
the New Testament. Compare Mark xiii. 16. Similarly, in Acts
vii. 42, is used instead of
.In like manner
the Latin verto, and the English "to turn," are used as both
active and neuter verbs., .~] The participle of the aorist, like
the pluperfect tense, frequently denotes an action which took
place previously to another; as, ,fter having entered into a ship he passed over; and it also, unlike
the pluperfect, often denotes an action which is to take placepreviously to some other.
,here, is an illustration
of the latter use of the aorist.
I
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JOHN. 39
30 Tore
)' • .31 raDra
,8 , ,.hap. XXIV.
I Trj , ,, .II
, .42 ,.JOHN.
Chap. I.
29 ?7 6, \' 6
6
.XXIV. 1. -; .] for : on the first day
[] after [] the sabbath. The word is used
both in the singular and plural number to signify the sabbath
day. In the singular, it is of the second declension ; but in the
plural, of the third, making the dative,. See Matt. xii. 5.
.] the women came. The gender appears from
.I. 29. ;.] i.e. rfj .. See notes on Matt. vi. 30, and
Luke xxiv. 1.
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40 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. II.
9 de 6
', (/cai
de ')6.
5 ,epoD,
' \ efe^ee
, \ .Chap. III.
4 6' -
;-, ;0 ? 6 ,\ ,
} .Chap..9 '-, ,
;
'.
4 '
, ) -IV. 14. .] This word is in the genitive by what is called
attraction, which is when the relative, instead of agreeing with
the antecedent as usual in gender and number only, agrees with
it also in case. The English student would expect 6, the ob-
ctive case, after.
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JOHN. 41
,52 ' '6.
Chap. 7.
14 6 iv
, \ - , '.Chap. VI.
13
,-
, .3 ,, .
Chap. VII.
7 ; 6 ', ,.32 '
-52. 6<?.] was better ; literally, had himself better, eavrov being
understood. ", with an adverb, is thus constantly used in the
sense of to be : as, , to be ill, to be badly off. This
idiom resembles the Latin se habere, and the French se porter.
VI. 13. e
-.'] filled with the fragments. Verbs
filling are accompanied by a genitive of the material with
which the thing spoken of is filled. Like the Latin implentur
Bacchi. See note on Acts xxvii. 38.
3
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42 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
'
,-
. Chap. VIII.
4 %,.1
iv , iv
',.Chap. IX.
6
, ,,
-• .Chap. .3 ,, 4€.20'' ;
Chap. XI.
33 , ,-, ,
.3.
.]here governs a genitive of the person. See
notes on Luke xv. 25, and Acts i. 4.
20. .] for , on account of what? i.e. why?
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JOHN. 43
41 'Hpav , 6
. 'ype
, ' , -.44 6,
6
', .Chap. XII.
13" ,' , 4-,
,iv
,.Chap. XIII.
18 '* }',.
24
€ Aeye*.
26' 6
''XI. 44. .] bound as to his feet, i. e. having his feet bound.
There is an ellipsis of, as to. This idiom is common, and
has been imitated by the Latin poets.
XII. 13. els .] Substantives and other words
derived from verbs, frequently govern the cases which the verbs
themselves govern. Thus, the dative,
,is here governed by
the substantive -Ls, since the verb
,from which
it is derived, governs a dative.
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44 GREEK TESTAMENT KOOTS.
eyco^?
.at
, ).Chap. XIV.
18 •Chap. XVI.
25 iv
€ en iv,.Chap. XVII.
11 iv
,v , .XIII. 26. .] This word is used twice in this verse ; the
time indicated in the first instance being the future, " when I
shall have dipped it"; and the time in the second, the past, "after
he had dipped it." Compare note on Luke xxii. 32. This varia-
tion of the time indicated by the aorist participle, according to
the tense of the verb which accompanies it, justifies the name
aorist (from, indefinite). The aorist is also indefinite in
another sense, being often used to signify actions that are always
taking place, or sentiments which are always true, and which
consequently require no limitation in point of time. For an
example, see note on Matt.xiii. 15.
'.] The present tense in narration presents a picture to
the reader. See note on Matt. ii. 19. It is to be regretted that
this graphic force of the original is not preserved in the Au-
thorised Version.
.] Supply after this word. Compare note on
Mark xvi. 1.
XVI.25.
.']This should not be considered as an
adverb, but as the dative case of a substantive with the preposi-
tion iv, with, understood.
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JOHN. 45
!
J , ? ,, .Chap. XVIII.
12 6 ,13 ?'
,Chap. XIX.
2
, ),4' 6, \?' , ,
ev
.3 ,, [, ,}* 6 ,33
,XIX. 23. .'] Supply, or some such word, " from
the parts above."
33. .] e is the Attic augment. Compare note on Matt,
xii. 20.
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46 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
34 €
, / \.39 #€ ()
e .
Chap. XX.
7, , .€ eva.
25
' 'ehrev
',,,
.Chap. XXI.
257 \6 , iav ev,
. '.34. .] Two singular nominative cases
sometimes have a verb singular ; whereas, in English, the verb is
invariably plural. The expression is, however, elliptical ;
being understood again with.39. .] The aorist is here used as a pluperfect, who had
come. Compare note on ch. xiii. 26.
.] See note on Mark xiii. 35.
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ACTS.
Chap. I.
3 , iv ,\ Oeov,
4 , -,13 €, € -,, , \
, ,\
,,'-, 6,.
18
' -€,.. 3. .] See note on Matt. xiii. 25.
.] Understand or
,"speaking the words or
things respecting," etc.
4. .] See note on John x. 3. Here governs an accusa-
tive of the object, with a genitive of the person from whom it
is heard. This is the most usual construction of.13. , re.] The article 6, followed by the enclitic re, which throws
back an acute accent upon 6, is separated from the enclitic
by a comma, in order the better to distinguish the words from
the single word ore, when.
'... .] Supply after
,nd after. See note on Mark xvi. 1.
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48 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. II.
13f
.46 #' -,,
. Chap. III.
7 Kat* .1 /3
,) ) }-,.Chap..
25 ,*\ , -34 ',hap. VI.
14' ,
II. 13. ykevKovs.] See note on John vi. 13.
46. *
]for naff .
VI. 14.
.~\This word is an instance of what is called
the Attic reduplication, which is the repetition, before the ordinary
:
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ACTS. 49
.Chap. VII.
6' 'yfj
,-.7 Kat , ,6' ,.
1 6 els*
,v -.0 "^,, iv.23
augment, of the first two letters of a verb beginning with a
vowel.
VII. 16. .] The genitive of the price is always governed by
aurl, understood or expressed.
.] Supply after.20. .] In 2 Cor. . 4, is rendered
"mighty through God" ; and as is a similarly con-
structed phrase, it might be rendered fair through God. The
phrase is, however, usually regarded as equivalent to " exceeding
fair"; and in the same manner might not im-
properly be rendered very
{t mighty."Some produce
instances
to shew that is a Hebraism signifying divinely
" fair."
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50 GREEK TESTAMENT EOOTS., )
-'
,• .4 ,,,0 at
iv
.36 ,\ iv , iv, \ iv , .2
'6 ,
'v
,iv , ;
4 ,
,. Chap. IX.
5 - ,;23.
.]it came into his heart. This verb may be con-
sidered as impersonal ; or as having the verb,
,as its
nominative case ; or
, the thought, may be understood,
the thought came into his mind to ...
42. eVrpev/z-e.] See note on Luke xxii. 32.
.] The Attic sometimes makes the vocative the same as
the nominative, in cases where it differs in the common dialect.
Another example is, 6 Qeos, Qeos, eis € eyxciTeXnres,
"My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken Me." Not always,
see ch. ix. 5.
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ACTS. 51
/ \' '
., ,-\, ,8
,-.
3 ***\ .
Chap. .
28
' ' *,- 6 ,.
Chap. XII.
6 Ore 6
,IX. 43. .] Accusative of time, quamdiu, i.e. answering to
the question, how long? See note on Matt. xii. 40. is here
equivalent to the French, chez.
X. 28. .'] The student must not confound this verb
with the compounds of. It is derived from, to know, of
which the middle or passive,{), inserts r for the purpose
of giving firmness to the enunciation of the word. He will
always be able to distinguish between this word and the com-
pound of' with eVi, by recollecting that in consequence of
the aspirated vowel of
,the of eVi becomes , and the
compound,(- ; whereas the remains unaltered in com-
pounding itr\ with'{) into.
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52 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS., , -€
.6 ,
'', .10 -
,eiri
,toXlv,*6 ,
22
',
. Chap. XIII.
10, , -,;1 Kat , -,' -.4 .
46 ? --XII. 10. .] Understand before this word.
XIII. 44.. See note on Luke xxii. 31.
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ACTS. 5
', ?, 18, el? .50
\ , \,
,Chap. XIV.
10 ' y
. , -.16 Oy ] .1 7 / € ,,
.Chap. XV.
20'
,\
, , .9' ,\'-'.
XIV. 16. etWe.] example of the change of e in augmenta-
tion into et instead of . Other verbs which admit this species
of augment are,,, ',, and a few more.
17. .] See note on John vi. 13.
F 3
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64 GREEK TESTAMENT BOOTS.
Chap. XVI.
16
-, -, ,plots,.
63
?,'-, -.
29 ,,,-, \
.Chap. XIX.
12 --, '
,^^
Chap. XX.
9 , *-, , ,, -
,- ).11 , -, ,.XVI. 26.
.]An example of the Attic double aug-
mentation, the syllabic augment being prefixed in addition to
the temporal.
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ACTS. 55
Chap. XXI.
18 T17 6
?e -.0 ,'
, '.Chap. XXII.^ ,,,;4 6
,, -. Chap. XXIII.
20 EtVe ', --
XXI. 18. imovarj.'] Supply. Compare notes on Matthew
vi. 30, Luke xxiv. 1, and John i. 29.
30. €>.] See note on ch. xiv. 16.
XXIII. 20.
.']for the purpose of asking. See note
on Luke xxii. 31.
?/?.] The Attic reduplication. See note on ch. vi. 14.
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66 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. XXIV.
16 *> de ,€ -.Chap. XXV.
17
,, rrj
, .Chap. XXVI.
22
,XXIV. 16. .] Supply, I exercise myself. The active
voice is here used in the sense of the middle. See note on Luke
xxii. 32.
/?.] adverb, always. It is really an elliptical expression
for , through all time.
XXV. 17.
.]hither, from ', here, and de, which in this
case is an enclitic particle, indicating motion to. This use of ,as an enclitic, is common among the poets ; as,, to war;, to Olympus. On the contrary, the particle or,also an enclitic, is used to signify motion from a place, in a great
number of instances ; as,, or , from afar;, from heaven; (from ), hence, etc. The
change of the aspirate mute of into r, in the last compound
(),is remarkable as illustrating two orthographical prin-
ciples:—1. That two consecutive syllables in the same word
rarely begin with aspirates, and never with aspirate mutes of the
same class, i.e. labials, dentals, or gutturals ; and, 2. That in cases
where such syllables are brought into connexion, the initial
mute of the first of the two, and not of the second, changes
its order from aspirate to smooth, i. e. from to , from to ,
or from to .ttj .'] i.e. rfj. See note on ch. xxi. 18, and the notes
there referred to.
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ACTS. 57,, ,,. XXVII.
10 ' '
,,
, ,.12 '
, ,-^.13 ,, -
.4
,6 .
8 , -XXVII. 12. Ka.KeWev.'] See note on Mark xvi. 18.
13. apavres.] i. e., having lifted or weighed anchor.
Others understand, vavp.
14. e/3aXe.] struck itself (eavrov) against it. It may be observed,
in general, that when active verbs are used in a neuter or middle
sense, the reciprocal pronoun, iavrbv, is understood.
.] Some consider the pronoun as referring to in
the preceding verse. Others refer it to vavv, understood there
after apavres. The sentence might be rendered a tempestuous
wind struck against her, i.e. against the ship. It is however to be
observed that, throughout the chapter, the ship is called
,except in ver. 41, where it is called.
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58 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Se, ,vpov
.8
, #-.40
,-
,1 ,,3 , ,,-~ %
44 Kat
, ,38. .'] See note on John vi. 13, and Acts ii. 13. In all
these cases the preposition, in, is understood before the genitive.
40. .] After this word supply, or to, They
committed themselves, or the ship, to the sea. The words, to,are also to be understood in this verse after. Others,
after ', understand, taken from the preceding clause.
The interpretation, according tothis
view, wouldbe, "
Havingcut off the anchors, they let them fall into the sea."
).] Supply avpq.
41.,] having fixed itself[, understood], i.e. stuck
fast
43..] Supply.44. ? ... .] In distributive sentences, , followed
by , signifies, some ... others. See Matt. xiii. 23, where 6 ...6 , is used in a similar manner.
.] i. e. [] some of the [parts] of the ship.
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ACTS. 59'.
Chap. XXVIII.
2 ,-,
, ., , .6 -
., \
,.9 ,, \.XVIII. 2..] is to happen. Hence the par-
ticiple,, is any that has happened or may happen, i. e. such as
is commonly found; thus, , comes to
signify, no common, or no little kindness.
.'] Att. for
.In a few perfects from verbs
in
,the
penultimate vowel is sometimes shortened byrestoring the vowel of the root, which has been lengthened to
form the perfect, and is dropped : as, for,-for. The participle,-, from this contracted perfect
is still further contracted in the Attic dialect, and converted into, which is declined, -$•, -, -, not -, -via, -6. The
neuter is, not, since by the laws of contraction the
neuter becomes ; but the feminine is not only con-
tracted, but the form of declension is changed. This Attic
feminine occurs in John viii. 9.
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60 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
:
23
,, -,,,ROMANS.
Chap. I.
29 ,,,
.' ,,,-0,,,,-,,^/as*, ,.Chap. II.
1 , 6,' 6.Chap. III.
13 6
23. .] See note on Acts i. 3.
III. 13. di/ea>y/xei>os•.] The Attic double augment. See note on
John xix. 33, and compare note on Acts vi. 14. The tendency
in the Attic dialect to increase the length of vowels and to
introduce a new syllable, in the augmented tenses of verbs
beginning with a vowel, is one of its most characteristic features.
The augment is sometimes even tripled, as in the case of
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EOMANS. 61
.14 / .Chap. V.
/ ^ '-. Chap. VIII.
8 ,.Chap. IX.
20
,,6
-; . ^;
27' *fj
6, .Chap. XI.
• 4 6 ;,
,3. 1 aor. p. of. Another instance of double
augmentation is j^eXXe, 3 sing, imperf. of.ebo\iovaav."\ 3 plur. imperf. of, Boeotic for edokiovv. So
for.XI. 4. Tjj .] i. e. to the image [eiVovi] of Baal. This ex-
pressioD resembles the phrases, eis a8ov, ', i.e. ds
,iv ; and the Latin, ad Veneris, i. e. To Venus's
(temple). , however, is sometimes feminine in the Septua-
gint.
G
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62 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
9 Kat
*els•
,els*
,/cat els
, els avTOis.
10 ,Laavos.
7 TLves ,aypL&atos ,^ ,rfs? ttjs lottos ttjs$.
33 fiaOos oas ves' cos ,.Chap. XII.
20 > 6$ ,* , ya/
,avOpaKas pos -.
. CORINTHIANS.
Chap. III.
19 ,- -ovos$$
\
.10. .] See note on Luke xxii. 31.
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I. CORINTHIANS. 63
Chap. IV.
8'
. ,,
-• .3 , -,
Chap. VII.
5 ?) , -
'.35' , -
.Chap. VIII.
10 * , ,6, ,;
13
, ,.hap. IX.
9 /
,*
II. 5..] The word,,from a, not, and,mixture, is primitively applied to a bad temperature of the air, and
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64 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
..
;17 , •, .6 , *.
Chap. XI.
6 Et , -',.5 , ;}.
Chap. XII.
17 , ;Et , ;
28 . , 6
,,,opposed to, a good temperature. Hence and
are also used to express a happy mixture or temperament
of the body, or the reverse ; but in this passage, is used in
the sense of
,incontinence, intemperance. When taken in
this sense, ought to be considered as a derivative of
, incontinent, rather than of,.IX. 9. .] This genitive is governed by \, understood.
17. .] I have been intrusted [with] the
stewardship, I have the stewardship committed to me ; for -. This is not an unusual construction of the
passive voice. Another instance of it occurs in Rom. iii. 2.
XII. 28. .] See note on Acts xxvii. 44. The correspond-
ing ovs 6e is here omitted.
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I. CORINTHIANS. C5,,, -. Chap. XIII.
1 >, ,, .,*,Chap. XIV.
7 , ,
,, -;
30 / , 6.Chap. XV.
15• ,,1 #' ,
XIV. 7. .] seems here to be used in the sense of, a contracted form of in like wise or similarly.
.] i.e., instruments.
XV. 15. eintp apa.] The force of these particles is, if («) at
least (nep) for argument's sake, or forsooth (apa).
31 .] This particle is used in affirmative adjurations;
,in
negative (but sometimes in affirmative) oaths. Both are fol-
lowed by an accusative case. The word, (or
.3
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66 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
,33
. *.II. CORINTHIANS.
Chap. .14 8 , -,
ev
.1 7 yap, ,, ' ,, iv.Chap. III.
15 ''
,, .or the like), is generally expressed with them. It is here under-
stood.
33..] For. by the usual paragoge. The
words,
\6 \&\ \,
form a trimeter or Senarian Iambic verse, a quotation from the
comic poet Menander. Others read, which reduces the
verse to prose, and it then ceases to be a direct citation.
'] for. After the apocope of a, the coming
before the aspirated vowel o, in the next word, becomes the
aspirate of its class (dentals). This is a consequence of a very
general law for the assimilation of the order of a mute to that
of the letter coming after it. Compare note on Acts xxv. 17.
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II. CORINTHIANS. 67
16' ' ,.Chap. IV.
17
^' el? ,
.Chap. V.
2 , -.Chap. VI.
7 '
, ,.Chap. VII.
7
,y ) ,,'.III. 16. ].] See note on Luke xxii. 32.
IV. 17. /.] It is an ordinary idiom in Greek
to use adverbs of time, instead of adjectives, with substantives;
as, 6 , the now king; ol rare", the then Greeks.
So here (the adjective being taken substantively) the
phrase, /, means the momentary lightness.
'
€els /.] In excess to excess, i.e. immeasu-
rably surpassing all expression, a phrase indicative of the incon-
ceivable vastness of eternity.
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68 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. VIII.
20
, -v rfj ravrrj.
Chap. IX.
2 ,,'-*^ .Chap. .
29
7€-
, --,.Chap. XI.
2, •evl, \
.'
? , ,, .5 , , \, iv .. 4.
, .] See note on Acts vii. 20.
XI. 26. .] Understand e/xoC, i. e. by my countrymen.
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II. CORINTHIANS. 69
26'?*? -,?,? ,? ,? ,?v,? iv,? iv?'
27 , ?-?, iv \, iv
??,
iv .3 ? iv
?, ??.Chap. XII.
4 el? ,-, -.7, ,
?, ,-
.5/ -27.] From a, not, and, the letters being
euphonies gratia, to prevent the hiatus in.XII. 4. e£oi/.] Participle neuter, from the impersonal verb
etjearL, it is lawful or permissible. To make the sentence com-plete, eVri should be understood, but the word i£6v is often put
absolutely in the sense of when it is lafvful. This is sometimes
called the nominative or accusative absolute.
15. .] Superlative adverb. The comparative and super-
lative of adverbs derived from adjectives is generally the neuter
of the corresponding degree of the adjective. Sometimes the
neuter singular is used, sometimes the neuter plural ; as
,comparative (the neuter singular of the adjective), super-
lative (the neuter plural of the adjective).
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70 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
\•
, .GALATIANS.
Chap..
23 6, ,.1
Chap. II,
5
9 ,.9 Kat ,',
,' ,. Chap. III.
1
,;
'^, -. ,', ''-
;
II. 9. 17/ieTy.] Supply
.
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GALATIANS.— EPHESIANS. 71
Chap. V.
9
, .13 yap €,-' €, .5 Et € €€,
,.
Chap. VI.
7 - *ap , .
6 ,eVi
.EPHESIANS.
Chap. .
14 icrTiv ,€ ,Chap. IV.
14e
\va
,V. 13. .] After supply.VI. 7. ...6/.] Like , 4, when used with the subjunctive
(as here), and preceded by the relative pronoun 6s, signifies
-soever. At the beginning of a sentence, iav generally means if;
or, if followed by,except. On the force of av, when used with
the indicative, see note on Matt. xi. 21.
16. .] Understand earai.
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72 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.,v ]
,iv
.9 ,) iv.
Chap. .6 ^? '.3 ,
,' , £.
27 ) ,, ,) .
Chap. VI.
14
iv,.6
,iv
.6 €€ e/xe,, 6
iv.VI. 21. .] Supply npayaara. See note, Acts i. 3.
,
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PHILIPPIANS. 73
PHILIPPIANS.
Chap. I.
22 , ?, , .8
? ?, ?,.Chap. .
10' iv
-Chap. III.
1 , , •, ,
?.8
?? -̂,
.Chap. IV.
8 ,, ,, , , -I. 22. 6 .] Supply ). If to live in the flesh fall to
my lot. Also after supply eVrcu.
III. 1. .] by itself is he; but with the article,
6 is the same.
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74 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, , ei -,
.0
' , ', .
COLOSSIAXS.
Chap. .
23 -?
,--.
IV. 8. .] The original signification —from ",Mars, or
,a male—was martial or manly prowess, the power
of defending the existence of the community being regarded as
the primary virtue, as virtue, . This idea is also con-
veyed in the derivation of, better, and, best, from
the same root,". The derivation of the Latin virtus, from
vir, a man, is precisely similar. Subsequently, the words
and virtus comprehended all the virtues; but, in the classical
writers, they still usually preserved their primitive force.
Hence, in the summary of Christian qualities given in the text,
is evidently used by the apostle to express the active or
militant virtues, as distinguished from the negative ones enu-
merated in the earlier part of the verse.
10. .,..] This substantive-infinitive is governed by
understood. Compare notes on Matt. xiii. 25, and Luke xxii. 31.
I. 23. eX ye] if at least.
.] The relative is in the genitive by attraction.
See note on John iv. 14.
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COLOSSIANS. 75
Chap. II.
21 ?; a\jsr],
], ).Chap. III.
1 ' ,-',' -,
'2^ ,
ayioi , ,»,, -.5
'.?, -, .6* ) -\,
.Chap..
6 ,
,-
.0 6-III. 11. evi] for eveart.
16.] rjre, in order that ye may he, or some such
words, are wanting here to complete the sense.
IV. 6.
.] Understand
.elbevat] in order that ye may know. Compare note on Luke
xxii. 31.
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76 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, 6
,,.I. THESSALONIANS.
Chap. II.
2 \ ,, -lov kv
.5
€kv
-, ' -, .' ,) •8
, , -,, ,.Chap. .
6'
,.10..] Genitive of. Scriptural proper names
in as form the genitive by dropping s. In the other cases they
are inflected regularly.
V. 6.
"ovv.] These words taken together mean therefore, or
therefore at length, or to conclude.
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II. THESSALONIANS.— I. TIMOTHY. 77
II. THESSALONIANS.
CflAP. I.
9 , ,I. TIMOTHY.
Chap. II.
2
,iv-
° \ -iv) .\,, ) -,
",., ,, -.
2 ,.II. 12. avdevrelvJ] The Word (from avros
and ) originally signified a murderer, and particularly one
who lays violent hands on himself, a suicide. It also meant one
acting by his own independent power, an autocrat, an originator.
Hence comes to signify, to exercise irresponsible power,
5
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78 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. III.
3 M?7
, , -,,.).
Chap. IV.
7* .Chap. V.
4
,-,.6 , .3
,,* '
,.or tyrannize, over. Some make it equivalent to, to
exercise authority over; but it is here, probably, a much more
emphatic word, and more nearly represented by the English
domineer.
Y. 4. .] Descendants. In the Authorised Version, the word
''nephews" is to be taken in its old sense of posterity more remote
than children, and is equivalent to the Latin nepotes.
.'] The substantive is used to signify, n(
only the veneration due to the Deity, but, secondarily, tl
reverential or pious fulfilment of duty, particularly towarc
parents. In this passage the verb,
,is taken in the lattei
of those acceptations. A similar subordination of signification is
traceable in the Latin pius, and the English piety. Some under-
stand els or before.
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II. TIMOTHY. 79
Chap. VI.
8 ,0 '- -7
-,* ,-21 ,
..II. TIMOTHY.
Chap. I.
-, tyj
VI. 21. .] Supply.. 5.]
.]When a, not, is compounded with a word
beginning with a vowel, the letter is generally inserted,
euphonies gratia, to prevent the hiatus caused by the concurrence
of two vowels ; as in this word --, and in the word
--. The negative prefix a is related to the preposi-
tion, without. The is retained before a vowel; just as
the n of the Anglo-Saxon indefinite article an is retained when
the substantive with which it is joined begins with a vowel.
The inseparable negative particle, av-, corresponds with the
Latin in-, and the English un-, in such words as w-utilis
tt?i-happy.
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80 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
), rrj ]'on .Chap. II.
5 ) , ,.17
' .0 ), -€, .
Chap. III.
1
,kv
.',,,,.3
-, \-.17 rj 6 ,
hap. IV.
3
,* --,. ..]
Supply
.II. 20. . . . .] See note on Acts xxvii. 44.
III. 3..] See note on ch. i. 5.
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TITUS.—PHILEMON. 81
13 ov
, , ,$.
TITUS.
Chap.I.
1 1, ,.15 *
,6 .hap. II.
10 77 ,
.PHILEMON.
20
,,/)/•
/?/.
. 11. .] This is not the nominative case to Set, which is an
impersonal verb ; but the accusative case after, under-
stood after Sei, teaching things which it is necessary for them nut to
teach.
20.
.]The optative mood is here used in its proper and
peculiar sense ; namely, to express a wish : May I have joy of
thee.
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82 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
HEBREWS.
Chap. II.
17, \ \,
.Chap. III.
10 ) , \.',
17 ;,; Chap. .3, ' }
,II. 17. Qebv.~] As to the things appertaining to God.
The full construction is, Qeov.
III. 17. €?7.] The accusative of time, how long. The idiom is
identical with the English, which frequently omits the preposi-
tion (during or for) in such cases. See note, Acts ix. 43.
IV. 3. el] This particle has here the force of a negative. The
same form is used in ch. iii. 11 ; also in Mark viii. 12. It may be
regarded as belonging to the class of expressions (common among
the ancients) called euphemismus, in which a mild form of denial
or statement is used. The suppressed consequent of the hypo-
thetic proposition may be supplied in some such manner as this :
If they enter into my rest, then ...I shall have sivorn falsely. Theidiom is used only in oaths and solemn asseverations.
L
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HEBREWS. 83
'.2 6 , ,,, ,
Chap. V.
9 .1 6 -.12 eivai,* ,Chap. VI.
7 ,
,,
14 , -.
VI. 14. .] The formula , assuredly, is in the highest
degree emphatic. It is used to introduce the actual words ofan oath. The Ionic form, , is used in a precisely similar
manner in Iliad i. 77.
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84 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
16'\6
.Chap. VII.
3 *,,'-. , ,
6-22 -
. Chap. IX.
4 , \ -
,,,
3 Et ,-.9 -
,,.VII. 4.
€.] An adjective, agreeing with under-stood.
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HEBREWS. 85
Chap. XI.
7€
we
-67€>, €€-€ * -Kpive , -
eyeveTO.2 YIlcTTei
^ eev wepl
4€€,eVere/.33 ,,7,,-
iv
, ev ,.hap. XII.
1
\ -€, -, -.5 ,
Yle ,, , -. , -
,.
XI. 22..] See note, Matt. ix. 18.
33. /.] See note, Acts xiv. 16.
I
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86 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
18
, , , ,-,19 Kou , ^,.23,
-, .Chap. XIII.
4 6 iv, -
• \6
.6
',JAMES.
Chap. I.
11 6 ,,\
'6.
II. 18.] The participle, which is
touched orfelt, is here taken in the sense of the verbal adjective
,capable of being• felt, i. e. tangible or material ; as in
the phrase of the Septuagint,
," darkness "which
may be felt," palpable darkness, Exodus x. 21.
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JAMES. 87
19 ,/ ,l?
,.23 Qtl \, -.6 ,
, -, .Chap. II.
16 '\*,9 ; 6 '' , -
.Citap. III.
2
'19. ....] These infinitives, with the
neuter article, are to be taken as substantives. They have the
same force as the English verbal substantives, hearing, speaking ;
and the passage might be literally rendered, " Swift to heariwg•,
slow to speafaircg•." See note on Matt. xiii. 25.
II. 19. .] See note, Matt. v. 18, for a rule
from which this is a deviation. That rule, however, applies
chiefly to inanimate things or neuters taken in a collective sense.
But where the things are individualised, or intelligent beings
are spoken of, the plural is more appropriate, as here.
III. 2. .] Supply before this word.
.] We all offend. In the Authorised Version,
observe that all is in the nominative, not the objective, case.
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83 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS., • ,.4, ,,.
\
,.
,. € \ €€,€ , -.
0 /c
-. , ,.1 .7. . . . . . . . . ..~\ All these are pro-
perly adjectives, the word being understood with each of
them.
10. ....] Whether in or out of composition, the
preposition is used in the form, before a consonant, and
(i.e. ) before a vowel ; is the primitive form, being used
eupJionice gratia. It may be observed here, that the general
orthographical law—that whenever, in the composition of a
word, , , or is followed by , the mute and the become
combined into the double letter — admits of one exception,
which occurs in the case of this preposition . When is
compounded with a word beginning with , the and are left
separate, and are not combined into : as,, an ecstasy.
The reason of this deviation from the general rule is, that the
composition of the word may be more obvious.
11. .] This is used as a note of interrogation of a more
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JAMES. 89
17 5e
, ,,,^^ -. Chap. IV.
14
;, .
hap. .1 ' , -
-2 , ,.', 6 -emphatic form than
simply; it is
whether by anymeans, whe-
ther is it possible. See note on , Luke xi. 12.
.] Supply after and after. The same
word () is suppressed in Matt. x. 42 :
a cup of cold water only.
17. .] Secondly. The usual meaning of is next in
point of time ; although frequently (as here) used to indicate the
next in order.
IV. 14. .'] The affair or event of to-morrow,
,or
(i.e. the thing about to result or take place), being
understood.
.] Compare note on John i. 29, and the notes there re-
ferred to.
.] i.e.. Compare note, Luke xiii. 8.
V. 1. '.] This word is here used purely as an adverb, Go to /
or Come ! since the plural,
,would require
,if the
exclamation were to be considered as a verb.
3
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90 GEEEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
, 6 ,€' (/3#.
5 * € -, \ iyepei 6'j, .
I. PETER.
Chap. I.
5 iv
8€,v .14: ,6
, .Chap. .
18 , iv, -, \ .15. -.] It shall be forgiven; i.e.
,a singular,
taken out of, or understood from, the plural. Or a<pe-
-€ may be considered impersonal : forgiveness shall he
granted to him.
1.24. ...e£eVeae.] The aorists here are used in their
peculiar sense of indicating events which are always taking
j)lace, or sentiments which are always true. On the force of the
aorist, see notes, Matt. xiii. 15, and John xiii. 26.
II. 18.^] Supply ecrre.
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I. PETER. 91
20 ,;' -23 ' ,-*
4 "Os*
kv , }).
Chap. III.
9 . , -', -*, ,
3. . . . . . .
.]These imperfects are
used with the peculiar force of the imperfect, which often indi-
cates habitude or reiteration. "He never used to revile again,
never used to threaten, always used to commit himself," etc. See
note, Luke viii. 29..] Supply after this word. This is analogous
to the use of the English verb to submit, which is used (like
here) in a neuter sense, the pronoun himself being in
strict grammatical analysis to be understood.24..] Properly, the weal raised on the skin by the blow
of a whip. The word occurs in the Septuagint in a more gene-
ral sense, Gen. iv. 23 : \, " I have
slain a young man to my hurt." But it is rarely used otherwise
than in its literal acceptation.
ov . . ..] The genitive of the relative alone woulct have
been sufficient to convey the sense ; the addition of gives
an intensive force to the sentence :" By whose own stripes ye
were healed," i.e. he himself suffered.
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92 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
21 ' -[ , -), -.
Chap. IV.
3
'
6 ,, olvo-,,, \ -., ,
.Chap. V.
5' *, -, 6
-,
-.8,, 6, ,,2
[
) ,, .V. 12. .] i.e.
.See note on , Acts i. 3.
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II. PETER. 93
II. PETER.
Chap. I.
1 , ?/ -
.9
, • , -}, \ )
Chap. II.
4 6, ,--, , -.
10
-,,,2 , , ,,
,II. 6..] See note on Matt. xxiv. 6.
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94 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS., rfj -3
, -iv , ,,-ol,14' ,
-, -, .22' ^ -
' ',
-. Chap. III.
5 ,13.
.]Attic future participle for
.See
note, Matt. xxv. 32.
14..] is properly a feminine adjective ; an
example of its being used as such, is to be found in Matt. xii. 39,J
where the substantive, yevea, is expressed. Here, however, it is
used substantively ; but some understand.2. .] Supply, and translate, "to them happened
the event of (i. e. spoken of in) the proverb " ; or
,and trans-
late, " to them is applicable the expression of the proverb."
.] Equivalent to , whence the Latin sus. The Greek
aspirate is sometimes, in derivation, changed into $•. Other
examples of this substitution appear in converting into
super, into sub, !£ into six, into seven, into sylva,
etc.
III. 5..] is to escape the notice of, or be hidden
from, "this escaped the notice of them willing (that it should)."
It is usually joined with a participle ; and the whole phrase may
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I. JOHN. 95, 1,.
10 H^et iv
, iv ] oi ,v .2 -
,\ -I. JOHN.
Chap. IV.
18 iv , '6* -
.be conveniently translated by rendering the participle as a verb,
and (or its participle) as the adverb imperceptibly, pri-
vately, etc. : as, e\a6ev els rovs, " he
unwittingly fell into the midst of enemies.".] An example of the Attic formation of the femi-
nine of acontracted perfect
participle.See explanation in note,
Acts xxviii. 2.
12..] A present used in a future sense. The evange-
lical writers, in order to give impressiveness to the narration of
striking events, particularly those relating to objects of the
sense of sight, frequently use the present, in referring not only
to past, but even to future events. A picture is thus called up
in the imagination of the reader or hearer, which the stricter
and tamer form fails to present. See note on Matt. ii. 19, where
an angelic vision is referred to in the present tense.
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96 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
III. JOHN.
12
, -? -, .
III. JOHN.
11 ', ,6, 6,
.JUDE.
3 ),,
, ,-, -7 *, , -,-,.
0 , ,-,-, .12.
.']Attic for
.See note on Rom. iii. 13.
7. ....~\ i.e.. .
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REVELATION. 97
KEVELATION.
Chap. I.
8 \ , ,6, 6 , 6 , 6,.
Chap. II,
17 ,*̂/ ,,-
el
6,3 ,
. 8. .] Here A and , used metaphorically to
signify the first and the last, are taken as substantives ; andalthough in their own forms invariable, are declined by aid of
the cases of the neuter article, thus : Nominative, to A ; Geni-
tive, A, etc. : the distinction of case being as clearly indi-
cated by the variation of the prefix, as it would be by an altera-
tion of termination, if that were possible. This use of the article
is a common device of the Greek language, to indicate the cases
of words invariable in their termination.
&v, , 6.] 6 is here rightly joined to the
participles o)v and ; but before , it is used in the
sense of the relative os. This is done to prevent disturbing the
uniformity of the members of the antithesis;
here, in fact,
supplies the place of a past participle of the verb "to be," which
is wanting in the Greek language.
II. 17.
.~]Infinitive 2 aorist, not to be confounded with
(payeLv, the infinitive present ; which is, however, not in use, its
place being supplied by ivdUiv.
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98 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.•27 iv
•,Chap..
4
' ,\
-.14 Kai .-6, 6 6
,15 , ,• .16, , \
. 15. /.] To indicate a wish, either the optative mood
is used (see note, Philemon 20), or the infinitive may be used,
preceded by the verb or, would that. This verb
has a force nearly equivalent to the Latin utinam; but, unlike
that conjunction, it varies in number and person according to
the sense. It is the 2 aorist of the verb, to owe, and is
frequently preceded by , or some other particle. The follow-
ing verse of Homer will illustrate the use of the word:
" , '.II. . 428.
You have come from the war, would that you had perished there!
i. e. you ought to have perished there. The use of the word as an
optative particle may therefore be accounted for by the consi-
deration, that what one can say ought to have taken place, one
may be considered as wishing to have taken place. The form
ultimately came to be used without distinction of num-
ber or person ; and, indeed, degenerated into a conjunction or
interjection, as it is used here. See 1 Cor. iv. 8.
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REVELATION. 99,,18 - -, )', , -) ' \ -,
. Chap. IV.
3, .' ? -,
6 ,\ -Chap. V.
9
,'",, \,IV. 6. .] Adverbially, for iv.
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100 GREEK TESTAMENT HOOTS.
Chap. VI.
6
,'' ,.
13 }, ,.5 , \ -
, ,\
,.Chap. VII.
1
VI. 6..] The genitive of price. See note on Acts vii.
16. The Eoman denarius, a silver coin, consisting of ten (deni)
asses, was equivalent to the Greek, which is variously .
estimated at from 7fdi. to 9fd. of our money. The is the .
woman's "piece of silver" spoken of in Luke xv. 8, 9 ; and, in
all cases where "penny" occurs in the New Testament, the ori-
ginal is. , or silver " penny," was the wages ,
of a labourer for a full day's work, according to Matt. xx. 2. The, translated " measure " in Eev. vi. 6, was a corn-measure,.
containing 2 or (according to some) 1£ pints English ; and was
one man's daily allowance. Wheat would, consequently, be very
dear at a denarius the choenix, as costing a whole day's earnings
for a day's sustenance.
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REVELATION. 101
,-,, -, .4 *, .
VII. 1 . .] See note, Mark xiii. 20.
14. .'] Attic for
,perfect of pec». Similarly,
for, perfect of. Compare note on Luke i. 36.
In these instances the Attic dialect changes the reduplication
into the diphthong et, which is, in fact, only a lengthened form
of the common augment ; so that, in this case, a lengthened
augment serves in place of a reduplication. But when the com-
mon augment is lengthened in the Attic dialect, in tenses which
admit only the simple augment, and not the reduplication, e is
lengthened by being converted into , not into ei : as, jftxeXXe for
tyeXXe. See notes on Rom. iii. 13, and 2 John 12.
.] " Thou knowest." Whenever the personal pronoun,
in the nominative case, is expressed in the Greek, it ought to be
emphasised in reading the translation, as indicating contrast.
This contrast is frequently expressed, as in James ii. 18, "Thou
() hast faith, and I (eya>) have works"; but in the present
instance it is implied, " thou knowest" implying i" do not. Simi-
larly, in all the Gospels, in answer to Pilate's interrogatory (ren-
dered contemptuously comparative by the emphasis on "thou"),
"Art thou () the King of the Jews?" our Lord meekly re-
plies, "Thou () sayest it" ; implying, I have not said it. That
this is the true interpretation of Christ's answer, appears also
from the context, supplied in John xviii. 36 :"My kingdom is
not of this world." Another very important instance of this
scriptural mode of conveying a necessary implication by em-
phasis alone, occurs in the text (quoted by Paul in Eom. xii. 19
—compare Deut. xxxii. 35), " Vengeance is mine ; / (e'y") w^lrepay, saith the Lord" ; clearly implying—in harmony with the
Christian doctrine which the apostle enforces by this citation
from the Old Testament Ye must not avenge. From these
passages, it appears that affirmations of this kind involve nega-
tions with which they are contrasted by implication. Again, in
the parable of the prodigal son, Luke v. 31, the words of the
3
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102 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
€L7re • Ovtgl -*
?,.Chap. VIII.
7 6
,\-,, ,1
'-'ayj
/,, .father imply contrast as emphatically as tenderly: "My son,
thou () art with me always." Numerous other examples of
this use of the pronouns might be adduced ; and the student of
the New Testament would do well to observe, in all cases, whe-ther the personal pronoun of the nominative case is, or is not,
expressed in the Greek. If it is, he will generally observe an
emphasis, which will enable him not only to appreciate more
fully the force, the majesty, or the pathos of the original ; but
sometimes to detect a latent meaning which had before escaped
him. His reading of the English version, also, will be made
more impressive, by knowing on what word of the original the
emphasis falls.
VIII. 7. ....] Observe the agreement of two
singular substantives with a plural adjective and a singular verb.
The verb is singular on the principle, that a nominative plural
neuter has a verb singular;
and, being united in the
neuter adjective, become the neuter plural nominative
case before the singular verb
."] i. e. ,
the third part ; the same ellipsis
occurs in verse 11. So in English, a third for a thirdpart.
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REVELATION. ' 103
Chap. IX.
2
?
'?-?' 6? 6.? ?? ?-? -, ? .
Chap. .3' ,
? ?.6 ? ??, ?, ,' ?.
Chap. XI.
9 ?,?.
IX. 2..]"is properly an adjective, as appears
by such phrases as , the bottomless depth of the
sea ; , a bottomless lake. Some such word as
or is to be understood wherever occurs unaccom-
panied by a substantive.
XI. 9. .] See notes on Acts ix. 43, and Heb. iii. 17. With
the accusative of time, how long, the preposition eVi is under-stood
; and is sometimes expressed, as in Luke iv. 25, em '4,for three years.
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104 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. XII.
4 Kat
, \6 -, , ,).
Chap. XIII.
2 Kat , , -, ,6, -
, .Chap. XIV.
18 -, ',,, .19 6
, ,
. Chap. XVI.
10 6 -' \-XVI. 10. ."] From
,1 future of or
,comes
1 aorist, contracted into ; which, in the compound, is further shortened into-.
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REVELATION. 10
vero -
.13 Kai
-, \ ,,Chap. XVII.
6 , -' , 13, ^/,.Chap. XVIII.
6 , ,*iv , -,
7
,,
XVII. C. .] I wondered with great wonder. It
is not uncommon for a Greek intransitive or neuter verb to take
after it an accusative case of the like signification with itself,
the preposition being understood. So , to he ill
of a disease;
-,to rejoice with great joy
a^LKeiv *
,to inflict injustice on thee. This idiom is also to
be found in English ; as, " to die the death." In Greek, how-
ever, the noun is generally to be put in the dative, particularly
where there is a qualifying adjective ; as, -(Xen.), to die by a voluntary death : but also without an
adjective; as, , to die the death, meaning simply
to die.
XVIII. 6. .] The dative of the relative by attraction. See
note, John iv. 14.
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106 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
otl ev rfj ۥ -
, , .12
,, \, -, , ,,,\
,3 , , \ -, \, , ,, , , ', ,4
, ,.22
\iv
' ez5-
13. .'] This genitive is governed by, which occurs
in the beginning of the preceding verse.
14. .] In Greek, two or more negatives do
not destroy one another, but make the negation stronger. Herethe three negatives, , make the denunciation of the
text more emphatic : , when joined with ov, is generally fol-
lowed by the subjunctive.
22.. -
] Harpers ; from, a guitar or harp, and
, a song. The derivation of from, or , ta sing,
will appear plain by observing, that from the* perfect middle
()of that verb comes ; and that, by the rules of con-
traction, aoi becomes ..] Compare note on chap. vii. 1.
I
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REVELATION. 107
I
) ' kcu )Chap. XIX.
-.
Chap. XX.
4 Kat • -, ' ,\ , -
, ',, -.
Chap. XXI.
8
,\,,
XX. 4. erq.] For the thousand years. is inserted
on the authority of the Alexandrine MS., Mill and others omit-
ting it. The force of the article is .to identify the period of a
thousand years, during which " the souls . . . lived and reigned
with Christ," with that spoken of in ver. 2. In that verse, the
article is not used, and the translation is consequently " a thou-
sand years" ; but in ver. 3, 4, 5, the text is , the
thousand years. See note on Mark xv. 46.
XXI. 8.
-rols
.]All the false : in the Authorised
Version, "all liars." The adjective is used substantively
with the article, just as we speak of "the just," i. e. just men;
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108 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
rfj} rrj
)) ,
.6 Kai , \
\ -, \ \
\
.19 Kat oi
6 6,- 6 - 6,6,'
0
,•6,•
,'
6
,-6
,6
,'
,- 6,.1 , --,"the deep," for the deep sea, etc. The phrase oi yjsevdels compre-
hends not only "liars" (in the common acceptation of the
term), but all who are guilty of deception of any kind, whether
by act or by word.
XXI. 20.
.],fifth, is formed from
,an
iEolic form of. It may assist the student, in remember-
ing the different classes of numerals, to observe that the ordinals
(first, second, etc.) all end in -, except,, and
; and that among the cardinals (one, two, etc.), the tens
end in-, and the hundreds in-.21..], a broad street, is properly the feminine of
;
,or rather $•, being understood. is
opposed to in Luke xiv. 21 :" Go into the streets()and lanes() of the city."
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SUPPLEMENT.
MATTHEW.
Chap. XIV.
36 Kai -'.Chap. XXVII.
5 Kai ptyas iv -' ,.XXVII. 5. .] He hanged himself. This word well
exemplifies the reflexive force of the Greek Middle Voice. Theactive, ay, is to strangle; the passive, to be strangled ; and
the middle, particularly in the 1 aorist, to strangle oneself. Asimilar force of this voice, and this particular tense, may be
observed in Mark vii. 4, " except they wash" themselves. This
peculiar force of the 1 aorist middle has also a most remarkable
jj exemplification in Acts xxii. 16, where Ananias says to "brother
j
Saul" (not yet Paul), "Arise, baptise thyself
(,not
"bebaptised"), and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the
Lord."
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110 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
MARK.
Chap. VI.
40 Kai ),), -.LUKE.
Chap. II.
12,iv
ttj
}.Chap. .31
iv tyj )' \ ,-Chap. XIV.
13 '' , ,,.Chap. XXIV.
17
'-
VI. 40. .] For . So, in verse 7'
of this chapter, for , by twos; or like the English
phrases, " two and two," " two by two."
1 *'
X. 31. .'] " By chance," or rather by coincidence,
from
,together, and or
,to meet with. Hence
-properly means a concurrence of events, which come
together or coincide without design on the part of the agents.
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SUPPLEMENT. Ill
, -;ACTS.
Chap. .
18 * \ -,.Chap. VIII.
3 ,,, \, .8 ' -
5,,
6
• .XXIV. 17. care.] Before these words understand
/, why, implied in the interrogative rives, which begins the
sentence.
I. 18.
€<.] Re obtained for himself, or acquired. Thisis the force of the 1 aorist middle. See note on
,Matt,
xxvii. 5 (page 109).
VIII. 3. €//6...6.] Eemark the force of the im-
perfect tense, indicating continuity or repetitio?i of an act :" He
continued (or kept) making havoc," etc. See note on 1 Pet. ii. 23.
The imperfect is thus strongly distinguished from the aorist,
which points to only a single act, occurring in a moment oftime, or once for all ; while the imperfect always denotes a
continued, habitual, or repeated action or state.
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112 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
Chap. XL
8 Se'
,, ^* on
-/ Chap. XXI.
7 ,-?.
GALATIANS.
Chap. VI.
17 , *.EPHESIANS.
Chap. VI.
12
XI. 8..] This word is derived from, not even
one, compounded of and ?, an old equivalent of els or t\s.
Similarly, is from, an Ionic form of $•..] Any. See note on Mark xiii. 20.
"VI. 17. .] For the future, for \.he ellipsis of with adjectives, pronouns, and participles
is common. See note on Acts xxiv. 16. Similarly, time is under-stood in numerous English phrases, such as the past, how long,
from this out, for the present.
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SUPPLEMENT. 113, , -, ,.
EEVELATION.Chap. XIII.
18 6 ' ,\ *, \ 6 ^ .
VI. 12. .] From, by inserting the digamma, comes
the Latin ae-v-um, whence the English co-eval. It has already
been observed (see note on Luke xi. 12), that the iEolic double
gamma, or digamma (F), had the power of V or F ; and, indeed,
the form of F is derived from it. The restoration of this letter
before vowels in the beginning or middle of words, extends our
acquaintance with the connexion existing between the Greek
and English languages, by affording the means of identifying
numerous Greek words with their Latin derivatives, and thus of
tracing the origin of several English words derived from the
Greek through the Latin. For instance, the English word vision
comes from the Latin video, which is derived from Ihov or fibov
the 2 aorist of eiSco. So the English vestment comes from the
Latin vestis, equivalent to the Greek
," a garment." Like-
wise, vernal from ver or fjp, " the spring" ; violence from vis or
?, "force" ; divine from divus or, etc.
XIII. 18. *£?'.] i.e. 666 ; the Greek numeral standing for
600, £' for 60, and ' (called Ban) for 6. In the Alexandrine
manuscript, the numbers are expressed in words instead of
arithmetical notation e£.
The problem put forth in the text, " Let him that hath under-standing count the number of the beast," has given rise to
various attempts at solution ; and the present editor ventures
L 3
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114 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
to suggest a new one, founded on certain properties which he
has discovered in the number, curiously connecting it with theequilateral triangle and the square— the former the natural
emblem of Trinity in Unity, and the latter of Stability and
Might. All conjectures hitherto offered have been based on the
supposition that the number, 666, is indicative of the qualities
or attributes of the beast. But may not this be a fundamental
error ; and may not the number rather refer to the Deity Him-
self, whose emblem the " beast" impiously assumed ?
In the first place, the number 666 is a triangular number
i.e. it is one of the terms of the series, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, etc 666,
etc— , of the numbers which represent, or may be arranged in,
equilateral triangles. Thus it appears that 666 has for its base
the sacred number, 3, its units being resolvable into the form of a
symmetrical triangle.
The secondary base of 666 is 6, a number not only a perfect
number (i. e. equal to the sum of its divisors), but the first ofperfect numbers.
This secondary base, 6, is closely related to, or resolvable into,
the primary, 3. Both by itself, and particularly in the number
666, 6 is connected with the radix, 3, by properties of a very
remarkable character. And, first, of the number 6 taken by
itself.
(1.) 6 is itself a triangular number, and expresses that parti-
cular equilateral triangle of which the side is three.
(2.) 6 derives its property of being a perfect number, from its
being equal to the sum of its three divisors ; those divisors being
the^first three digits, 1, 2, 3.
The number 6 thus being a triangular number, and that
triangular number of which the side is three ; being also a per-
fect number, the first of perfect numbers; being equal to
the sum of its three divisors, and those divisors the first three
numbers ; and being, in the number 666, taken three times
pre-eminently represents such a triangle as is a fit symbol of the
Deity. This emblematic fitness evidently comprehends a sym-
bolisation of the attributes in virtue of which the Divine Being
is One and Indivisible, although Triune ; and not only Per-
fect or Optimus, but First or Nulli Secundus, i. e. Maximus.
Secondly, of 6 taken three times in the number 666. The
proof of the triplicity, or Trinity, of this symbol (666) may be
further extended by observing, that 666 is composed of a unit,
a ten, and a hundred, multiplied by 1, by 2, and by 3 ; i. e. each
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SUPPLEMENT. 115
taken once, twice, and thrice. And here, again, the number 6
appears as well as 3 ;since there are in this multiplication six
factors, i.e. three multipliers, and three multiplicands; the three
multipliers, 1, 2, 3, being the three divisors of the perfect num-
ber 6, and indicating respectively the First, Second, and Third
Persons of the Trinity.
Further, 666 is trebly a triangular number ; for (1.) 6 is a
triangular number; (2.) 666 is a triangular number ; and (3.)
36, the side of the triangle formed by 666 units, is itself a tri-
angular number. Thus the idea of triplicity, and that triplicity
a Trinity in Unity, seems multiplied the more we dwell on the
subject; and indications crowd upon us, that the recondite
qualities of this mysterious number variously identify it with
the equilateral triangle—the natural, peculiar, and unique sym-
bol of Trinity in Unity ; and (the triangle being equilateral) of
the equality of the three Persons.
Next, as to the relations of this number with the square.
And let it be premised, that the square is the representative of
Solidity and Strength ; of Stability, Firmness, Fixity ; and, con-
sequently, of Perpetuity or Eternity ;— all among the grandest
attributes of the Almighty. Plato and Aristotle use the(, or square, as synonymous with Moral Perfection.
The right angle also, by itself, naturally suggests perpendicu-
larity or Uprightness; and is the essential notion of the
emblematic Scales of Justice, inclining neither to the right
hand nor to the left.
The number 666 is the sum of the series of natural numbers
from 1 to 36. Hence the side of the equilateral triangle formed*
by 666 is 36, the square of 6. Thus the element, 6, is here
found in the form of a square, as well as that of a triangle ; so
'
that the number 666 is not only connected obviously with the
number 6, but also associated, in an occult relation, with thesquare of that perfect number.
It is also observable, that 666 typifies the union of the triangle
and the square, being the sum of the triangular number 630, and
the square 36. But this union is still more completely symbo-
lised by the striking circumstance that 36 the geometrical
base of the equilateral triangle 666, and consequently its linear
representative — is the first number that is, distinctively, both an
equilateral triangle and a square. The number 666 is therefore,
collectively, a symbol of the Triune Almighty.
The connexion of 3, 6, and 666 with each other and with the
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116 GREEK TESTAMENT ROOTS.
perfect square, appears also from another numerical truth. It
willbe found that the sum of the six permutations of the digits,
1, 2, 3, taken three and three together, is equal to the square of
6, plus the square of the square of 6 ; and each of these quanti-
ties is a multiple of 666.
Seeing, then, that this mystic number possesses so many
intrinsic qualities, combined in no other number whatever, and
all converging towards the symbolisation of the chief essential
attributes of the Deity—is it too much to conclude that it is a
cipher or monogram, typical of the Holy Trinity, and usurped
by the beast, in accordance with his character of blasphemy ?
The essential characteristic of the Power or System spoken of
in Scripture by the various appellations of "the beast," "Anti-
christ," "the man of sin," etc., isMasphemy. This appears from
numerous texts: ex. gr., in Rev. xiii. 1, the "beast" has "upon
his heads the name of blasphemy"; in Rev. xvii. 3, the "woman"
is "fall of names of blasphemy." Now "blasphemy" is, in manypassages, denned as an assumption of the titles, attributes, and
authority of God. See John x. 33 :" We stone thee ... for blas-
phemy ; and because that thou, being a man, makest thyself
God." Compare Matt. xxvi. 65. See also Mark iii. 29, 30, where
"to blaspheme against the Holy Ghost" is to attribute the
miracles of Christ to " an unclean spirit."
The " man of sin" (2 Thess. ii. 4) " as God sitteth in the tem-
ple of God, shewing that he is God" ; and it might be no forced
inference to conclude, that the emblem of the Triune Almighty,
impiously arrogated to himself by the " beast," similarly consti-
tuted his " name of blasphemy." The hidden significancy of the
usurped symbol of Him whose name is " secret" (Judges xiii. 18)
may have relation to the "mystery" by which the "woman"
perhaps identical with the second beast— " deceiveth them that
dwell on the earth" ;
and "they that had gotten the victory . ,
.
over the number of his name" may be those who detected,
resisted, and unmasked the falsehood and forgery of his assumed
escutcheon.
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PARSING LEXICON.
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REMARKS TO AID THE STUDENT IN
PARSING.
1. When appears in the termination of a verb, it is gene-
rally the first future or the first aorist.
2. When is in the termination, the tense is generally the
first aorist or first future passive.
3. The syllabic augment, e, at the beginning of a word, denotes
the imperfect or aorists.
4. The reduplication of the same consonant, or mutes of the
same class (labial, dental, or guttural), beginning the first two
syllables, denote the perfect tense.
5. The syllable, e, before the reduplication, denotes the plu-
perfect.
6. In the case of verbs compounded with prepositions, the
tenses are to be looked for under the simple form of the verb.
7. Where is subscript, a contraction has always taken place.
8. A circumflex over a syllable, is frequently an indication
that a contraction has taken place.
9. Where the composition of a word is obvious, the compo-
nent parts having sustained little or no alteration, the student
is left to infer the composition for himself ; in which he cannot
fail, as the parts of compound words are separated by a
hyphen.
10. In compound words beginning with a preposition, the
final vowel of the prepositions , \,, *, eVi,,,, and, is dropped before a vowel.
11. The final of the prepositions iv and , in composition,
is often changed, in conformity with the General Orthographical
Law given in the Etymological Introduction prefixed to the'
Texts.
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PARSING LEXICON.
A, alpha, the first letter of the alphabet, used metapho-
rically to signify the first. In composition, it is
generally equivalent to not ; but sometimes has an
intensive force. Hence, with or, ALPHA-bet;
with, A-torn; with
,A-mnesty.
',indecl. m. Abraham.
-, , /. a bottomless pit, or deep ; from a, not,
and, Ion. for. Hence, ABYSS.-, ,/., to do good; and-, , m. andf. a well-doer; from, and
',, ov {irregular comparatives,
,apeioov,
,,,; irregular super-
latives, [hence, with, ARiSTO-cracy],,,, ), good,
brave, prudent ; subst. goods. Hence the name,
Agatha.
,,,f. gladness, exultation ; from
,, f., to leap for joy, exult, be glad,
celebrate; from', f., to adorn, delight., , f., to be in pain, to be indignant,
to complain, grieve, groan.
,, /., to love, to kiss, to be content with
;
hence
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!
120 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
Aya^, , f. love, pi. love-feasts or AGAP^ ; and
',, bv, beloved.
lAyyapevoo,f., to compel to go ; from, , m. Persian kings' messengers, empowered
to press horses and drivers into their service.
Ayyeiov, , n. a vessel, jar ; from <<;. Hence, with
,ANGiO-tomy.
,,f., to announce, to bring news; hence
?, , m. and f. a messenger, an ANGEL.
ATTOX, , n. a vessel.
Aye, adv. come, go to, properly the imperat. of.Ayei^,
f.epco, to bring together, collect; from•
,,
f. a herd {properly of oxen), a flock, a troop.
A-yevea-\yo, , m. andf. without genealogy; from
a, not, yLvopuab and.AyiaC^,
f., to sanctify, hallow, cleanse; from
'%, , , holy, pure, pious; subst. pi. saints.
Hence, withy, HAGiO-graphy.
,, /. the arms when bent, as in embracing;
hence
AyicaKn), , f an arm.", , n. a hook.
,?,/, an ANCHOR, support, help.
^, , /.
,to be ignorant, be ignorant of, pass.
part, not known; from a, not, and^. j
(%, , bv, chaste, pure, modest, innocent. Hence
the name Agnes.
or , /.; 1 aor.Att.; 2aor.pass.
iar/, to break.
-,ov, unknown; from a, not, and
.yopa, , f.a forum or market-place, an assembly,
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PARSING LEXICON. 121
supplies, purchase, an harangue (hence cat-EGORY,
from
,to predicate of); from
.,/,, to buy, redeem; from
.", , f. catching, hunting, prey, a draught (as of
fishes).-, ov, m, a wild olive ; from ikaia, and
', , , rustic, wild, fierce; from
(2,ov, m. the country, a field. Hence ACRE,
originally an open field.
--, , f. watching ; from a, not, and.The is inserted euph. gratia.,, f.
an assembly, a multitude ; from.",/.
,to press tight, strangle, hang.
, f., to lead, bring, pass the time, keep a festival
(according to• the substantive coming after it), to
value, govern, go, go on (as to time). Hence syn-
AGOGUE.
",, m. a contention, contest, struggle, games,
arena, danger (hence, with
,ant-AGONlST).
Hence, , f.contention, AGONY.
%, , . a brother (properly, a uterine bro-
ther. It is supposed to be derived from, the
womb, and
,together). Hence, with
,Phil-ADELPHIA, i. e. brotherly love.
, ,/., to please, gratify, delight.
-§\, adv. uncertainty; and
-, adv. uncertainly; from a, not, and., ,/., to be grievously tormented,
to be cast down with sorrow.
", ov, m. (contr. for -', from a, not, and '), a
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122 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
place of darkness, or of departed spirits, death, Pluto,
Hell, the grave, the shades.
--, , m. andf.
impartial ; from a, not, Bca,
and.-, , /., to act unjustly, injure; and
-, ?,/, injustice; from a, not, and.P(?%, , . andf. great, abundant, handsome, strong,
fierce; hence
, ?,/, abundance.
", (contr. from ),/. , to sing., adv. always, continually. Hence, For AYE=for
ever.
AETO^, , . an eagle.
AH S
P, epos, . air. Hence, aerial.-, , n. an unlawful thing; and-, , . andf. unlawful; from a, not, and.-, , . andf. lawless; from a, not, and.-, ,
f.
,to contemn, reject; from a, not, and
., ,/., to strive; from
03, or, , . contest, strife. Hence
ATHLETIC.
02, , . andf. crowded.
-, , . andf. innocent; from a not, and
.Ai,fpl. of 6.
,, , m. andf. belonging to a goat; from., , m. the sea shore., , . an Egyptian; from
,ov,/. Egypt.
, contr. od<;,f. modesty, shame, reverence.
,, n. blood. Hence, with, H^EMO-rrhage.
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PARSING LEXICON. 123
02, , m. praise. Hence, par-ENESiS.
,70?, /. a goat. Hence, aegis, the shield of
Minerva, covered with the skin of the goat Amalthaea.
, , /., 1. aor. pass,, 2. aor. eikov,
(from obs. '), to take, mid. to choose. Hence,
HERESY.
,/.,to raise, remove, destroy. Hence, ARSIS.
^',/. m., 2. aor. m.,
(from obs. ), to perceive. (Hence, iES-
thetics), hence, S.plur. 2. aor.subj. mid.
AV'XXO'X, , n. deformity, disgrace., €, contr.
,m. andf. seeking shameful
gain; from and., , n. a shameful thing; and, a, bv, {irreg. comp.), shameful, deform-
ed, base; and
,,
f. shame; from
,,,/,, to ask; hence, ,/, cause, blame; hence, , , that causes, or that is to, blame., , m. andf. sudden, unforeseen; from a, not,
and
.-\, , m. a prisoner, captive ; from
,and
ATXMH\ ,/, a point (as of a spear), a spear.
&,, m. age, duration, eternity, a period, time,
an age, the world, (with €) for ever (hence, with
digamma, the Latin <e-Y-um ; whence co-eval) ;
hence, , m. and/, eternal.
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124 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, ,/, uncleanness; and
-,m. and/, n. ov, gen.
, unclean, from a, not,
and .-,, /., to be without opportunity,
from a, not, and.", ,/, a thorn. Hence, acanthus.
--, ,m. and
/unceasing, not to be re-
strained ; from a, not,, and., /, to flourish, be fully ripe; from, , f. a point of a weapon, or of time, the
height, or vigour, or prime, of anything, ACME;
hence
,adv. now, yet.
, , /. hearing, the ear, report ; from., ,/, to follow; from, , m. and/, a follower. Hence, aco-
lyte.
,1. aor. p. subj. 3, sing, o/
,/. , per/, pass,
,to hear. Hence,
ACOUSTICS.-, , f. intemperance, incontinence ; from a, not,
and.,, contr., m. and/, incontinent ; from a,
not, and
., adv. more strictly; from2, , m. and/, exact, accurate, severe, strict., ?,/. a locust.
AKPOA'OMAI, ,/., to hear; hence
,, m. a hearer.
-, , /. the prepuce, uncircumcision ; from, and.
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PARSING LEXICON. 125
-, , . the first-fruits (which were taken from
the top of the heap), chief spoils, from ), and", , . top, extremity; from
AKP02, a, ov, highest, first. Hence, with, a
verse, ACRO-stic, a series of lines of which the first
letters are to be read as a word.
,,ov, gen.
,unwilling; from a, not, and
.AAABA'HTPON, , . alabaster, alabaster-box.
AAA' , , m. andf.
vain-glorious, boastful,
proud.
,f., to shout, wail, tinkle; from
,,/, a cry used by soldiers going to battle.
,, n. salt, from., , n. pain, grief. Hence, with, to re-
turn, nost-ALGiA, home-sickness, maladie du pays.,/, to anoint.
-,,
f.
cock-crowing ; from
,and
, , m. a cock; from a, not, and
,to
lie down., , m. Alexander. (See), f., to grind.
,,/, truth; from
%,,contr.
,m. and/ true; hence
, , ov, true., /, to grind ; from., adv. truly; from.", adv. sufficiently, abundantly.,
,/,to
pollute;hence
,, n. pollution, contamination.
, /, (from obs. ). The Att.
3
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126 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
2. aor. (from obs.) is taken in a passive
signification, as is also the perf.
.', for
AAAAl, conj. but, yet, yea.
AAAA^Xfi,f., to change Hence, with eV, the gram-
matical figure, en-ALLAGE; with, par-ALLAX.
,gen. plur. defect, of one another; from
.Hence par-ALLEL.
r
AAAOMAI,f., to leap, spring up.
AAAOX, , o, another; when repeated, it is some...
others (hence, with, suffering, ALLO-pathy;
and, through the Latin alius, alien); hence
,a, ov, foreign, alien, belonging to others.
-, ov, m. and f. of another race ; from
and.AAOA'fl, ,/., or, to tread out or thresh corn.
-, , m. andf.
without speech, without reason,
irrational; from a, not, and
<.AAO'H, 97?,/. the aloe.
*AA%,, or, m. salt, the sea. Hence, SALT, by
substituting s for the aspirate.
AAH, ,/. the sea.
", €,/. a chain; from a, not, and
,, m. Alpheus.
,, or, , f. a threshing-floor.',, f.a fox., €, f.
capture, a snare; from., adv. at the same time with, together with.
',/.,2. aor. (from obs.
), to sin; hence
, ,/, sin.
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PARSING LEXICON. 127
-, , m.andf. without witnesses; from a, not,
and
.,, m. andf. sinful; subst. a sinner; from
., , . andf.
not contentious; from a, not, and.,/,
,to mow, reap down.
-, , m. an amethyst; from a, not, and
,being supposed to keep off drunkenness.,/,, to change., adv. Heb. verily, Amen.
-,, . and /. without a mother; from a, not,
and
.-, , m. and f.unpolluted ; from a, not, and., ,/, sand; from^.!, , . a lamb.
,,
/. requital; from
.Hence, Amce-
bean verses."!, ,/, a vine.,/ , to help, ward off, defend., prep, about, on both sides. Hence several words
beginning with AMPHI-; as, with
,AMPHI-
theatre.
-, , n. anything thrown around, a gar-
ment, a large net; from and.-, /. (from obs.), to clothe,
array, from and eo).
,at, a, both, from.
,,both.
-, , . and f. without blemish, blameless; from
a, not, and.
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128 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
AN, conj. if, soever. In the consequent of an hypothetic
proposition, it gives to the imperf,, aorists, or plup.
ind. the signs, would, should, or might; or, would,
should, or might have. With the opt., av occurs
chiefly in objective sentences ; and gives a con-
ditional sense to that mood.
ANA\ prep, through, among, by. It is also a distributive
signifying each, by, throughout. In composition,
again, back, up. Hence, many words beginning
with ana-\ as, with, -gram; with ,-lysis, etc.
-, to go or come up.
Ava
-,to defer.
-, f., to cause to ascend, haul up; from
ova and,-, to look up, receive sight. Hence-,, f.receiving or recovery of sight.
-,?}?,/.
delay; from
., to bring back news, to relate, announce;
from ova and., to read., a, ov, necessary; from, ,/, necessity.
-,/.,to flourish again, recover strength.
-, f., to view, contemplate.-, to recline.-, to take away, destroy, consume; from ava
and.-,
to cause to rest, refresh; mid. to rest.
-, ov, m. andf. maimed, crippled.-, f. , to fall backwards, recline, sit
down to meat.
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PARSING LEXICON. 129
! -<, , m. and/, inexcusable ; from a, not, and
.,to kindle; from ava and.-, ?, /. resurrection; from ava and.-, to overturn, turn back; mid. to be engaged
in, to converse; hence
-,???,/. conversation, conduct.
AvareiXr), 3. sing. 1. aor. subj. of
-, to rise, make to rise; hence-, , f.rising, the East, dayspring. Hence,
Anatolia, or Natolia, the modern name of Asia
Minor.
-,to overturn, subvert.
-, to bring up, educate.-, to bring up, bear upon, take away, offer up.-, f, to depart, retire, give place.
", ace. phr. of.',
ov, m. Andrew.
,2.plur. 2. aor. of., 2 plur. 2 aor. of-., ov, m. wind. Hence, anemone; with -, -meter; and, through the Latin anima,
breath, animal.
,plur.part. 2. aor. of
.--, , m. andf.
inscrutable; from a, not,
and.--, , m. andf.
unsearchable; from a, not,
ef and.Av-eireaov, 2 aor. of
., to examine, put to the question ; from ava and.
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130 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, . sing 2. aor. pass, of
.adv. without.
--, , m. andf.
inconvenient; from a, not, ,and.-, to find out; from ava and.-, to bear, bear with ; from ava and ; mid.
.-,3 sing. 1 aor. of
.ANEVICTS, ov, m. a nephew., part. perf. p., and, 3. plur. 1. aor. p. of., , n. dill, an aromatic plant.
-,to be fit; from ava and
.-, , m. andf. fierce; from a, not, and.ANHP,, voc., a man (not a woman, but
is a man or a woman, a human being),
husband. Hence, with ,, to defend, the name
Alex-ANDER, i.e. one who defends men.
-, to resist; from avrl and
.02,, n. a flower. Hence, with?, ANTHO-,, masc. coal, burning coals. Hence, an-
thracite., , ov, human; adverbially, humanly; from
', , m. andf. a man or woman, one of the
human race. Hence, with, phil-ANTHROPY;
with, mis-ANTHROPE.
-, to loosen, unbind, omit, quit; from ava and."-, ,
m. andf. unwashed; from a, not, and
., a, m. Annas.-, , m.andf. foolish; from a, not, and.
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PAESING LEXICON. 131
-, f , 1. aor. Att., perf. Att.,perf. m. Att., to open ; from ava and.
-,, . recompense, retribution; from
and
., to answer, reply again, dispute; from
and.prep, for, in the room of, instead of, against, op-
posite to, corresponding to;
' ,because, there-
fore. Hence, -thesis (with), -Christ,
and all words of similar composition.-, , . an adversary, from.-, to invite in return.
-€, to be opposed to, to oppose; part, substan-
tively, opponent.
-,, f.assistance ; from.Xoyia, , /. contradiction, opposition, contumely;
from.-, , f., to revile in return.
-,to measure in return.
--, to pass by on the other side., 3 sing. 2 aor. of., 2. aor. inf. of., to oppose, to set oneself in opposition;
from
,mid. of
.-, , n, an antitype, that which resembles or
corresponds with the type; from., , f., to draw (as water); from", , . sl sink.
-,, . and
f.unfeigned, without deceit
from a, not, and
./., to accomplish, complete.
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132 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
", adv. up, above, upwards, (as adj.) lofty; ?,to the brim. Substantively, after 2» prep., top.
-yeov or
-, , m. an upper chamber; from
and.", adv. from above, from the beginning, anew;, over again; from., ,/, an axe.
'AUIOS,a, ov, worthy.
Hence AXIOM.for before a vowel.-, to strangle oneself.
-, to lead, lead away; from and.-, , /, to cease from grief, to grow insen-
sible or callous; from>.
-,to dismiss, mid. to depart; from and
., , ov, tender, soft.-, , f., to meet; from."4, adv. once, once for all.
"-,, ,gen.
,the whole, all; from and
.
, ,/,, to deceive; hence, ,/, deceit.-,, . fatherless; from a, not, and.
,3. sing. 2.aor. /
.,, ,/ disobedience, unbelief; from
-€, , . and/ unbelieving, disobedient; from a,
not, and., ,/,, to threaten.
-ercTeivev, 3. sing. 1. aor. 0/
.*
,2 aor. part. 0/
.2. aor. 0/
.
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PARSING LEXICON. 133
-, adv. opposite to, before; from and evavri.--, adv. without distraction or care; from
a, not, irepl and
.-, to go away.
, 3. sing, per/., and, part.perf.p., and', 1. aor. of.,
to receive, possess, be absent, be distant, refrain
from ; from and., 2 aor. 3 plur. of., 3 sing. 1 aor. mid. of., , /., to be unbelieving, and
-, ,m. and f. unbelieving, faithless, incredible;
from a, not, and
., 6, , contr. , , , simple, single,
perfect.
", prep, from, of, off, for, on, after. Hence nume-
rous words beginning with apo-; as, with
,PO-strophe, a figure of rhetoric.
-, to be absent, to die.-, to register.-, , /., to pay or take tithe of; from
Be/ca.
-, , m. and/, acceptable; from
-, to receive with approbation or gladness.
-&, to restore, give, render, pay, surrender, bar-
ter, reward.', 1 plur. part. 2 aor. m. of.,,
/. a putting away or aside ; and
-, , f. a repository, storehouse, barn ; from
. Hence apothecary.
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134 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, to die.
-,to uncover, reveal; hence
-, ?, /. disclosure, revelation.-,, to deliberate, answer; from, mid.
of.-, to kill.
-,€,/. enjoyment; from
-, f. , to take a portion of, enjoy; from
.-, to leave behind, {mid.) be remaining.-, to lick.], 3. sing. 1. aor. subj. of
-or
,to destroy, lose, (mid.) perish
from and.-, ?, /. defence, apology; from?., 3. p/wr. 2.fut. m. of.,, f.redemption ; from.
-,to dismiss, liberate, put away (a wife), (mid.)
separate.
-, to wash the hands.-, ,/. ??, to seduce; from.-, to draw away or forth ; mid. to depart.-, f, to take off the roof, uncover; from
.-, to send, send forth.-, to deprive, defraud, keep back by fraud.-, , m. & messenger, APOSTLE; from-.-,,
to cast off, lay aside.
-, to depart.--, , m. andf. not causing to stumble, void
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PAKSING LEXICON. 135
of offence, not stumbling; from a, not, and
.",/., 2..,to bind, kindle, light; mid.
to touch, take.-, to thrust away, reject; from and-*}
mid. of.-, ,/, destruction, perdition, waste; and
,1. aor. and
, 3. sing. 2. aor. m., from.PA\ ,/, imprecation.
", conj. therefore, then, haply.
", part. 1 . aor. /.^, , bv, white, fleet; also idle. In the latter
sense it is derived from a, neg. and epyov., neut. plur. contr. of, , eov, contr., a,, made of silver, and, , . silver, [plur) pieces of silver ; from
",, masc. silver. Hence, Lat. argentum; Fr.
argent; and the English, AUGEJST, bright as silver;
from, white.,, comp. /., 1 . aor. in/, of
APE'%Kn,f (from obs. ), to please.
, , f.virtue; from
APHX, , m. Mars. Hence, with, a hill, Areo-
pagus.
", 2. sing. 1. aor. subj. of., , m. a number. Hence, arithaietic.,, m. Aristarchus.
APIXTEPaZ, a, bv, thedeft.", , . a repast.
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136 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
', , ov, sup. of
.', , bv, sufficient; from
, f., to be sufficient, to aid; mid. to be con-
tented.! , , m. andf. a bear. Hence AitCT-urus, from, a tail; Arctic, i.e. under the constellation
called " the Great Bear".
ffAPMA,, n. a chariot., , m. a joint; and, f., to join together; mid. to espouse, from
. Hence, HARMONY.,,
f.
,to deny, refuse.
, , n. a lamb, little lamb ; from., 1. aor. imperat. of ., , n. a plough; from.. S.plur. l.fut. of ., a>,f.,., to plough.
,, f.
,sometimes
,to seize, take by force,
catch up. Hence, harpy.^^,, m. earnest.-, , m. andf.
without seam ; from a, not, and.-,
, m andf. not spoken, secret, ineffable; from
a, not, and.-, , m. andf. infirm, sick, sickly; from a, not,
and.% or,, dat.plur., m. andf. a lamb.
',, n. a male; from
£or
,,m., n. ev, male. Hence (from its
strength), ARSENIC.',, m. a topsail.
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PAUSING LEXICON. 137, adv. lately, now; air', henceforth, hereafter.
", , .and
for a, ov, even in number, com-
plete, perfect.
"2, , bread, a loaf., f, to prepare ; from.APXH\ , fern, the beginning, first dignity. Hence
words beginning or ending with arch, as ARCH-angel,
ARCH-bishop, mon-ARCH ; archaism, an ancient
form of expression; with ?, ARCHAEO-logical,
belonging to antiquities.-, plur. contr. of-, eco?, m. a chief-priest; from and.
-,, . a ruler of the synagogue; from
and
., , . a ruler of a feast; from and, a dining-room with three couches to
recline on, from and.",
f.
,to rule over; mid.
,f.
,to
begin, be foremost, rule, from; hence
",, . a ruler, an ARCHON.
",/, , to adapt, fit.,, n. an aromatic substance, spice. Hence,
AROMATIC.
-, , . andf. unshaken, immoveable; from a,
not, and.-, , . andf. unquenchable; from a, not, and., , /., to be impious, ungodly commit ; from
a, not, and
., f.lewdness, intemperance; from
%%, eos, . andf wanton, intemperate.
3
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138 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, ,/, weakness; and
-,,/.
,to be weak or sick; and
-, , conlr., . andf.
weak ; from a, not, and.^, , /., to exercise, practise, labour. Hence
ASCETIC.
2(%, , m. a leathern bottle.
'AHIIA'ZOMAIjf., to salute, embrace; hence, 1 aor.part.; and, ov, m. salutation, greeting.
22, So?,/, an ASP.
-,, . cwc?/. irreconcileabie, implacable; from
a, not, and
,a libation, which, is from
., ov, n. Lat. a Roman coin, called an as; farthing.
AH^ON, adv. near, nearer., ov,f.
the city of Assos.
,ov, m. andf.
living in a city, polite, urbane,
beautiful; from
.A%TH, , . a star. Hence, with, ASTRO-
nomy.
-,, ov, . andf.
unsteady; from a, not, and., , . and f. without natural affection, with-
out charity; from a, not, and.-, , f., to miss one's aim ; from a, not, and., f.lightning; from
',/.,to lighten.
AZTT, , n. a city.
-, , m. and f.without understanding; from a,
not, and.
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PARSING LEXICON. 139
-, , . and f. steady, safe, certain, firm; from
a, not, and
., f. , to look earnestly; from a intensive, and."ATEP, adv. without, in the absence of, devoid of.
-, ,/, dishonour; from a, not, and.-, neut.plur. of
.ATMTX, , f. or
, , m. vapour, air. Hence,
with, a globe, ATMO-sphere.
-, , m. andf. out of place, absurd, injurious,
wrong, wicked, (substantively) harm ; from a, not,
and.
,, f. splendour, daybreak.
, , contr., m. andf.
self-complacent, arro-
gant; from and.'', , m. one who acts on his own autho-
rity (hence, AUTHENTIC) ; hence
,, /.
,to have authority.
, , f., to play on the flute or pipe ; from., , /. a sheepfold, court, mansion. Hence
aulic, belonging to the court of princes., , m. a player on the flute or pipe; from
ATAOs
%, , m. a flute or pipe. Hence, with
,hydr-AULiCS.
'',, or ,/. (from obs.),to cause to increase, (mid.) to increase.
ATJPA, ,/, a gale, a light wind.
AT'PION, adv. to-morrow, (with art.) the morrow.
,a, ov, rough, harsh, crabbed; from
., /em. /, forming its gen. and other cases, as if
from, except the nom. plur., which is regularly
formed from.
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140 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, ace.f. contr.for, and
,gen. f. contr.for
;from
.Afco6\for, there; from., dat.plur. contr.for, from.-, , ov, (from and, to be eager),
spontaneous, of its own accord. Hence, auto-
maton.
AT fTO^, , bv, self, himself; with the article, 6, , ,it signifies the same. Hence, with, auto-
crat; with, AUT-opsy; and all words of
similar composition.
,Att. contr.for
,q.v.
,gen.plur. contr.for
,from
.'. , f, to boast., a, bv, squalid, filthy, obscure; from, , m. drought, filthiness; from
AT'&,f., to dry, shout, shine, blow.
', for before an aspirated vowel.
-, , f, to take away; from curb and.-, f, to put out of sight, to destroy, disfigure;
mid. to be astonished, vanish away; from a, not, and.
,S.plur. 1. aor. p. of
.,3. sing. 2. aor. of
.part. 2. aor. of.'%, , m. andf. simple; hence, ^. simplicity., imperat. 2. aor. and
-,f. deliverance, remission; and
, imperat. 2. aor. 2.ptur., and, I. aor., from
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PARSING LEXICON. 141
-, f., to send away, utter, neglect, permit,
pardon, leave, yield up, let alone; from andr/
.--, , m. and f. not loving good men, or what
is good; from a, not,, and.--, , m. andf. not fond of money; from a,
not,, and
.-,f.
,to seduce, depart, refrain from,
fall away; from and., adv. suddenly, unexpectedly ; from a, not, and.-, 3. sing. l.fut. Att. of
-,/.,Att.
,to separate, set apart, excom-
municate, choose, determine. Hence APHORISM;
from and.-, ,/, means, opportunity; from and.(?2, , . foam. Hence Aphrodite, a name of
Venus.
, , f.Achaia.
, inf. 1. aor. p. of.AXAT S
%, ,/. darkness, blindness." or,, before a vowel or, adv. until,
unto, while, during, within. •
,,
n. chaiF., , n. or,, m. /., wormwood.-, , . andf. without life ; from a, not, and., 1 aor. . subj. 3 plur. of.
, indecl. . or/. Baal., contr.for, dat. sing, of.
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142 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., , . depth, profundity, immensity; from
^,eta,
,gen. (irreg. comp.
),deep.
,/, (from obs. ), 2. aor. (from
obs.), to go. Hence, with, acro-BAT.1, , n., or, a branch of palm.
BAICfX, , m. andf. little.
BAAA'NTION, , n. a purse, money-bag.
,,f.,
per/, (from obs. or
-\) , to cast, put, rush (Acts 27 : 14) ; mid. to be laid
down, to lie. Hence, pro-BLEM; with , sym-
BOL., f., to baptize, wash, cleanse; from;hence
,, n. BAPTISM, and
, , m. baptism, dipping in water, washing.
,/.-, 2. aor., to dip, immerse, wash., , m. and/ barbarian, that which is
not Greek.
,adv. heavily, with difficulty; from
., , m. Bartholomew., a, m. Barnabas., . contr., n. weight, heaviness (hence,
with, BARO-meter). Hence
,/, , to be heavy, oppress; and
, , , gen., heavy, grievous.
, f.. to torture, afflict, toss; and, , m. torture; from', ,/, torture, proof; properly, BASANITE,
a Lydian stone, used as a test in trying metals.
,acc.plur. contr. of., ,/, a kingdom; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 143, nom. and ace. plur. contr., from
BASIAET
S
2,
,and Att.
,in. a king (hence, ba-
silica, originally, a palace; afterwards, a church;
also basilisk). Hence, f. }to reign, govern ; and, , f. a queen.
,€,/. a step, foot, BASIS; from
,, f. ,
to fascinate, mislead. Hence,
through the Latin fascino, fascinate.
',/., to carry, bear, announce, endure.
BA'TO?, , . a bush, bramble-bush, a Heb. measure
of liquids, firkin of nine gallons.
?,, . a frog., f., to turn away with loathing, pro-
perly from a bad smell, abominate; from, f. and, to cause an offensive smell.?, a, ov, firm; hence
,,
f.confirmation,
,, m. and f. profane; properly, where all per-
sons may enter; from., 3. sing. perf. p. of., dat. plur. perf. part, of.plur. contr. of
BE AOX, , n. a weapon, dart. Hence belemnite.
, ?,/. Bethany., indecl.f. Bethlehem.
."?, , . a threshold., ?, n. a step, tribunal, judgment-seat ; from.BH'PTAAO?, , . a beryl, a gem of sea-green colour.
, , f force, violence., , n. a book, scroll; from
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144 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,,/, a book. Hence, bible.
%, , m. life, sustenance (hence, with
,Bio-
graphy; with, amphi-Bious). Hence, , bv, appertaining to life, belongiug to this
life.
',/., to injure, 2. aor..,
f.
,2. aor. (from obs.
), to make grow, to bud, spring up; hence, I. aor. part. fern.-, , f. , to calumniate, BLASPHEME;
from and.',/., 2. aor.
,to see, look, look on,
(imperat.) take heed.
, 1 aor. inf. pass, of., ace. plur. of.,/., to shout; hence
, , f.shouting.
., ,/., to aid; hence
, , m. a helper. <, , m. a ditch; hence, , m. a pit, ditch, or well., f., to heave the lead; from.
BO'PBOPOZ, , m. mud, slime.
BOPE'AH, , or
,a, m. the north wind, BOREAS.
, f.(from obs.), to feed; from
(hence, pro-BOSCis). Hence, , f.grass, produce of the earth; from.
Hence, botany.
BO'TPTX,,m. a bunch of grapes.
BOTAW, ,/, counsel, thought., , n. will; from
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PARSING LEXICON. 145
BOT'AOMAI, 2. sing. Att., /. m.
(from obs.
),to wish, will, intend, direct.
Bovv, ace sing, of .BOTNO'Z, , . a hill.
B0T"2,, m.andf. a bull or cow. Hence, with,BU-colics., , f.
and, to feed.
,gen. plur. of
.^2, £, . a judge, an umpire of games; hence, f., to preside, govern.
BPAAT S
2, eia, , gen. eo? (irreg. comp.), slow,
stupid. Hence, with, BRADY-pus.,, . the arm, the fore-arm, strength.
, adv. briefly; from
BPAXT^X, eta, v, gen. eo?, short, small. Hence, with, BRACHY-graphy.', , to roar, murmur.
',eo?, n. an infant.
', f, perf.p.
,to rain, wet. Hence
em-BROCATION.\, /.thunder.
'', , . a cord, rope, noose.
BPTXn,f., to gnash the teeth.
,f.,
to abound, produce, send forth. Hence,
with ev, em-BEYO., ?, n. food; from',f.
(from obs. ), 2. aor.
(from obs., to eat.
*%, , .the deep, the bottom of the sea.
BTPZA, /9,/, a hide, skin (hence purse); hence
,, dat. contr., . a tanner.
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146 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
BT'%%0'%, , m. fine linen or cotton.
,/.,to stop, cover.
%, , m. an altar., ;?,/, cancer, mortification, gangrene., , f a Persian word, signifyiug treasure; hence-, , . a treasure; from., generally contr.
,7?}?, /. the earth, land.
Hence, with
,GEO-metry ; with
,GEO
logy; with, GEO-graphy.,, . milk. Hence, galaxy, the milky
way.
,, m. the Galatians.
',,/, a calm.
,, m. a Galilean., , m. a son-in-law., , /., 1. aor. (from obs. ), to
marry (hence, with Lat. bis, twice, bi-GAMY; with
,poly-GAMY, etc.) ; hence
, , m. marriage.
PAlP, cunj. for, whereas, therefore, why.,, and sync,, voc., dat.pl., the belly, womb. Hence, GASTRIC ; and
with, GASTRO-nomy.
PES, an enclitic adv. indeed, at least, yet.
,, , perf. part, syncopated, of., neut. sing. part. perf. p., and, 2.plur. perf. p., and, perf. m. of.', ,
f.hell, a
place of torment.
,,, m. andf.
a neighbour.
, ,/., to laugh.
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PARSING LEXICON. 147, f., to fill ; from
',/. , to be full.
, , /. age, generation (hence, with, genea-
logy); and, 2. aor. inf. m.; and,, /. generation, birth, GENESIS ; from.,
neut.plur. contr. of
.,gen. plur. part. 1 . aor. p.}
and
, 3. sing, imperat. 1. aor. p., and, 3. sing, l.fut. m. of; whence, , f., to beget, bring forth, (pass.) be born.
,or
,indecl. f. Gennesaret.
,,f. birth ; from
.,2. aor. m. part, of, whence, , contr., n. race, family, kind.',, m. an old man.,
f., to give to taste.
,, f.
,to cultivate the ground ; from
and. Hence the name, George.
, contr. for., dat. of
%,, n. old age., or
,f. ; I. aor.
pass, (from obs.); 2.aor.m.
,erf. m. (from obs.) ; perf. (from
obs. ), to become, come, exist, be, be done,
be made, come to pass, (1. aor. p.) behave one's
self.
,'^,f. m. (from obs.
),2. aor.
(from obs.), perf., perf.p.-, part. 2. aor., to learn, understand, know.
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148 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
This word lias an affinity to the English KNOW;
hence, gnostics, pro-GNOSTic.
, , contr., . must, sweet wine ; from^, , , gen. eo?, contr., sweet, pleasant.
Hence, glycerin.', Att.,, f the tongue. Hence, GLOS-
SARY; with
?,poly-GLOTT.
, , m. a fuller; from
,to dress or full
cloth., plur. 2. aor. part, of., , m. darkness.
,f. , per/,
,to make known, reveal,
know; and, . sing, l.fut.p. of; whence,, /. knowledge, doctrine, prudence; and, 3.pi. l.fut., and, 2. pi. 2. aor. imperat.,f.
,to murmur.
TO'HII,, m. a juggler, quack, impostor.
, indecl. Golgotha., indecl. Gomorrha., , m. cargo, merchandise; from.
,eo?, m. a parent; from
.,,n. a knee. Akin to KNEE. Hence, through
the Lat. genu, with, flecto, to bend, GENU-flexion., , a writing, letter, bill, contract, epistle
from (hence, grammar). Hence, eo?, m. a scribe.
^,or
,?,/, an old woman.
, ?,/, writing, scripture; from
, f, to write, write of, paint, describe. Hence,
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PAKSING LEXICON. 149
graphic, en-GRAVE, and all words ending in
-graphy, -graph, -graphic; as, geo-GRAPHY, bio-
graphy, tele-GRAPH, etc, , contr., m. andf.
like or belonging to an
old woman; from ypavs.
or
,, /., perf., to
watch ; from iyprjyopa, Att.perf.
mid.of
iyeipco.
Hence the name Gregory.^, , to exercise; from, , bv, naked. Hence gymnastics ; and,
with, GYMNO-sophist. Hence
,ro<;,f. nudity, nakedness.
,yvvai/cbs, voc.
,f a woman, wife. Hence
with. miso-GYNlST; with, GYNECO-
cracy., a?,/, a corner, angle. Hence dia-GONAL; with, poly-GON; with ef, hexa-GON, etc.
', by apocope for ., indecl. m. David., , n. a heathen god, demon, devil, familiar
spirit; from
,,m. andf a genius, demon, devil.
', f., 2. aor. (from obs. ), to
bite.
A'KPT, , n. a tear. Hence (through the Latin
dacryma or lacryma) lachrymal.
',, m. a finger. Hence DACTYL, a foot
consisting of one long followed by two short sylla-
bles, as the finger consists of one long bone and two
short ones.
3
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150 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,, /. a heifer; from
,, or,/. 9 to tame. Hence, with
a neg., a-DAMANT., , . a loan, debt; and, , m. a money-lender, creditor; from
'02, , . a gift.,, f,
to expend., , n. pavement, ground.\ conj. but, moreover, now., part. perf. p. of., 3. sing, erf. p. and
,2. sing. 1. aor.of
.Aet,f.
,impers. it is necessary, must, ought; from
.,, n. an example; from
or, f (from .), to
shew. Hence para-DiGM, apo-DiCTic.
'%, , bv, timid.
,m.f and n. gen., such or such a one.
, , m. andf formidable, severe. Hence, adv. grievously, greatly., 3. sing. fut. of., n. a repast, supper, feast. Hence, with
,DElPNO-sophist.
, indecl. ten. Hence, with, DECA-gon
with?, DECA-logue; with, DEC-ameron.
Hence-, indecl. fifteen; from.
,, ov, tenth; from
.,/ , to take with a bait, entice; from
,, n. a bait.
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PARSING LEXICON. 151
',f. , to build. Hence, through the Latin do-
mus a house, domicile.
AE'NAPON, ov, n. a tree. Hence, with, rhodo-
DENDRON., 2. sing. 1. aor. imperat., and, 2. pi. 1. aor. imperat., and
,3. sing. I. aor. subj. of
.AEBIA\ , f.
(prob. from ), the right hand.
Hence dexterous. Hence, , , right, as opposed to left., f.m. (from obs. ), to need, ask,
pray; from.AE'PAZ or
, ,n. skin. Hence epi-DERMis.
Hence
, , ov, leathern; and
,/. , to flay, scourge, beat., pi. of.
,f.
,to bind; and
, , f a bundle; and, ov, m. and in plur. also, , n. a chain,
bond; and, , n. a prison; from.AEHnO'Zn,f., to rule. Hence
,, m. a ruler, lord, DESPOT.
AETn
PO, adv.,plur. , hither, here now, come
hither., adv. again, a second time ; from., , m. and f. the first after the second;
from and
, a, ov, second (hence, with, deutero-
nomy); from.
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152 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., f.
,to take, receive. Hence, with
7ra?, pan-DECTS.
, f and, perf. p., to bind. Hence
dia-DEM.
JH\ adv. indeed, that is to say, now, therefore, doubtless.
,, ov, manifest.
02, , m. the people. Hence, with
,DEMO-cracy ; with , DEM-agogue ; with eVt,
epi-DEMic.
^, adv. for a long time., , n. a Roman coin, silver penny. See
.,2. sing. 1. aor. imperat. of.', by elision for\ prep., with a gen. through, during, after, by, with,
in; with an ace. on account of, for, because of, by,
through. Hence numerous words beginning with
DIA-; as, with
,DIA-Iogue; with
,DIA-
meter; with', DIA-gonal; with
,DIA-
gnosis.
La-, to go across or over. Hence-, 2. aor. inf.
,, m. properly a traducer, an enemy, the
Devil; from
-,to calumniate.
-, to go by or intervene (as time).
-, to carry over, to spend or pass (as time); from
Bta and.-, to transfer, distribute. Hence
-,2. aor. imperat.
La-, , f. a dispensation, testament, covenant
from and.
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PARSING LEXICON. 153.-, 3. sing. fut. Att. of
-^, ,to cleanse
thoroughly.
-, to minister, minister unto, hasten. Hence-, a?,/, ministry, service; and-, , m. andf a servant, minister, DEACON.-, to converse; from Sia and, mid. of
(hence dialect). Hence
-,f.
,to think, reason. Hence
-\, oO, m. thought, reasoning.-, f., to call to witness, affirm, ex-
hort, charge, testify.
-), 3 sing. 1. aor. subj. of
-^. , to remain, continue.
-, ?,/, thought, understanding; from.-^., to complete.-, adv. always; from.-, , /. and, to pass over.
-,f.
,to go through, go on, pass over
or by.- or-, to break through, rend
asunder.-, , /., to make known, declare fully and
clearly; from
.-,to shake, disturb, exact by intimidation, spoil.
-, to scatter abroad, utterly discomfit.-, , f difference; from.-, to pervert, corrupt, impede, turn aside.-, f. , to preserve, convey in safety.
-,to disturb, trouble much.
-, to arrange, order, promulgate.-, to preserve, guard, refrain from.
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154 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, , f food; from.-,
f.
,to shine through, dawn; from and
.-, , m. andf. apparent; from.-, to carry through, carry up and down, defer,
publish, separate, differ, excel, carry through., ?,/, teaching, doctrine; and, , m. a teacher; from, f.(from obs. ,), to teach.
Hence didactic., inf. and BiBore, 2. plur. ind. and imperat. of
,f, imperf. iBiBovv (from obs.),
1. aor.
,perf. p.
,2. aor. imperat
,2. aor. inf. Bovvai, to give, pay, grant, teach, enjoin.
Hence anti-DOTE, dose., 3. sing. 1. aor. of.}to go through or across, go abroad., . plur. 1. aor. pass, of
.-,3. sing. 1. aor. p. of.,, m. and
f.having the sea on both sides.-, to pass through, pierce.-, to be separate, intervene, depart from, be
parted, go further.
,, ov, just; and
, , f justice; and, , /., to justify, think or declare just, mid.
be just; and, adv. justly; from
,, f
justice, punishment. Hence syn-Dic., , n. a net.
Ai-o, conj. wherefore, contr. for Bia o.
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PARSING LEXICON. 155
-, conj. wherefore.
-,conj. because, since.
,neut. pi. contr.for\; from
, ,, or contr., ,, double; from
. Hence, ,/,, to double; hence diploma. Hence
,2. pi. 2. aor. imperat.
2,adv. twice. Hence, with
,Dl-lemma.
-, , . andf.
having two mouths, double-
edged; from.-,/. , to strain through, strain off or out, fil-
ter; from, filth.
,,
f. thirst. Hence
, ,/. }to be athirst; and, , n. thirst., , . pursuit, persecution; from',
f. , to pursue, persecute.
,ace. sing. part. 1. aor.; and
,3. sing, l.fut.p. of .
' or ,/., to observe, expect, think,
judge., , f.(from obs.), seem, seem good,
be thought, be in authority, think. Hence DOGMA.
AOKCf^i, , . a beam.
, ,/,, to deceive; from
'^, , . deceit, artifice, guile., ace. part. 2. aor. of ., , f. opinion, honour, glory, dignity, majesty;
from
.Hence, with
?,DOXO-logy; para-
dox. Hence
, f. , to honour, celebrate, glorify.
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156 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, 2. aor. imperat.', and
,2• aor. imperat. 2. pi of
.,^, to be enslaved, serve or be in subjection
to, obey, worship; from^, , m. a slave, servant. Hence, (o,f., to reduce to slavery.
,2. aor. inf ; and
,2. aor. inf. part, of
., , /. entertainment, feast; from.,, m. a serpent, dragon, the devil., 2. aor. part.; from., or Att., f, to seize,
take holdof.
Hence DRASTIC.? ?,/, a drachm, a silver coin of the same
value as the Roman denarius, viz. 7$d. sterling., , . a scythe or sickle; from',, to crop or cut.
',2. pers. or contr. hvvrj,f.m.-
(from the primitive ), to be able, to
have power; hence dynasty, dynamics. Hence, ?,/., plur. contr., power, force, virtue,
ability, mighty work; and, , ov, powerful, able, possible.
,2. plur. l.fut.; and
,3. pi. subj. of., gen. dual, dat., two. Hence DUALITY.
Akin to two.v
£, adv. used only in composition, with difficulty, badly.
Hence, with
,to concoct, DYS-peptic.
-,, m.andf difficult to be borne; from
.
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PARSING LEXICON. 157-, , m.andf. difficult to be interpreted;
from
.val, dat. pi. of.•\, ov, m.andf. of a squeamisli stomach, difficult;
from \., , f the going down of the sun, the west;
from
,or
,f.
,2. aor. eBvv (from obs. ), to
enter, put on, go down, sink. Hence en-DUE.
and, 1. and 3. sing. 2. aor. subj. of.-, indecl. twelve; and-, , ov, twelfth; from and.,
2. sing. 2. aor. subj.; and
,^.; and
€, 2. pi. 2. aor. subj. of .
, conj. if, though, -soever. It is joined with the
subj. and opt., and sometimes with the indicative.
,gen. fern, of', dat., etc., or, etc., in all genders,
as. It is compounded of or eo, of himself,
and. It is used for all persons, in the pi. sig-
nifying ourselves, yourselves, themselves; but in the
sing, it is usually only of the 3. pers. (although
sometimes of the second, as in Luke xiii. 34, thee)-,
the 1. pers. being expressed by, and the
second by, of himself. , unto
their own home.
,, f.
,perf. eta/ca, \.aor.
,to permit, let
alone, leave.
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158 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
", , ov, seventh (hence hebdomadal); from
.", 2. «or. of., 1. sing, and 3. pi. imperf. contr. of-., 3. sing. 1. aor. p. of.., 1. aor. pass, of
., /. , Att. , to approach, impend, assist;
from., 77?,/. a pledge, bail, promise. Hence
', , m. a surety.
'ETTTX, adv.j comp. or
,super!,
,ear.
', f, to excite, arouse, raise, restore; mid.
to rise., 3. s%. 2. aor. m. ; and', 1. jo/. 1. «or. jt>.; and
,2. aor.m. of
.,3. sing.fut. ; and
, \. aor. part. p.; and', 1. «o?\ imperat. p. of., 1. «or. m. 3. 5m^. of., 2. sing. 2. «or. /.,
f ,to engraft; from
.-,, f.m., to put on a garment
which is to be tied, to be clothed with; from
and., 3. sing. 2. aor.; and
',3. pi. 2. «or.
of
.-, f., to anoint.
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PARSING LEXICON. 159
\ gen. or, dat. or, ace. or,pi.
€,gen.
,dat.
,ace.
. ,, and ,, are enclitics. I. Hence egotism.
', €, n. ground, soil, pavement; from., 1. aor. p.; and, 3. siVi0r. imperf. contr. of Sec.
"jESetfe, 3. si/i^/. 1. «or. of
.,3. sm^. 1. «or. of ., 3. /?/. imperf Bosotic for iBoXiovv ; from., , ov, firm, steadfast; from.", 1. «or. 3. plur. of
."EZOMAI, 2. /.
,to sit. Hence, with,
,cath-EDRAL.
or 6ek(u,f. or (from ofo. e#e-
or), to wish, will., 3. jp£. 2. «or. m.; and
",3. siwo. 2. «or. m. of
.", pi. contr. of.', pi. contr. of
"02, , contr. , n. a nation, people, {plur.)
Gentiles. Hence heathen ; with?, ETHNO-logy.
" OH, eo?, n. a custom or right.
, conj. if, whether, since, although, that. (In oaths),
not (Hebraism).
El, 2. sing, of., 1. aor. 3 sing, of., 3. sing. 2. aor. of.
,sync, for
,inf. perf of
, , f. (a form of ), perf. for,to know. Hence
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160 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,2. plur. subj. ; and
ElSov, 2. aor.; and
, plur. per/, part., f m £, 2. aor. sometimes , to see,
know. Hence idea; and, prefixing the digamma,
the Latin video, whence yision, etc. Akin (with
the digamma) to wit.
,, n. an image, likeness, IDOL ; from ei-.-, , n. a thing offered to an idol ; from
and ei&coXov. Whence
-Xarpeia, , f. idol-worship, IDOLATRY; from
.Hence
-, , m. an idolater., ov, n. an IDOL or image ; from., opt. 2. sing, of.EVKIT, adv. rashly, vainly, without sufficient cause.
or (before a vowel)
,indccl. twenty.
,/. , to be like, to yield. Hence, ?, /. an image. Hence, with, ICONO-
clast., f., to roll, collect. Hence iliac.
',,/, the heat or light of the sun.
,Att. for
,perf. of
., ,/, sincerity; from and, being,
as it were, found pure when viewed in sunshine., imper/. /£'., , n. a dress, garment, cloak, clothing; from
., eh or el, ,, eare, elal, imperat. or
eao, opt. eXrtv, subj. , inf. elvat, part, , imperf.
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PARSING LEXICON. 161
, 3. sing, Att.,/. m.
,3. sing,, plup.
.An enclitic in the whole of the pres. ind.
(except the 2. sing.), including the form. To
be; from obs. eft), to be., 2. sing, eh or el, pi., ire, , imperf.,2. aor. . To go; from obs. .
,inf. of
., 1. aor. imperat. 2. pL of.Et-irep, conj. if, if at least, if indeed.
Eiirrj, 2. aor. subj. 3. sm^. ; and, 2. aor.-, and, 2. aor. part, of.
-,conj. if, if by any means, if at all., 3. plur. 1. aor. m. of
.perf Att. of.', , f. peace (hence the name Irene);
hence
j
,, bv, peaceful.
,,
n. wool.
', f. ipco, to bind, to say, ask, announce.% or e?, prep, in, into, unto, for, on, upon, at, con-
cerning, among, to, for, towards, against, by (in
swearing). Hence esoteric.
,, , gen.
,,etc., one, first. Hence hyp-
HEN, from > for. Akin to ONE.
-6, 3. pi., inf., plup. m. ehyeiv, to
enter.-, 3. sing.f. m. of
'j
-,to enter.
I
-yei, 3. sing. plup. of
.or elaiv, 3. pi. of.-, to leap or spring into.
p 3
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162 GREEK BOOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-,to come in, enter into., 3. pi. plup. of
.ETTA, adv. then, moreover.
-6, conj. and if, whether, or.
El-, imperf. 3. sing, of., imperf. 3. pi. contr. of."
before a consonant, but before a vowel, prep, from
or out of, on account of, by, of, after, with, on.
Hence several compound words beginning with ec
or ex: as, with, EC-stasy; with, Ex-
orcise.
,imperf. 3. sing,
of
.EKAZT02, ;, ov, each.
'EKATO^N, indecl. a hundred (hence, with /Sou?,
HECATOM-b). Hence-, , m. a centurion or commander of 100
men; from
.-,to go or come from.
-}, 2. aor. subj. 3. sing, of-, to cast out, put forth. Hence
-, subj. 2. aor.-, part. 1 . fut. mid. of.-yova,
,n. offspring, descendants, grandchildren;
from.-, to spend wholly, consume. Hence-, 1. fut. pass.-,, f. vengeance, punishment; from.-, to strip, take off, go out of.
,adv. there, thither, yonder, then ; and
, adv. thence, there; from
N02, , ov, he, she, it, that, such.
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PAUSING LEXICON. 163
', l.aor. 3. sing, of
.-,ov, m. and /. amazed, struck with wonder;
from.-\, to break off.-, , f.an assembly, a church, congregation
(hence ECCLESIASTIC) ; from.-,
to cut off, cut down, prevent.
-\, to forget utterly.
-\<, to select, distinguish, have pleasure in
from.-, to fail, cease, be deficient. Hence ECLIPSE., 3. pi. 1. aor. p. of
.~,, ov, chosen, elect, excellent; from
.-, 2. plur. perf. pass, of~., 3. sing., and 2. plur. 1. aor. pass, of.-, imperat. 2. sing. mid. of
-,to loosen, debilitate; mid. to be weary, faint.
-, to wipe off, dry.
*-, adv. of old, formerly.-, to fall from, fall away, lose, fail, fall on.-, to depart from, to go out of.
-,f.
,to be lewd, commit fornication;
from
.', 1. aor. 3. sing., from."-, ?, /. astonishment, trance ; from.-, to stretch out, let down or cast out (as an
anchor), lay hands on., adv. comp. from
,more intently.
, 3. sing. 1. aor. m.from., to expose, tell, explain.
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164 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, to shake off, shake.
", , , sixth; from .
, adv. out of, without, except, besides; from .-, to flee, escape.
-, to put forth, shoot out, produce.- or-, to pour out; from or.
,,bv, gen.
,willing, voluntary.
,2. aor./\., 3. sing. 2. aor./\., ,/, an olive-tree or its fruit. Hence, ov, n. OIL (properly from the olive).
,1. aor. 3. sing.
/or
.',f (from obs. ), perf. p.
,to drive, row. Hence ELASTIC.', a, ov, light., , ov, least, very small ; superlative of
^, , (irreg. comp. or),little.
<?), 3. sing. 1. aor. p. subj. of', f. , to convince, convict, refute, rebuke,
chastise, discover., f., to pity, favour, have mercy, have mercy
on; mid. to obtain pardon or mercy; and
,, m. andf pitiful, merciful (hence elee-
mosynary, and, by contraction, ALMS); from%. , contr., n. pity, mercy., ?,/, freedom; from, a, ov, free.
,3. pi. 1. aor.
/., , ov, made of ivory ; from,, m. an ELEPHANT.
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PARSING LEXICON. 165, 3. sing. plup. Att. redupl. ; and
},3. sing. 2. aor. subj.; and
', jo/wr. 2. «or. jo«r/. ; and, 2. aor. part.; and, 2. aor. inf. of.3. plur. 1. aor. pass, ofXiQa^us., indecl.f. Elisabeth.
", neut. pi. contr. of
", , n. a wound, sore, ulcer.
"EAKHJ. , to draw.
", , m. a Greek, mythologically derived from
Hellen, son of Deucalion. Hence Hellenism, a
Greek idiom.
,/. ,to hope, hope for; from
2, /'?,/. hope, expectation whether of good or
evil, confidence., dat, ace., of myself; from
or and.-
,to enter or get into.
-, to dip in, immerse.
, 2. aor. part, of-.-,, f.m., to groan against,
groan, be filled with sorrow or indignation, charge
strictly, rebuke; from
.,ace. of.", 3. sing , and 1. plur. 1. aor. of., S.pt. 1 . aor. m. of.1. aor. inf. of2, ,/., to vomit (hence emetic); also, by
prefixing the digamma, v-omit.
, indecl. m. Emmor., dat.; and
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166 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, gen. of.
,gen. of
.-), 3. sing, subj., and-, part. 2. aor. of.\ or or, f, to
fill, bestow largely; from \, to fill; from?.
-,to fall into.
"-, adv. before, in presence of; from eV and
., prep, in, with, within, into, to, among, by, at. on,
through, according to, concerning; (with inf.) as,
while, when. It appears in compounds, in the forms
en- and em-: as, with
,EN-ergy; with
-, EM-blem.
', neut.}and era, ace. of eU.-, , m. and f living in the sea, marine ; from
'-,adv. in the presence of, opposite to.
,a, ov, opposite, contrary, hostile; from.-, eo9, m. and f. deficient, indigent, poor ; from
oVft>, to want.-, to shew, display, make manifest, declare,
perform. Hence
-, ?, f manifestation, declaration, evidence,
token, proof. ! >-, , ov, eleventh ; from ev and.-, to put on clothes, clothe oneself in ; from I
or.
-,ov, m. and f. glorious, pure; from
.-,, n. raiment, a cloak; from- or iv-, to array, clothe, endue, supply.
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PARSING LEXICON. 167-, 3. sing. 1. aor. m. of.,
to roll up in.
-€,, to be in.
" or eve/cev, adv. on account of., 2. sing. I. aor. p. from ey.Ev-epyw, , /. , to work, effectually work; from
epyov.
Ev-epyfc,, contr., m. andf.
efficient, ENERGETIC,
effectual; from epyov.
'EveretXaro, 3. sing. 1. aor. m. of., adv. here. Hence
-Be, here, hither; from Be, used as an enclitic parti-
cle denoting motion to a place.
-, €0)?, /. thought, ingenuity; from., dat. of eh.
"Evl, by Syncope for eveari, from em/u., , m. a year; from eVo?.
-,to stand by or near, impend, be present.
", , ov, ninth; from
\ indecl. nine.
Evvehs, , m. andf. dumb, quasi ; from a, not,
and."Ev-voca, as,f. thought, intention; from.".
See .-, (Ojf., to dwell in, inhabit; from.', gen. of eh., , m. a year. Hence the Lat. annus, from
which ANNUAL.
", , m. and f liable, obnoxious or subject to,
guilty; from
,to be bound.-, to charge, command, enjoin.
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168 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,adv. hence. From, Here, and 6ev, an ad-
verbial particle signifying motion from a place.
-, , f a command, precept, commandment, in-
junction; from.adv. within; from ev.
'-, , m. andf.
trembling, terrified ; from
.-,, /., to live luxuriously or riotously
;
from.-\, f. , to wrap up; from, to wrap
up as a pillow; from, which sometimes signi-
fies a pillow.
",3. sing. 1. aor. of
.,3. pi. 1. aor. of., 3. sing. 1. aor. of.-, adv. in the presence of, before, towards; from
ev and.,
prep. See
.', indecl. six (by the common change of the aspirate
into ) ; hence with, HEXA-meter ; also
several other words beginning with HEX-.
-, to lead out.
-,to ask, demand, require to be delivered up.
-,adv. suddenly, unexpectedly; from
.', , a, six hundred; and, indecl. sixty; from .-,/. , to complete, spend time; from.", 3. sing, l.fut. of."-,
to go forth or out of; from and
., 1. aor. m. of., 3. pi. f m. ; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 169
\\, perf. m. 2. pi. of
,,, . vomit; from
.-, to go or come out of, come or go forth.
-, it is permissible or lawful; from and ,3. sing, of.^, l.aor.of.,
3. sing. 1 . aor. of
.,3. sing. 1. aor. p. of
., 3. sing. 1. aor.; and, 3. sing. 1. aor. p. of., part, perf p. of., adv. successively, following in order, next.
^,3. sing. 1. aor. m. of
., inf. of.-, ov,f. going forth, EXODUS; from ?., part. neut. of.-, to dig out, pluck out, break up.
-, ,/. permission, authority, power; from ef-
. Hence-, f. , to have power over; pass, to be
brought under the power of.
",, 3. sing. X.fut.ofiyoa.
-,, f eminence; from
.,adv. out, out of, without; from . Hence exo-
teric.
", adv. from without, outside; from and ,an adverbial particle signifying motion from a
place.
",3. sing. perf. m. Att. of
.,, a feast.
\ for.Q
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170 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, , f an annunciation, promise; from
-,to announce, undertake, promise, profess.
-^, f. . to strive earnestly ; from.-,/. , to collect, assemble, crowd together;
from eVl and.-,
, m. praise, commendation. Hence EPENETic.
-, to raise up, elevate, lift up ; from and.,, adv. (with subj) when; from eirei and av., 2. pi. 2. aor. imperat. of
--, to bring back, return, put off (a ship) from
shore., 1. pi. 1. aor. m. of., adv. to-morrow.--, adv. in the very act (properly of theft)
from,, and.
,3. sing. 1. aor. m.
of
'.7€6<, 3. sing. plup. pass, of'.-, to arouse or excite against., 3. pi. 1. aor. of., adv. and conj. when, after, since. -Hence-, conj. since, because.
*-€, to come to, succeed, follow ; from
., 3. pi. 1. aor. p. of.-€, then, afterwards, next, secondly., 3. sing. 1. aor. p. from.1. aor. mid. inf. of
--,to clothe in addition; pass, to be clothed
upon.-, to come to or upon, succeed.
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PARSING LEXICON. 171
-, to ask, inquire, question, require, consult,
askafter.
Hence
-, , n. a question, answer, promise, en-
gagement., 3. plur. 1. aor.; and, 2. aor. of.
,2. aor. of.3. pi. I. aor. of
.',f., to injure, ill-treat, use contume-
liously, calumniate., imperf. contr. of. ., prep, governing the gen., dat. and ace. in different
significations. With all of them it may signify, at,
over, to, on, upon, in, before, of, about ; with gen.
and dat. above ; with gen. and ace. into ; with dat.
and ace. toward, against, for, unto, after, with.
With a gen. alone, it signifies in the time of; with a
dat. alone, under ; with an ccc. alone, among, because
of. Hence numerous words beginning with EPI-
or EP-: as, with, EPl-gram; with,Pi-lepsy., 3. sing. 1. aor. of.
-,to cast, throw, or put upon, seize, under-
take, belong to, rush.
-, f., to put upon, cause to ascend; from
eVl and, to put up; from.-,f., to marry a wife (particularly a
brother's widow); from
.-, , m. andf earthly; from
.-, to know or become acquainted with, un-
derstand, acknowledge, perceive. Hence
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172 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
<, fern. 2. aor. part.; and
,3. sing. 2. aor. subj.
-,/.,to give, give in addition.
, dat. pi. for ; and
,, ace. contr. of-, , contr., m. and.f just, moderate, mild;
from
,to yield.
-,to seek after, require, demand.
, 2. aor. part. ; and, 2. aor. imperat. ; and, 3. pi. l.fut. of., to desire, covet; from. Whence
-,?,/, desire.
-, ?,/, aid; from., S.plur. 1. aor. p. of.2. aor. m. part, of-, to take hold of, catch.
-\,to forget. Hence, ace. perf p. part.
-, , f. , to bear testimony ; from.-,, f., to take care, to be dili-
gent about; from \. Hence
-,adv. carefully, accurately, anxiously.
-, to remain.), fern. dat. part. 2. aor. of.-, to fall to or on, rush on, lean against, press.-, , /., to long for, yearn after ; from
.-, to visit, regard favourably. Hence
episcopal, bishop (see).
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PARSING LEXICON. 173
-, 2. sing.), to understand, know, re-
member; from
., 3. pL; and
, 2. pi. of.-, /. , to send, write to. Hence epistle.
}, 3. sing. subj. 2. aor. of.-,
f , to stop the mouth, silence; from
.-, to turn, convert, be converted, return.
Hence), 3. sing. subj. 1 . aor.--, to collect, congregate.
-,f.
,to heap up; from
.,, m. and
f. fit, convenient, needful ; from^, eo?, m. and f.fit, adapted to, neces-
sary., Ion. for,, 3. pi. of
-,to put or lay on, add, afflict, (mid. with dat.)
', f., to rebuke, caution, diminish, restrain;
from.-, to commit, permit.-^, to light upon, find, attain.
-,to bring upon, inflict, bring in addition.
-, ,/., to shout against, shout, raise a
clamour.-, to pour on or in.-, to furnish.
;
-,to anoint.
|
,3. sing. 1. aor. p. of.j
-, to bring a ship to land, run aground.
Q 3
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174 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, , m. and f. heavenly, divine, perfect;
from
., 3. plur. 1. aor. pass, of or.\ indecl. seven (hence, with, HEPT-archy;
akin to seven, the aspirate being, as is common,
changed 'into ). Hence
-,at, a, seven thousand.
,3. sing. 2. aor. of
., 1. aor., 2. aor., to say, speak, tell.
Hence, a word, tale, song; whence EPIC., 3. pi. 1. aor. of.EPA, ,/, the earth. Akin to EARTH.
,(found only in compounds) to pour out.
,f, to work, work for, trade, be em-
ployed in, perform, gain by labour; and, } /, work, business, gain acquired by labour
and
', ,m. a workman, artificer, one who performs
anything; from', , n. a work, business, duty, zeal. Hence
en-ERGY, ex-ERGUE ; with, public (from
\), lit-URGY.
'^, , to provoke, irritate; from
,defect, to provoke or excite to anger.
, 3. sing, l.fut. of.'EPEI'Anj. , to fix firmly.
3, 2. sing, l.fut. of.
,fern. part. 1. aor. of.
',defect, to row., f, to belch, vomit, utter ear-
nestly, boil up. Hence, through the Latin eructo,
ERUCTATION.
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PARSING LEXICON. 175!, , . redness (properly that of blushing).,co,f.
,to search, investigate.
, , f. solitude, a desert; from!, , f.a desert. Hence eeemite, or, by
corruption, hermit., , n. wool; from.2,
, ace. or
,strife, contention, discord.
,, m. a kid, goat.
', f., to interpret, explain (hence HERME-
neutic); from', 609, m. an interpreter; from ',Mercury, the god of eloquence and chemistry
whence hermetical.
, 3. plur. l.fut. of el., , n. a creeping thing, reptile; from
,/,, to creep. Hence serpent, hy the com-
mon change of the aspirate into 9.,1. aor. p. of
.3. sing. 1. aor. of., 3. pi. 1. aor. of., 2. pi. per/, of.', a, bv, red; from., f m.
,2. aor.
,contr. for
(from obs. ), to come, go. Hence
pros-ELYTE., 1 . fut. of€., ,/., to ask, implore.
, Attic for ek.
,3. sing. 1. aor. of
., 1 . fut. inf. ; and, 2. sing, l.fut. of.
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176 GREEK BOOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., ,/. clothing, apparel; from (see ).
2defect, to eat.
, 1 . pi. ; and', l.fut. 3. plur. of."-, , n. a looking-glass or mirror; from oV-.', part. perf. pass, of
., ?,/, the evening; from
"%%, , m. the evening, Venus as the evening i
star; but she is called- (from) as'.
the morning star. Hence VESPERS, by changing '
the aspirate into the digamma.
",3. sing, l.fut. sync; and
, 2. pi; and eWe, 2. plur. imperat., of.", 3. sing. 2. aor.; and", 1. «or. /., 3. sm^. ^?er/. jo. 0/,
S.
.2. cor.
of
., or, 3. s%. of.", 1. «or. 3. sing, of., perf. p. part. neut. ; and", 3. pi. 1. aor. of., imperat. 3. sing, of.
,perf. part, contr. acc.pl. of
., 2. aor. p. 2. sing, of., , ov, last, uttermost.
', 2. aor. of,', 3. sing. 1. aor. pass, of,',
f.
,to examine, inquire.
^!, ov, m. a companion, friend.
, 3. sing. 1. aor. of.
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PARSING LEXICON. 177, 1. aor.p. of.
,3. sing. 1. aor.
of
\."ETEPOH, a, ov, other, another, new, different. Hence,
with, HETERO-geneous; with, HETERO-
dox. Akin to other.
", pi. contr. of.", adv. still, yet, more, any more, any longer, even
(Luke i. 15), over and above.
, f., to prepare, make ready; from"
, , ov, ready, prepared.
"ETO'S,, contr., n. a year.
, adv. well, well done ! from . Hence, with,EU-charist.
-^, f., to bring good tidings, preach the
Gospel; and
Ev-ayyeXiov, ov, n. glad tidings, the Gospel (hence
evangelist) ; from., ,
f.
fair weather; from and
,gen. of
, Jupiter, the air.-, to be of good reputation, be well pleased with,
think well of.
ET'Aflyf. (from obs.), to sleep.
,ace. fern., and
,ace. pi. Jem., of.
-, , m. andf.
fit, grateful, useful ; from tl-
., adv. immediately; and, f , to make straight, direct, correct; from^, , , straight, right. Hence
,adv. straightway, immediately., adv. [comp. from , adapted to la-
bour, which is from), more easily.
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178 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.-,, f., to be easily laid hold of,
be cautious or afraid, be devout; from
.v-Xoyea), , f., to speak well of, address kindly,
celebrate, give thanks, bless; from?. Hence
-Xoyla, , f.blessing, praise, celebration, benefit.
ETNH\ , f.a couch or bed.
,,, /. Eunice.
,, . a EUNUCH; from and.-, , m. and
f.easily to be persuaded, obedient;
from.--, , . andf.
easily besetting; from.-, , f. elegance, beauty, grace; from
.--, , . andf.
assiduous, fixed to, (neut. as
sub&t. assiduousness); from., 3. sing, l.aor.p.; and, 3. sing. 1. aor. subj. p.; and
,3. sing. 2. aor. subj.; and
,2. plur, l.fut.;
and
, 2. sing. 1. aor. subj., of, f.., 2. aor., 1. aor. p.-
(from obs.) , to find, meet, know.
,3. plur. opt. 2. aor. of
.-,, . Euroclydon, the name of a tem-
pestuous wind from the east ; from and, the south-east wind.
ETPTZ, eta, , broad, wide. Hence-, , . andf.
covering a broad space; from
.*%, , . and f.good, brave.
-} , f.piety, religion; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 179
-, , / , to reverence, worship, do one's
duty; from
.-,, m. and f.becoming, comely, decent, of
good repute ; from and, habit ; from
.-, , m. andf of good report; from.
-,f., to exhilarate, delight (mid. be joyful);
from
.Hence
-, , f gladness.-, , /. , to give thanks; from.Hence-, , . and
f.thankful, grateful. Hence
EUCHARIST.
, ,/. prayer, vow, wish; from
ET'XOMAI,f., to wish, pray, implore., , f.
a banquet, banqueting.
}\ by apocope for iirl before an aspirated vowel.
,3. pi. 2. aor. p. of
.,1. aor. . 3. sing, of
.perf. part. ace. contr. of., , . a finder, contriver ; from eVl and., 3. sing. 2. aor. of.-,
f
,to stop, come suddenly upon,
approach, impend, be at hand, be pressing, be in-
stant; from and.', 3. plur. 1. aor. of.
,3. plur. 1. aor. of.
3. sing. 2. aor. of
., 1. aor. p. of., 2. aor. pass, of.
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180 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
02, , ». hatred. Hence
',a, bv (irreg. corny,
),hostile, hateful,
odious; as subst., an enemy.
', , f.a viper ; from
"EXI2, or €05, m. a viper.
'EXTPO'Z, , m. and/, well fortified, firm, safe.
',f.
,2. aor.
,imperat. 2. aor. (from
obs.), to have, hold, keep, have in one's power;
(with adv. or words indicating duration), to be
part. mid., as adj. next.
", the root of et/u,/. m., to be.
*,f., the root of, to clothe; and ofuqpi, to
send being formed by prefixing the improper
reduplication., 3. sing. Att. per/, of.', adv. (frequently with av), while, until, unto, as far
as, so much as; from .
, , 2. sing. Att. }, 3. sing. Att. , f., to live.
, , m. Zebedee., , bv, hot, boiling, fervid, zealous; from., eo5, n. & yoke, a pair; from, or
,f.
,2. aor. p.
(from obs. ), to join. Hence
, , f.a band or chain.
ZET^X,, voc. , m. Jupiter., f., to boil, be fervent. Hence probably
,, m. zeal, emulation, jealousy. Hence
,, f.
,to emulate, follow zealously, be fond
of, covet zealously or jealously, be zealous or jealous,
envy. Hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 181, , m. a warm partisan, a zealot.
,,/, injury, loss, fine, punishment. Hence
,, f., to injure, fine, lose.
Zrjv, inf. Att. (for ), of., , f., to seek.
ZIZA'NION, , n. the plant darnel or cockle, tares.', , m. darkness.
ZT'MH, , f. leaven, ferment ; hence zymotic, a
term applied to certain diseases. Hence, , f., to leaven.
, w,f life; and
, part, contr. from.
, , f a girdle, cincture, ZONE; from
or, f.m. (from the primitive
), to bind, gird.
or, , n. {contr. for ), an animal (hence
ZODIAC ; with ?, zoo-logy) ; and
-,,f,
to quicken or make alive ; from
., fern, of the art. 6
;forms its oblique cases as if from
, but the nom. plur. is formed regularly.
*H, conj. either, or, whether, than,• except. It often be-
gins a sentence as a mark of interrogation.
*H, 3. sing, imperf. ; and
fi,3. sing. subj. of.
, dat.fem. of."Hyayov, 2. aor. (Att. redupl.) of ay.
/,3. sing. 1. aor.of
., part. perf. p. plur. of.^, 3. sing. I. aor. of.
R
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182 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
"Hyeipe, 3. sing. 1. aor. of.,,/.
,to lead, judge; with ace,
count; with gen., have the rule over; part, as subst.,
governor. Hence ex-EGETiCAL.
'Hyvoovv, imperf. contr. of.'Hyopaaav, . pi. I. aor.; and
'Hyopaaas, 2. sing. 1. aor. of
.€, plup. contr. Att. of.J, adv. now, already.
(/8, most or very gladly; super!, neut. plur. of,taken adverbially.
8, ?,/, pleasure; from
2, ,v, sweet. Hence
,, n. garden mint; from oft»., 3. sing, imperf. ; and, 1. «or. of\., 3. pi. 1 . «or. of.
",plur. contr. of
02, eo9, ft. custom, manner. Hence ethics., 2. plur. contr. imperf. of.3. pi. 1. «or. of., 3. sm^. imperf, contr. of.I. aor.; and
,3. sm^. 1. aor. p. of
,, f. , to come., 3. sztzo. imperf. p. of., 3. szViO. imperf of.#, 2. «or. /.
,f. age, stature, life, maturity; probably
from
02, , ov, how great.
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PARSING LEXICON. 183
"HAIOH, ov, m. the sun. Hence HELIACAL ; with
,HELlO-trope.
,3. sing, imperf. of
., ov, m. a nail., per/, inf. of.', 2. sing. 2. aor. of.properly the perf p. of, to place or set down),
to sit.
', ace. plur., and, nom. plur., /.", 3. sing, imperf. Att. of.', , f a day, time. Hence ep-HEMERAL., ov, m. andf. bland, mild, kind.
,a, ov, our, ours; from
., dat. pi. of€."2%,, , half. Hence, with, a ball or
sphere, HEMi-sphere; also the prefix semi-, as in
SEMi-diameter, etc., by the ordinary change of the
aspirate breathing into 9•
,3. sing. 1. aor. of., part. perf. p. neut. of.gen. plur. of.
!HV, imperf. 1. pers. of, also 3. sing, imperf. Att. for .
*Hv, ace. fern, of.
,3. sing. 1. aor.; and
, 3. sing. 1. aor. p. of., adv. when., 3. sing. 1. aor.; and
,3. sing. 1. aor. p. of., plur. perf part, of
.", 3. sing. fut. of., 3. sing, imperf. contr. of.
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184 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
02, , m. andf.
placid, gentle, meek.
,1. sing, and 3. plur. imperf. contr. of
.r fipe, 1. aor. 3. sing, of., 3. sing. 1. aor. of., , . andf. tranquil, mild.
", 3. sing. 1. aor. p. of ., 1. aor. m. of
.,3. sing, imperf. contr. of
.3. sing. 1. aor. m. of., 2. aor. p. 3. sing, of., part. perf. p. of.
,, m. Herod.
,gen. sing, fern of.', , . Esaias., 3. plur. imperf. of., imperf. of., 3. pi. 1. aor. of.
f.
,to be quiet, rest, be silent; and
', , f.quiet, rest, silence, tranquillity; from
''H2TX0H, , m. and f. quiet.
*, 2. plur. subj. of., fern, of., 3. plur. 1. aor. of
., , less, worse. The neut. is used
adverbially, signifying less, worse., pi. 1. aor. of\., 3. sing. 1. aor. of., &,f, to sound, roar; from
"HX02, , m. sound. Hence e'-cho, less properly
pronounced ech'-o; also, cat-ECHiZE.", 3. plur., and, 3. sing. 1. aor. m., of-.
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PARSING LEXICON. 185
2,;?,/, the sea.
',/.,to flourish, thrive. Hence the name
of the Muse, Thalia.
' , f. }to warm, cherish, nurse, brood over., ,/,, to be amazed; from
'!, , contr., n. amazement.
,, m. death; from
.Hence, with ,eu-THANASlA.
, f., 2. aor., to bury. Hence epi-
TAPH., , f., to be of good cheer, be confident;
from
', , n. courage, confidence.
,, n. wonder, a Wondrous thing ; from, f. , to wonder, wonder at, admire.
Hence
,a, ov, wonderful.,,
f.
,to observe, behold! Hence
THEATRE., , n. sulphur. From , being used in reli-
gious purifications.,, n. wish, will, purpose; from
or
,f.
.See
.,, n. a foundation; and
, , m. a foundation, fundamental doctrine; and, , f., to found or lay the foundation of,
establish; from
,, n. a foundation.
,2. aor. m. 'part, of
.'%, or, f.law, Themis, the goddess of
justice.
R 3
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186 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,gen. 2. aor. part,
of
.(%, ov, m. God, a god (hence THEO-logy, theo-
crac)r, etc., theist, a-THEiST). Hence-, plur. contr. of-, , m. and
f.impious, irreligious, a hater of
God; from
.,f. , to serve, worship, cure, heal (hence
therapeutics); from,, m. a minister, helper.^, , to reap, pass the summer, cut off; and
,, m. the harvest; and
,, m. a reaper; and
^,, to warm, mid. warm one's-self; and, , f.heat (hence, with, THERMO-
• meter); and, , n. summer, harvest; from
'/2,/. , to warm.
', , m. a law.
, , f., to witness, see, contemplate (hence
theory) ; and, , f.contemplation, meditation, a spectacle;
from
.,,
to suck, give milk or suck; from
\ , f the nipple of the breast.
,, , female..
HP, , n. a beast. Hence, , n. a beast, wild beast.
(?, ,m. a treasure.
/2,/. , to touch.
or,, m. or f. a heap, the sea-shore., , f, to break, bruise, shake.
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PARSING LEXICON. 187
,f. , to press, afflict, confine, crowd on,
{part. per/, pass, as adj.) narrow. Hence
, ?, f. pressure, oppression, tribulation, afflic-
tion.',f. m., 2. aor. (from obs.
), perf. (from obs. ), to die.
0PTBOH, ov, m. a disturbance, noise, uproar, sedi-
tion.
,/. , to break down, bruise.,f., to set; mid, to sit., m., defect, to shout tumultously.
~02, of, m., and , n., lamentation. Hence,
with ?), THREN-ody.
, ,/, religion, also superstitious ceremonies;
from, f.-, to worship, to use superstitious
ceremonies in worship.
,fut.
,to triumph; from
!, ov, m. triumph.,, dat.plur., the hair., , f., to make a noise; mid. to be troubled;
from.
',ov, m. a drop, a " gout" or clot of blood.
,ov, m. a seat, THRONE, potentate; from
., f. , to break (properly, into small frag-
ments), to shatter.',, or sync,, a daughter. Akin to
DAUGHTER.
,, f. a tempest.
, , ov, of an aromatic tree called; from,as being used in sacrifices. Whence
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188 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,, . incense; and, , n. a censer for burning incense.
', , m. wrath, the mind. Hence en-THYMEME,
a syllogism of which one premiss (the major) is sup-
pressed, as being present to the mind.
', ,/. & gate, door (akin to dook). Hence
,, m. a stone placed as a door, a shield of an
oblong form like a door; and, /?,/. a small door, a window; and-, ov, m. and /. & doorkeeper ; from, or
.
,,/, sacrifice; from
.,1. aor. imperat. /., / , to sacrifice, rage, slay. Hence thyme,
used to burn in sacrifices.
, 2. aor. subj./.\,/. a fine.
,a, m. Thomas.
',, m. the breast, a breastplate, armour for
the breast and back.
, 1. aor. p. in/. 0/.,
indecl. m. Jacob.
', , m. James.
",, n. a cure, remedy; from,,/, to cure, heal. Hence, in/. 1 . aor. m.", ,/. a jasper stone.
,imperat., IBetv, inf., and
,part., 2. aor. of €8.
"IAI02, a, ov, proper, one's own (generally with a poss.
pron. referring to the subject of the verb), private;
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PARSING LEXICON. 189
, apart; (adv.), severally; with,due season. Hence IDIOM; with
,mix-
ing together, iDio-syncrasy ; also idiot, originally
a private person, one of the mob, and hence igno-
rant, foolish., adv. behold; but properly, the imperat. 2. aor.
m. of€.
",eo?, . sweat. Hence
,, m. sweat.
, 2. aor. subj. of.,, m. a priest; and, , . a temple, sacrifice, altar; from
'IEPOy
l!, a, bv, sacred, divine, holy. Hence, with
, HiER-archy; with \, to carve, HIERO-
glyphics.', ^?,/., or', neut. plur., gen., or', inded.f.
Jerusalem.
f/
IZn,f. , to set down.
", f.,1. aor.
,2. aor. , imperat. 2. aor. e?,
inf. 2. aor., 1. aor. p., perf.. To send;
from eo>.
%0 2, gen. dat. and voc., ace., m.
Jesus.
0'2, , bv, worthy, sufficient, well adapted to,
a good many, considerable.
'IKMAH,, f. humour, moisture.,^.., 2. aor. . (from
obs. ), to come.
,or
,to propitiate, atone ; mid.
to pardon, make reconciliation for.
"2,, m. a thong, a shoe-latchet.
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190 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., , m. a garment, cloak ; and
,,. a coat, garment, clothing; from el
/,clothing, from eco or eVvu/w.,/. € , to desire.
", conj. in order that, {with subj.) to (the sign of the
inf.), , lest.
-, adv. why? (literally, in order that what [may re-
sult]?); from
,interrog.
'10^2j , . an arrow, poison (since arrows were some-
times poisoned) , rust or canker., ?,/. Judsea., , . a Jew.
,, . Judas, Jude.
"!, , . a horse. Hence, with
,2. aor.
of, HiPPO-drome; with, Phil-IP, i.e.
a lover of horses. I,
2, 8, f the rainbow, Iris.
!, adv. equally; from
.,, indecl. . Isaac.', 1. plur. by sync,, to know. Hence his-
tory; and, by aphasresis, STORY., , . Iscariot.
"1%02, , ov, equal, like (hence, with, ISO-;
chronous; with
,iSO-sceles). Hence
-, , . of like honour, price, or value; from
,, indecl. . Israel.
"IXTHMI, f, to stand, stand up, place, set, set
up, weigh, (of blood) to stanch. Hence STATICS;
with, hydro-STATlCS ; apo-STASY. Akin to
STAND.
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PARSING LEXICON. 191:
!
\, , bv, strong, firm; from
jTXXr%
,strength.
,, m. a fish. Hence ICHTHYO-Iogy.
\*IXNO%, , . a trace, footstep. Hence, with,iCHNO-graphy ; ichneumon, an animal which traces
the eggs of the crocodile.
, root of, q. v.
,, . John.
!, a, . Jonas., , . Joses.
, indecl. . Joseph.
~, indecl. n. the letter . Hence, a small mark, a
least or minutest part, a JOT.
Kayo», for .\ by apocope for.-, €, /. pulling down, destruction, subver-
sion; from
-}
to take or pull down, destroy, overturn;
from, and., to cleanse, purge (hence cathartic);
from and.-, to join, fasten on; from and.^, ,
to cleanse, purify; and
, , bv, clean, pure, innocent (hence the name
Catharine, by corruption Catherine); and,, purity, cleanness; from., part. 2. aor. of.,
f.
,to sleep; from and ei
/or €.
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192 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, to sit down, sit; from, and. Hence
,a seat ; whence cathedral, a bishop's
seat.-, 3. sing. 1. aor. of., to set or sit down, place; from, and.-, adv. according as, as, even as ; from and
.
,conj. and, both.
, a, m. Caiaphas.
, , bv, new, fresh.
KAIPCfZ, , m. occasion, opportunity, time, season.
-TOL, adv. although, yet. Hence
--ye, adv. although, indeed.
, f., 1. aor. , to set on fire, burn.
Hence caustic.
KaKeWev,for ., for .
,, f. evil, vice, malice, affliction ; from
.Whence
-, , f depravity of manners or disposition,
malignity; from.-, to do evil, to injure; from
KAKO^, , bv (irreg. comparatives,, ', -
,and ; irreg. superl.,
),evil, wicked (hence, with -, CAC-hexy). Hence
, to oppress, ill-treat; from. The comes
from-, by the usual crasis of oe into ., , /., to ill-treat, exasperate ; from.
,adv. badly, ill; from
., , m. a reed, a pen.
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PARSING LEXICON. 193, 1 . aor. part, of
,
, fand
,perf.
,to call.
Hence calends. Akin to call.
KaXbv, , n. a good or beautiful thing ; from
2, , bv (irreg.comp.), beautiful, good,
goodly, honest. Hence, with, CALi-graphy
with
,CAL I-sthenics.
,,
n. a covering, veil ; from
,/,, 2. aor., to cover, conceal.
Hence apo-CALYPSE., adv. well, justly, fairly; from.02, , m. orf. a camel.
KA'MINOX, , m. or f. a furnace. Hence chimney.
,by sync, for-, f., to shut the eyes.',
f., to labour, be fatigued, exhausted, or
sick., /or fcal.
',/.,to bind.
, for , even if, and if.
^,, m. a rule, measure, CANON., indecl.f. Capernaum., f, to corrupt, adulterate; from
'
,, . a dealer in goods, an innkeeper,
one who vends adulterated or bad wine.
2, , . smoke.
, , f. the heart, mind, spirit. Hence peri-
CARDIUM.
KA'PHNON, , n. the head, a summit.
, , .fruit.
,, . Carpus, a man's name.-, co,f., to bring forth fruit; and
S
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194 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, , m. and f.fruitful; from anc
.,eo?, . chaff or any small thing, a splinter, mote,
or small dry twig; from, f., to dry., for.KATA S
,prep. ; with gen. and ace, by, on, througl
throughout, as touching; with gen. only, against
down; with ace. only, according to, over against
after, after the manner of, in, concerning, at, to,
into, as, before, among, with; as distributive, ever]
in every, in divers. Hence numerous words begin-
ning with CATA-, CAT-, and CATH-: as, with?,CATA-logue.-, to come or go down. Hence- as, 2.aor part.-,, f. , to bring down, compel to coi
down; from
.-\,, f. a casting down or out, laying the foui
dation, the beginning; from.-, fut., to announce, declare.-, fut. 9Att., to break up or ii
twain.
-,to bring down, come to land, touch at.
-', f., to conquer; from anc.-£, to bind down, to dress a wound.-, to burn, burn up.
-,to cover or veil.
-,inf. 1. aor.; and
-, I. fut. 3. sing, of.
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PARSING LEXICON. 195
-, to lie down, recline at table.
-,f,
to cast down a precipitous place,
precipitate; from
., to condemn, punish.-, f. , to get the mastery, exercise lord-
ship over; from.-\\
} ov, m. andf. an evil-speaker, reviler, calum-
niator; from
.-\, to apprehend, surprise, acquire, overtake,
secure, receive, understand. Hence CATALEPSY.-,, n. a remnant; from-, to leave behind, forsake, neglect, reserve.
Hence
,2. aor. part.-, to dissolve, overturn, demolish, destroy, make
void, unloose, lodge., 2. aor. 2. pi. of
-,to learn, contemplate.
-, to remain/ abide.
-, , /. , to render torpid, benumb, be
slothful or burdensome ; from.Kara-vevco,/., to beckon, make signals.-, , /., to come up, arrive, attain; from
.-, ?,/. rest, dwelling; from.-,, n. a veil, curtain; from.2. aor. subj. 3. sing, of-, to drink up, swallow up, overwhelm, destroy.
;
-,to fall down.
-, , /., to fatigue or exhaust by labour,
afflict; from.
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196 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.-,f., to drown or sink in the sea; from
.-, , /. cursing, curse, imprecation, damnation,
one liable to punishment ; from , and .Hence-,, f., to curse, execrate.
-,f. , to build, adorn, prepare ; from
€.-, , f., to pitch a tent, build a nest,
lodge; and, nom. plur. contr.; from-,, f. pitching a tent, a tent, dwelling,
nest; from
.-, , f.letting down or lowering, a long robe
from.-, , f. overthrow, destruction, desolation,
CATASTROPHE; from.-,
to put down, deposit; mid. confer.
-/, to devour, eat up, take eagerly, spend.
-, to overpower, oppress, vote against; pass.
and mid. sink down., S.plur. 2.fut. pass, of
-,to corrupt, utterly corrupt, destroy.
-,,/.
,to kiss; from \.-, to have the mind against one, despise,
disregard.-, f., to pour down or out.-, , m.andf. subterranean, infernal; from
.-, to cool, refresh.
, 3. pi. Att. 1. aor.; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 197
,3. sing, l.fut. Att. of
,to break up.
,3. sing, imperf, and
,S.plur. 2.
aor., of
,3. sing. 1. aor. of.3. sing. Att. 1. aor. p. of.2. aor. of.
,3. sing. 2. aor. p.
of
.2. aor. of
.1. aor. part, of., adv. before the face of, in presence of, be-
fore.
-,f., to exercise authority over, have
in one's power; from and
.-, f., to work, work out, effect, per-
petrate, practise, exhibit, create; from.-, to devour.
-, to keep down, hold, retain, hinder, seize, possess,
remember, bind, withhold, bring a ship to land.
, 3. pi. 1. aor. m. of
.1. plur. 1. aor. of., , /., to inhabit, abide, dwell; from.',
adv. down, downward, beneath : e&>?
,to
the bottom;
,under.
, ,/,, to kindle, burn; from -, whence,, m. heat, a hot wind.,, f., to boast, glory, praise,
exult.
,f. m.
,to lie, be laid, laid up, placed,
situate, or established. Hence cemetery (see
).s 3
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198 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,1 . aor. m. inf. ; and
,3. sing. 1. aor. m. imperat. of
.Keipiai, , f.funeral garments or bandages; from.,,, perf., to shear, clip, cut off., 3. sing, of.
,dat. part. perf. p. of.
,dat. part. perf. of
., pL part, perf p. of
.neut. pL part. perf. p. of.,f. , perf. p., to order, exhort;
from
,or
,f.
(as if from), to
command, recommend.
KENO s
%, , bv (irreg. comp.), void, empty,
useless, false, foolish; , in vain. Hence,
with, CENO-taph.
,, /., to prick or sting (hence, with
,CEN-taur). Hence
, , n. a sting, point, goad. Hence CENTRE., , f, dimin. of, a little horn, a fine point,
anything very minute, a tittle., , bv, made of potter's clay, earthen ; from
',,
m. potter's clay, tiling.
or
,f (from obs. -
), to mix, pour in or out. Hence CRASIS; and,
with and, idiosyn-CRASY.', ?, n. a horn. Hence, with piv, the nose,
rhino-CEROS.
,f m. (from obs.
),to gain,
avoid; from
KE'PAOS, , contr., n. gain.
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PAESING LEXICON. 199,, . a small piece of money ; from.,
, f. a head, chief, chapter. Hence ce-
phalic., , m. (the Lat. census in Greek letters) a census,
numbering of the people, taxation, tribute.
KH~IIOH, , . a garden.
,o?, /. fate, generally adverse fate.
!
,, n. a honeycomb ; from
. KHP(?2, , . wax. Hence cerate.
KH'PTB, /co?, . a herald. Hence, f. , to proclaim, preach, exhort, declare.
KITTOX, eo?, contr., a whale or other leviathan of
the deep. Hence sperma-CETi.
, a, . Cephas, a Hebrew name equivalent to
Peter.
,(£, , . an ark, chest.', ?, /. a harp or other stringed instrument
(hence guitar). Hence
-, , . a harper accompanying himself with
the voice ; from ?, a singer, contr. for,from. See., , . danger.
,, f.
,to move.
',, n. cinnamon.
, , m. a branch., f., to weep.,, n. & fragment; from.
,, . weeping; from
;whence
,2.plur. 1. aor. imperat.
, , f., to break., f. , per/, p., to shut (hence,
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200 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
through the Lat. claustrum, cloister); also, to
celebrate. Hence
,, contr., . glory., , . a thief; from,/,, to steal. Hence, with, cleps-
ydra.
,neut. part. 1. aor. p. of
.-, ,/,, to obtain by lot, inherit, possess,
take; and-, , /. inheritance ; and-, , . an heir, possessor, partaker; from
and
02, , . a lot, portion, heritage, the Church.
Hence clergy, being accounted the lot or inherit-
ance of the Lord ; also clerk.
AN02, , . an oven.,, a couch, bed (hence clinical); from
Nfl} /. , to recline, incline, decline, bend, put to
flight. Hence en-CLlTiC ; with, hetero-
CLITE ; also, through the Latin, in-CLlNE ; and
other words of that ending., , . the agitation of the sea, a billow,
surge; and, /.,to roll as the sea, fluctuate
from
,/., to wash, cleanse., pi. part, contr. /.', /., to card or comb wool, dress or full
cloth.
', , also or, defect, to cleave, scrape,
tickle. Hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 201
, f., to rub, tickle, excite titillation.
,,
/. the belly, the womb ; from
,hollow.
, ,/., to lull; mid. to fall asleep; from. Hence CEMETERY, properly ccemetery.
2, , m. andf.
common, unclean, profane
(hence epi-CENE ; with, CENO-bite). Hence
,, to communicate, desecrate, defile; mid. pro-
nounce or consider unclean ; and, , f.participation, communion, society, fel-
lowship, alms.
,, f. a bed, bedchamber, communication,
marriage, conception, lewdness;
,to be-
come pregnant.
, , ov, dyed crimson or scarlet; from
KO'KKOZ, ov, m. a grain or seed, the grain of the
holm-oak, used for dyeing red.
,/, ,to punish.
,,/, flattery, obsequiousness; from
KO'AAa,, m. a flatterer, parasite.,/., to strike, dig out.,, f.punishment, torment; from.
,f., to buffet, give a slap in the face ; from
\.KO', , f.glue (hence, with, proto-COL),
Hence, ,/., to glue together, join; pass, to cleave
unto, adhere, attach oneself to.
KOAAOT'PION, ,n. a kind of medicine, eye-
salve., , m. sl money-changer; from
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202 GEEEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
002, , m. a kind of brass money having the
image ofan
ox.
,, /. , to contract, shorten, amputate;
from, /. , to shorten, truncate. Hence, with, the COL-ures.
,, . food., , m. the bosom, a bay. Akin to gulf.
', ,/., to dive, swim., ,/, to have long hair; from.KO'MBOH, , m. a knot, an ornament.2, , /., to take care of, care about, nourish.
,,
/. the hair. Hence COMET.,/,, Att. , act. to bring; mid. receive, reco-
ver, obtain as a reward ; from. Hence, pi. part. 1. fut. m. Att., , m. handsome. Hence, adv. comp. better ; with
,to begin to
amend.
, ,/,, to hasten, minister to.
,-, , . dust; from and
KO'NIZ, eo?, /. dust.
,, /, to labour, be weary with labour, to
toil; from
, , labour ; with, to molest ; from., ,/, filth, ordure; from', , /. ordure. Hence, with, COPRO^
lite, the fossil dung of antediluvian animals.
,/, to cut, strike ; mid. bewail. Hence
apo-COPE, syn-COPE, and (perhaps) COPSE.
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PARSING LEXICON. 203
KO'PAZ, , . a raven. Akin to CROAK, crow.
,, . a damsel; from
,a youth.
KOPE'NNTMI,f.
(from obs.), to satiate,
fill, have one's fill. Hence, pi. part. 1. aor. p., ,/., to sweep, sweep out.
,, . a youth; from (the Athenian youth
shortening the hair on becoming citizens); also, a
shoot, twig, broom., , m. a Hebrew dry measure called a cor., , f. , to set in order, adorn, prepare,
honour, trim (a lamp); and
,a, ov, or , . and/, orderly, modest, becom-
ing; from.-,, . a ruler of the world; from-and.
KO'XMOX, , m. order, ornament, the world. Hence,
with
,COSMO-gony; with
,COSMO-
polite; hence also COSMETIC.
, f. , to lighten ; from, , andf. light (not heavy).', , . a basket. Hence coffin.
KPA'BBATOZ, , . a small bed.
,/, , to cry out.
', , /. excess in eating and drinking,
revelling., , n. a skull ; from. Hence, with
?, CRANIO-logy.
,neut. part. 1 . aor. of
.,, n. a border, hem ; from eh,to hang to the ground.
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204 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,, f., to subdue, seize, lay hold on, hold
fast, observe, keep, govern, adhere to, hinder, re-
tain; from
, eo?, n. strength. Hence words ending in
-crat and -cracy ; as, auto-CRAT, aristo-CRACY,
theo-CRACY, demo-CRACY, etc.
,,
/. crying out, clamour, wailing, supplica-
tion; from
.Kpea, neut. pi. contr. of
KPEAX,, contr. gen. and , flesh., or Att.,, comp. of., , /., pass, (as if from -), to hang.
KPHMNO^H, , m. a steep place, precipice., , f.Crete.'
, , f.barley. Hence, , ov, made of barley.
,,n. distinction, judgment, accusation, CRIME,
condemnation, decree, punishment; from.KPI'NON, , m. a lily., f. , to divide, discriminate, decide, judge,
reproach, condemn, punish, resolve ; mid. and pass.
to enter into a judicial contest with, go to law.
Hence
, ,/. distinction, judgment, CRISIS, condemna-
tion, punishment; and, , m. a judge, ruler; and
,, ov, capable of discerning or judging. Hence
CRITIC.
, f., perf. p.
,to knock.
KPTOZ, n. cold, frost.
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PARSING LEXICON. 205
KPT,/., 2.0O7•., to hide. Hence apo-
CRYPHA, CRYPT., , . ice, CRYSTAL; from.,, f., per/, p., to ac-
quire, procure, gain, possess, keep.,/. evo), perf., to kill.
,neut.pl., contr. of
KTH'NO%, eo5, n. an animal, beast, (plur.) flocks, cattle,
swine.,, . a possessor; from., f. , to create, regenerate; hence, €, /. creation, a creature.
,contr.for
., , f. a game at dice, inconstancy, cheating, craft;
from., €, f.government, a governor ; from, , f., to govern.
KTBO%,
, .a die, a CUBE.
,adv. around; from
KT'KAOX, , . a circle (hence CYCLE; with ,CYCL-ops); hence, adverbially for , round about.
,, n. rolling, wallowing; from
^., to roll. Hence cylinder.
,, . andf., or , bv, lame, maimed, crippled.
KTn
MA,, n, a wave,, , n. a CYMBAL; from
KTMBO'X, , . a hollow. Hence, perhaps, cata-
COMB.KT MINON, , n. cumin, an aromatic plant., plur. of.
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206 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,/, to bend, stoop.
,, m. of Cyrene.
, , m. a lord, master, The Lord; in the voc. Sir
(hence, The Lord's House; whence kirk,
church). Hence, ,/. lordship, dominion; from
KT~PO%> 60?, n. power, authority.
or
, /. and
,to light upon,
fall in with., part. 1. aor. of.', /, to be pregnant, conceive, kiss. Hence,
with, the sea, hal-CYON.
,, . and f.a dog, a shameless person.
Hence cynic~, , n. a member, limb, one of the lower in-
testines. Hence colic.
,/, , to restrain, prevent, dissuade, forbid.
',,/, a
village,town.
~, , . revelling. Hence CoMUS ; and, with
aoihrj, a song, cOM-edy. But, according to some,
the first syllable of com-edy is derived from;
comedy having been, originally, a village-song.',,
. or/ a gnat. Hence canopy, by
corruption for conopy, properly a screen to keep off
insects, such as a mosquito-net.
0^2, , . and/, or , bv, deaf; also, dumb, since
dumbness is a consequence of deafness.
,gen.
,. ace. Xdav, a stone. Hence
(Xafa?=) Lat. lapis, a stone; whence lapidary.
, 2. aor. in/ and~, 2. aor. part, of.
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PARSING LEXICON. 207, f, 2. aor., perf Alt.
(from obs.
); also fut. m. (from
obs.), perf. m. or 2. perf. (from obs.
); to obtain by lot, cast lots, win, obtain,
acquire. Hence Lachesis, one of the Parcae, whose
office was to arrange the lots of mankind.
,, m. Lazarus.
,,f. a whirlwind, tempest.
, see.^. , to kick against; from., ,/., to speak, speak of, relate, announce,
utter; hence
,?,/,
speech, loquacity., f .
,2. aor.
, perf. Att.
(from obs.), to take, receive. See., aSos,f. a torch, LAMP; and, a, ov, shining, splendid, resplendent; and
,adv. splendidly, sumptuously; from
,f.,
to shine, enlighten.
, or, f ., 2. aor. eXaOov (from
obs.) , to be hid, to escape the notice of. With
a participle of another verb, unawares. Hence Lethe,
the fabled river of Oblivion; with, idle,
LETH-argy.
AA^E, adv. with the heel.
, , . of Laodicea.
AAOx
%, ov, . the people. Hence LAITY., ?, . the throat, windpipe, larynx.
-,f
,to hew or cut stone, cut out of stone;
from and
.
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208 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.,f., to be a slave to, worship, offer sacrifice,
adore, serve (hence, with
,ido-LATRY) ; from
AA'TPI^, , m. a slave.,f., to dig; hence, ov, n. a plant or herb., dat.plur. 2. aor. of\<.
,, defect, to wish for, covet.
AA'fl, defect, to see, enjoy.
, f. , 2. aor., perf. m., to say,
speak, speak of, call, mean, select, gather, lay down,
lie down. Hence dia-LECT; and the Latin lego,
with its derivatives, lecture, etc.
,a<s,f. prey.
02, a. ov, smooth.
, f., to pour out, pour out a libation.,, to leave, fail, be wanting. Hence, with
iv, el-LiPSis, el-LiFSE.
/f , to lick.
Aeirh, ?, /. a scale, bark, crust, scab (hence, with
irrepov, LEPiDO-ptera, an order of insects) ; from
\., a<;,f. LEPROSY; from, ov, m. andf rough from the falling of scales,
scabby, leprous; subst. a leper.
AeiTTov, ov, n. a mite, the smallest Jewish coin, less than
half a farthing ; from
AETITOH, ov, m. andf. slender, small.',f., to strip off bark or scales.
,/.,to whiten; hence
Aevtcavai, \. aor. inf.; from
, , ov, white.
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PARSING LEXICON. 209,, m. a LION.
,,or
,,/., to creak, sound,
resound (properly said of inanimate things), burst
asunder.
(?2, ov, m. a wine press.
AH"POX, ov, m. trifles, vanities, mockery, absurdity.
,,
m. a robber; from Xeia.
,3. plur.fut.m. from
.adv. exceedingly, very, very much., ace. of.ANOX, ov, . frankincense.
,/. , to stone; from.-,
, f.,to cast stones, to stone ; from
and, ov, m. a stone. Hence, with, litho-
graphy; with, aero-LlTE., , f., to winnow, scatter, reduce to powder,
destroy; fromAIKMCTI!, ov, . a winnowing-fan.
AIMWN,, . a port, haven., , f.a pool, lake.
AIM0^2, ov, . hunger, famine.
,ov, . Linus, a man's name.
,ov, m. flax, linen, a wick, a linen garment.
, a, ov, fat, sumptuous; from
02, €, n. fat, grease., ,/, a pound.
,, . the South-west wind ; from, to
pour (from its moisture).
, /, to reckon, reason, infer, consider,
value, invent; and
3
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210 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
Aoyiov, ov, n. an oracle, revelation; and
,ov, m. a word, speech, declaration, discourse, ac-
count. The Word, reason (hence LOGIC ; with
0eo?, theo-LOGY; with, philo-LOGY ; and,
with, t?%
ue, etymo-LOGY ; also many other
words of that termination); from.
,,
/. a spearhead, spear; from\<,to reach.
Akin to lance.
, , /., to revile, rebuke ; and, ,/, abusive language, reviling; from, ov, m. a reviler.
,ov, m. plague, pestilence, a mischievous or
pestilent fellow.
, , bv, remaining, the rest ; , hence-
forward, thenceforward, as for what remains; from
Xeiirai., f., to wash, purify. Hence, through the
Lat. ab-luo, ab-LUTiON.
02, ov, m. a wolf., f., to ravage, make havoc; from', , /. insult, outrage, destruction., , /., to grieve, afflict, cause sorrow ; from
',,/, sorrow.
'^, ov, m. a lamp, candle. Hence link (a torch).
, /. , to loose, dissolve, relax, deliver, dismiss,
infringe, violate, destroy, declare lawful. Hence
para-LYSiS, or pa-LSY. Akin to LOOSE. See .',, /. Lois, a woman's name.
,indecl. m. Lot., , /. Magdalene.
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PARSING LEXICON. 211
MA'TOX, , . one of the Magi, a wise man, philoso-
pher; also, in a bad sense, a wizard, sorcerer. Hence
MAGICIAN.
MAZO s
%, , . sl nipple, the breast. Hence, with a
neg. A-mazons, who were fabled to cut off the right
breast, in order to discharge their arrows more con-
veniently.
,2. pi. 2. aor. of
;whence
, , . a disciple. .,f., to be mad. Hence maniac., , . andf. happy; hence
,a, ov, happy, blessed.
,, . a Macedonian.
,adv. far off; from; hence
, adv. from afar, far off; and-, , f., to be longsuffering, patient, to
wait patiently; from; hence
-, ,f.
longsuffering, patience, clemency,
expectation.
, , ov, long, far; from.MA'AA, adv. [comp., superl.), exceed-
ingly, very.
,, bv, soft, effeminate; from
'%%, f ,to soften. Hence, from
,oftened substance, amalgamate., superl. of, very much, chiefly, especially., comp. of, more, rather.
MA'MMH, , f. a grandmother.
'^. .
,2. aor. (from obs.
), to learn. Hence MATHEMATICS., ?,/, madness (hence Maniac); from.
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212 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
MA'NNA, indecL n. manna.,/
,to consult or utter an oracle, to
divine; from', €, m. andf. a soothsayer. Hence, with, necro-MANCY: with, chiro-MANCY, etc.', , m. an emerald. See./
, to cause to wither; mid. to wither,
perish. Hence, with a neg., a-MARANTH.
', , n. a pearl; hence, , m. a pearl. Hence the name Margaret., ,/. Martha., ,/. Mary.
,bided, f. Mariam, Mary.
,, m. Marcus or Mark.
,/, to shine., , n. MARBLE ; from, white, which
is from.A'PTTP or
,, m. and/, a witness, martyr;
hence
, , /, to witness, bear witness; pass.
(sometimes) be well reported of; and, ,/ testimony; and, /, to call as a witness, protest, so-
lemnly urge.
or
,,/, to chew, mas-
ticate, bite (hence mastich); from
MA'SHfl, / , to bruise, bray in a mortar ; also, to
wipe.
MA"%TIU, 70?, /. a whip, scourge, disease, affliction.
,, m. the mother's breast; from
., a, ov, vain; from
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PARSING LEXICON. 213
MA'THN, adv. in vain.
,,
m. Matthew.
,,/, a sword; from,/, .^ obs.), to fight., f., to desire eagerly, attempt, strive
after. See.e, ace. of.
,neut. of
;whence
-, , f., to boast, be proud ; from., fern, and, gen. sing, of ; whence, adv. greatly.2,,, gen. m. and neut., ace.
m. {irreg. comp.
,,irreg. superl.
), great (hence o-MEGA, that is the long 6;
with, MEGA-therium). Hence, , . great men, lords.
', by apocope, before an aspirate, for; whence
-,f. , to interpret; from
., f.
drunkenness; from
.-, , f.artifice, deceit, circumvention; from, to contrive, which is from and 6.', indecl. n. wine (hence, with a neg., a-METHYST,
a stone supposed to preserve from intoxication)
- hence
, f. , to be drunken.,, m. andf, n. ov, comp. of, greater., inf. 1. aor. of., or, f., perf.p., to divide,
obtain
bylot or destiny.
Fromthe per/, mid.
-comes, destiny, death ; whence (through
the Latin mors) mortal.
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214 GREEK EOOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
ME'AAIZ, aiva, av, gen., -,- ; black.
Hence, with
,MELAN-choly.
','f.(from obs.), and perf. m.-, it is a care. Hence, ,/,, to meditate., , n. honey (hence Lat. mel, whence, with
fluo, to flow, MELLi-fluous) ; hence
,, f.
a bee ; and
, , m. andf.
belonging to bees or honey.
, 2. pi. l.fut. and, gen.'sing. part, of',f. (from obs.), to be about,
be about to be, hesitate, delay, design.
,,
n. a limb, member, song. Hence, with
, MEL-ody.
, ?7?,/. parchment; from the Lat. membrana., . pi. perf. p. and, dat. pi. part.perf. p. Att.for.ace. part. perf. p. of
., f.,
to complain, blame.
ME^N, conj. followed by , indeed, it is true, firstly;
or , then indeed;, yea or
nay rather.
',/. , to remain, await, abide, dwell.
,pi. contr. of
., , f. care, anxiety. Hence
, , f., to take thought for, care for, be
anxious for., ,/. a part, portion; from.
,,
m. separation, distribution; from
, , n. a part, portion, course, piece, connexion,
craft; from.
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PARSING LEXICON. 215
Meao-vvKTLOv1, . midnight ; from and
ME'XOZ,,
ov, middle. Hence, with
,Meso
potamia, the country between the Euphrates and
the Tigris.
MEZTO'Z, , ov, full; hence, , f., to fill.
Mer, by apocope for
,prep., with a gen. with, in aid of, by means of,
against ; among, towards ; with an ace. after, behind,
within. In composition it frequently signifies change.
Hence many words beginning with meta-, met-
or METH- ; as, with, META-phor.
-,to pass on, remove, depart.
-, to change.-, to lead from one place to another, turn round
from and.-, to share, impart, contribute, bestow.
Mera-fcwecu, to remove, change; mid. to fall away from,
waver.
-, to partake of, obtain.-, , /., to change the mind, repent, feel
remorse; from.
,adv. and prep, between, meanwhile; from.
-,to transfer, go from one place to another,
pervert, abuse, change.
-, 3. sing. 2. aor. of€-., f , to be elevated or elated ; mid. to be in
a state of suspense or fluctuation ; from,ov, m. andf. aloft. Hence meteor.
-, , m. a participator, partner; from, with,
and.
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216 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
Merpea), co,f., to measure; from
ME'TPON,
,n. a measure. Hence metre; with
7?},
geo-METRY ; with , sym-METRY ; also other
words of that termination.-, , n. the forehead; from., adv. until, unto; see.MHX
, adv. not, no, lest, whether? -ye, if not indeed,
but truly, otherwise; -Se, neither, nor, not even;
eav, except, but; , in no wise.
--, adv. by no means, not so ; from and.-eh,,, etc., as eh, no one, none, no,
nothing; from and eh.
-, adv. not yet; compounded of and the en-
clitic rr.--, adv. no longer, no more, from and en ;
being inserted to prevent an hiatus, as in the forma-
tion of--eTi, from and eri.
%,eo?, n. length; hence
, f. , to lengthen ; mid. to grow.", , n. a sheep; hence
\, , f.a sheepskin.
MH y
N, 0?, m. a month, the day of the new moon. Akin
to MOON and MONTH.MH^N or , conj. verily.
,/., to indicate, shew, signify, declare.
Mrj-wore, adv. never, lest, lest at any time, lest by any
means, whether at all?
,, m. a thigh.
-re, conj. neither, nor.
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PARSING LEXICON. 217
MH'THP,, and by sync,, a mother.
Hence, with
,METRO-polis. Akin to MOTHER.
-, adv. whether at all? is it not? from
-, interrog. pron. whether (does, or is,) any one ?
from., yen. of., fern, and, dat.fem. of.
,/.,to pollute; hence
,, m. pollution, impurity. Hence MIASMA.,, n. mixture; from, f ; 2. aor. (from obs. ),
to mix.
'^, a, ov {irreg. comp.
,;irreg. superl.
, ), little. Hence, with
,MiCRO-scope ; with, MiCRO-cosm ; hence
also o-micron, i. e. the short ., , n. a mile, from the Lat. milliare.
MIME'OAI, , fut.
,to imitate. Hence
mimic ; with
,panto
-., , f., to hate; from.^^, , m. hire, wages, reward.
%0%, , n. hatred. Hence, with, Mis-
anthropy.
MNA*, , contr.for
, ,f. a mina, an Athenian
coin containing 100 drachmae, &nd equivalent to
£3 As. 7d.; or, according to others, £\ Is. 3d. sterl.,
according as the is valued at 7-%d. or 9fd.,^., I. aor. p., perf.
p.
,to remember, also to seek in marriage,
have a desire for. Hence, with a neg. a-MNESTY
hence
U
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218 GREEK EOOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.,, n. a tomb, sepulchre; and
,, n. a sepulchre; and
^, , to remember, mention., part. fern. 1 . aor. pass, of,/., to woo, to ask in marriage; pass, to be
betrothed or espoused; from.oyis, adv. with difficulty, scarcely; from
MO'TO'Z or
\, , . labour, sorrow.
Mol, end. dat. of., ?, /. an adulteress, adultery ; also, adjectively,
adulterous, faithless; and, f., to commit adultery ; from
MOIX(?%, ,m. an adulterer.
, adv. with difficulty, scarcely; see *.?.
MOAT'Nn,f. , to pollute, defile, contaminate., adv. only; from
M0N02, , ov, alone, only. Hence MONK, MONAS-
TERY (by corruption, minster); with
,MON-
arch; with
,MONO-poly ; with
,MONO-
gram ; also many other words beginning with
MONO-.\ ?,/, form. Hence meta-MORPHOSis.
M0'2X02, , . andf. a calf.
,enclitic, gen. of
.MOT~HA, 77?,/. a song, a muse, music; hence
, ov, . andf. or , bv, musical ; also, substan-
tively, a musician.
'^, , . labour, travail, painfulness., , . marrow.
~, , . word, speech, tradition, fable. Hence
MYTH; with?, MYTHO-logy.
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PARSING LEXICON. 219, ,/,, to low or bellow.
MTKTKP, o?,
.a nostril; hence
,/. , to sneer, deride, turn up the nose at.
, ,/, a mill; hence, , . a mill, millstone; and,, a millhouse.
MTPTOX, , . and f. infinite (hence myriad); hence
,, a, ten thousand.
MT'PON, , n. a fragrant ointment, made with juice
from the tree which produces MYRRH.
MTS2,f., to shut, compress. Hence, to initiate;
whence mystery.
,, . a weal, arising from the stroke of a
whip, stripe; bruise, wound, anguish.
, ; or, , /., to
censure; from
"02, , m. a spot, blemish, infamy, blame, abuse,
derision. Hence Momus, the name of a heathen
deity.
, ,/, folly; from', a, bv, foolish, insipid.
or,, or, or, ,77i. Moses.
, , . a Nazarene., adv. yea, truly.
NAO'%, , . a temple.', ,/, spikenard, oil of spikenard.
NA'PKH, ,/. numbness, torpor, the torpedo, cramp-
fish or electric eel, gymnotus. Hence narcotic.
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220 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
Nav-ar/eco, ,/,, to make or suffer shipwreck; from
/u, to break, and
~%,, ace. vavv, a ship. Hence NAUSEA, pro-
perly sea-sickness; also nautical, navy.
Neavias, ov, m. a young man; and, , m. a youth; from.
02,,n. quarrelling, contention., a, bv, dead. Hence, with
,NECRO-
mancy; with, NECRO-polis.',f. , to distribute, assign, possess, cultivate,
feed, administer, rule. Hence Nemesis, the heathen
goddess of Retribution.
2,a, ov, new, young. Hence, with ?, NEO-
logy; with, a plant, NEO-phyte.
NEOZZCfH, ov, m. the young of birds, a chicken., f. , to nod, assent., ,/, a cloud; from
02, ,n. a cloud, multitude.
(?,, m. a kidney; pi. the reins, secret thoughts
or desires.
NE'f2,f. and, to swim, go, spin, heap up.
Necurepoi,, pi. comp. of.NH\ adv. used in affirmative oaths, by. In composition,
not.
,/., to spin; from.02, , m. an infant; adj. ignorant.
NH~HO%, ov, m. an island. Hence, with *\$, Poly-
NESIA ; hence also Pelopon-NESUS, the island or
peninsula of Pelops.
,, f.
fasting, a fast ; from
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PARSING LEXICON. 221
NH~2TI2, , m. and f. hungry;
probably from
and
;hence
, f., to fast.
',/., to be sober., , f., to conquer. Hence, with ,Nicolas (less properly Nicholas) ; i. e. the victory of
the people.
,, m. Nicodemus., , n. victory; from.,/. } to wash the hands or other parts of the
body.
002, ov, m. andf.
spurious; subst. a bastard.
,,/, pasturing, pasture, enjoyment, waste; from
. Hence nomadic, i. e. wandering about for
pasture., , ov, legal ; subst. a lawyer, interpreter of the
law; and
,adv. legally; from
NO' 02, ov, m. law. Hence, with, deutero-
NOMT; with, astro-NOMY ; hence also several
other words of that ending.
002, , contr., , the mind, spirit, meaning,
intention.
NO'202, , f.disease. Hence, with?, NOSO-logy,
the classification of diseases., , f.a brood ; from.
'2, adv. apart; hence, f.
,to isolate or set apart, remove ; mick
purloin, keep back for oneself, retain unlawfully.
N0T02, , m. the southwind, the south.-, , f., to admonish ; from and
u 3
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222 GREEK EOOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,see.
,gen. of.', , f. a bride, daughter-in-law, nymph;
hence, , m. a bridegroom.
NT~N, adv. now.
NT,,f. night. Hence, through the Latin nox,
NOCTURNAL. Akin to NIGHT.', and , to slumber, be drowsy., or, f. , to prick, pierce.-, adv. a night and a day, 24 hours; from
and
.(06, indecL m. Noah.
%, , m. and f. slow, sluggish; hence, a, bv, tardy, sluggish.
~%, , m. the back.
, , f. hospitality, a lodging ; from
', , ov, foreign, strange; subst. sl stranger, guest,
host. Hence the Eu-XINE, a tempestuous sea, from
ev, by euphemismus., , m. a Roman measure of a pint and a half, a
pitcher, pot, from the Lat. sextarius, which is from
sextus, sixth, being the sixth part of another measure.
, f., to scrape, polish.
,/., to dry, dry up; mid. to wither; from
.0 2, a, bv, dry, withered.
,, ov, wooden; from
', ,n. wood, a staff, a tree.
, , f., to cut off the hair, shave ; from
or.
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PARSING LEXICON. 223
, , ; 6 and form their oblique cases, as if from
and
,except the nom. plur. oi. The. See .
, neut. of 6., , , eighth; from."002, , . a swelling, pride, weight, encumbrance.
"-, -Be, -Be, declined like the art. , , ; this, that,
he, such a one.
-, , f, to lead, teach; and
Oh-, , m. a leader, teacher, guide ; from ? and
:>7€,..-, , /. journeying, travel; from
and
OJOx^, oO, m. a way, road, journey, manner of* thinking
or of life. Hence syn-OD, met-HOD.^, , . sl tooth. Hence, with ?,ODONTO-logy ; through the Latin dens, dentist.
Akin to tooth, of the genitive being dropped.
,, /.
,to afflict ; mid. to be in pain or sor-
row; from', ,/- pain, sorrow. Hence, with a or av}neg.
an-ODYNE., , . lamentation, wailing, mourning; from,,
defect, to lament.
", f.or (from obs. ), perf..,to smell, emit a bad smell. Hence, through the
Latin odor, odour.
"OOev, adv. whence; from ? and 6ev, an enclitic particle
indicating motion from.
', , f. & piece of linen cloth, a sail; hence
, , dimin. a little piece of cloth, a bandage.
01, plur. of 6; but , pi. of o?.
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224 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, fem., but ola, neut. plur., of, the a being long
in the fem. but short in the neut,
', or oiyvvo),f., to open.
Olha,perf. m. of'., , m. an inhabitant of the house, a domestic, a
slave; and
,,
n. a dwelling, habitation, mansion; and
, , f.habitation, a house, household, the servants;
from; whence-, , f., to build a house, edify, embolden;
from.-, , f management, dispensation, administra-
tion, stewardship; from and
OVKO^, , m. a house. Hence, with, (Eco-
nomy; with Sea,, to keep house, regulate,
whence diocese. Hence also, through the Latin
parochia, corrupted from paroecia, i. e.-,PAROCHIAL, PARISH.
,, m. pity, commiseration, mercy; from
, , . pity., contr.for, to think, suppose; from.', , f. a way, path. Hence pro-EM.
OVNOX, , wine. Hence, by prefixing the digamma,
the Latin vinum, WINE; hence
-, , f. being heated with wine, drunkenness;
from. (See.), 2. sing, otec, Att.f. . (from obs. ),to think; from.
5", a, ov, such as, what, what manner of, as if, as.
OT'XOMAI,f. m.
^(from obs.), to go.
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PARSING LEXICON. 225
,/., to bear, convey, think; hence, thefut.
of
., , /., to be indolent, delay, be loth, hesitate;
from.', or,f., to call, arrive in port,
move, run quickly.
,a, by, sluggish, indolent, tedious, troublesome;
from
"OKNO%, ov, m. aversion to labour, sluggishness, fear.^, indecl. eight. Hence, with, oCTA-gon.
Akin to eight.", ov, m. destruction, perdition; from.,
inf. 2. aor. m. of
.-, ov, m. andf of little faith ; from
and
yOATTO%, , ov {irreg. comp.,, irreg.
superl.), few, little, short. Hence, with
,OLlG-archy.
OXcy-copeo), , f, to neglect, despise, slight, dis-
regard; from and.", f, 2. aor. (from obs. ), to
destroy; mid. to perish; hence Ap-OLLYON (Kev.
ix. 11), the Destroyer.
OAOAT'Zn,f. ,to howl, yell, bewail.
, , ov, the whole, all. Hence, with, HOLO
caust; with, cat-HOLIC.
"002, , m. an unripe fig.
MBPO%, ov, m. heavy rain.
,, f
,to associate, converse with; and
', , f.intercourse, discourse; from
"OMIAOX, , m. a company, crowd. Hence HOMILY.
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226 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
or,/. (from obs.), to swear,
swear by.
-, adv. with, one accord; from and., fern., but, neut. plur., of, the a being
long in the fern., but short in the neut., f., to be like, resemble; and
', a, ov, like (hence, with
,suffering, from
,HOMCEO-pathy) ; and
, , f., to liken; from
(2, ov, m. andf. like. Hence, with, HOMO-
geneous. From also comes, level;
whence, with a or av, neg., an-OMALOUS.
),1. aor. subj. of
.', adv. at the same time, yet, still, although, also;
from., 2. aor. opt. of., indecl., or making gen., n. a dream.
02, ,n. reproach, ill-fame; also sometimes,
fame, in a good sense; hence
, , m. censure, rebuke, abuse.", or, f., to help, avail, profit,
have joy.
,, ov, of an ass ; hence , a millstone
turned by an ass, an upper millstone; from
." or,, n. a name; hence, with a, neg.,
an-ONYMOUS.
"ONO^, , m. an ass.
", gen., and, plur. of."ONTB,
,m. a nail, a hoof. Hence, from its colour,
the onyx stone.,, contr., n. vinegar, sour wine; from
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PARSING LEXICON. 227
^, eia, v> sharp, swift. Hence, with, OXY-
gen; with
,par-OXYSM.
\./ a hole, window, cavern, cavity.
", adv. from behind, behind, after; from
'^, adv. behind, after, backwards.", , n. arms, armour, weapons, instruments.
Hence, with, pan-OPLY.
"-, adv. where, whither, whereas; from 89 and
., part, of or., , f., to roast, scorch." or, f.m.,, 2. sing. f. m., Att. to see, look to, appear, understand, show,
enjoy. Hence optics.
, , bv}roasted or broiled; from
.', ,/, autumn, autumnal fruits.
"-, adv., with ind. how; with subj. in order that, so
that, that ; from and.",, f.
sight, a vision ; from
,f.,
perf. Att.
,to see, discern, per-
ceive. Hence, with, pan-ORAMA.\ ,/» rage, wrath (hence orgies); hence
,/., to provoke to wrath; mid. to be indignant,
angry, enraged.
\,/ a fathom.
', /, to stretch out for, to reach for-
ward to, desire earnestly.
', gen. pi. of.^, , bv, right, straight, upright. Hence, with
,ORTHO-graphy; with
,ORTHO-dox.
"002, , m. morning, dawn, daybreak, early in
the morning.
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228 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
', f. , to limit, determine, ordain, decree (hence
horizon, the termination of our view; and, with
, ap-HORiSM, a definition or fixed and limited
rule or principle); from, whence
", , . a boundary, limit, end.
"OPK02, , m. an oath, vow, adjuration. Hence ex-
ORCISE.
,, f.
impulse, rushing, inclination.
"0PM02, , m. a necklace, a station for ships, place for
mooring ships, harbour.,
"0PNI2, , m. orf.
2, bird, hen. Hence, with ?,ORNITHO-logy.
'02, eo?, contr. ?, . a mountain. Hence oreades,mountain nymphs.
"0P02, , m. sl limit or boundary.
'OPT22 or ,/., to dig.0 2, , m. and/., or , bv, bereaved, desolate,
orphaned; subst. an orphan, a ward.
',,fut.
,to dance. Hence
ORCHESTRA.
/2,/. , to excite.
*02, , , relative pron. who, which. —? Be
some—others.
"02102, a, ov, holy, sacred.
, , f.smell, odour, savour ; from.
0202, , ov, as many as, as much as, (after?)as, how great, how much, how many, both interrog.
and indef. ; whosoever, whatsoever, how many soever.
OSTEON, , n. a bone. Hence OSTEO-Iogy.
"-,, cto, declined like 0? and combined; who-
ever, whatever, who, which, that, he that, what.
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PARSING LEXICON. 229, , ov, earthen, made of earthenware ; from
V2TPAKON,
,n. an earthen vessel, tile, tablet for
voting. Hence ostracism.
2, f. m. or,,f.
m., to smell ; hence",, f.smelling, smell.2, "?,/, the loins.
"-, adv. when, whenever; from av and
, adv. when.
"Otl, conj. that, in order that, how, because, since ; from
the neuter of.',/. , to excite, rouse, incite, instigate, urge.
",Att. for
,gen. of ; also used as an adv.
how long, while.
OT, adv. before a consonant, before a vowel not aspi-
rated, before an aspirated vowel, no, not.
0TT
,gen., defective pronoun ; , dat. ; e, ace. of himself.
(See
.), adv. in what [place], where, whither, from ?. It is
an elliptical expression, being understood.
OTAy
, ha! an exclamation of derision., interj. alas! woe, woe's me!
-Be, conj. neither, nor, not even; hence
-,,&,
gen.
,etc., like el?. No
one, no, none, nothing; from el?.
--7€, adv. never.
, see ., conj. therefore, then.
-, adv. not yet.
OTPAs
, , f.z, tail. Hence, with
,cynos-URE,
the Lesser Bear or Tail of the Dog. (See.)X
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230 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,adv. from heaven; from 6ev, signifying motion
from, andOTPANCfZ, , m. heaven. Hence the name of the
planet Uranus.
OT^POX, , m. a prosperous wind, good fortune; also,
a guard.
OT^X, or
,gen.
,. an ear.
, acc.pl. of os.
, gen. fern, of.-, conj. neither, nor, not even.
OTTT02,, ; and form their ob-
lique cases as if from and, but the
nom. plur. masc. is formed regularly, and the
neut. plur. is. This, he, the same ; hence
or, adv. thus, so., an emphatic form of, not, is it not?', , m. a debtor; from
,f (from obs.
),I owe, 1
ought, I must, to be guilty, be a debtor.
-4/2, /., to increase, assist., 2. aor. (Ion. for) of, I would. It
is used with in the sense of would that
", €, contr., n. profit; from.', , m. an eye
;
from
.Hence OPH-
THALMIC.
',, m. a serpent., o,f. the eyebrow, top of a precipice., , f., to be indignant.
",, m. a multitude. Hence, with
,OCHLO-cracy.
,, n. a fortification; from, to fortify,
which is from.
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PARSING LEXICON. 231
!\ adv. late in the evening, late. Hence, with-
,OPSl-mathy.
", 2. pi. l.fut. m. of
., , f the evening ; from.", ?, /. the countenance, face, appearance; from., , . whatever is eaten with bread as a relish.
",3. pi. \.f. m. of
., , m. whatever is bought to be eaten with
bread, anything taken as a relish with bread; also,
the pay of soldiers to purchase provisions, recom-
pense, wages; from and., , /. a snare, springe, artifice ; from
,o fix, lay or set, in the ground or elsewhere., 2. aor. inf. of., , . a little child; and
,?,/, education, discipline, chastisement (hence,
with
,cyclo-P^DlA) ; and
, , . a child ; and,, , f. a damsel ; from
^,, ace. or ', m. orf. a child, servant.
Hence, with ay, PiED-agogue.
,f,
to strike, smite.
', adv. formerly, long since, of old time; hence, a, bv, ancient. Hence, with, PALJSO-logy., , f.wrestling ; from., adv. again, on the contrary. Hence, with,
PALiN-odia.
,, to vibrate, brandish, toss, shake., neut. of ; whence
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232 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-, , . an inn (that receives all comers) ; from
.-, , /. a general assembly, congregation
from and. Hence panegyric., , /. cunning, guile, craft, artifice, wiles
from epyov and •?.
-,adv. from every direction, from all quarters,
in all directions ; from and 6ev or 6e, indicating
motion from.-,, m. a universal governor, the Al-
mighty; from and., gen. of; whence
,adv. always; and
,gen.pl.
", or before a vowel', prep, with a gen. of, from
with a dat. with, among, before, at, by; with an ace.
at3above, against, near to, on account of, besides,
by, between, beyond, excepting. In comp. it gene-
rally signifies, beyond, besides, with. Hence many
words beginning with para- and PAR-; as, with iv
and, PAR-enthesis, with, PARA-graph.-, , f. a comparison, similitude, symbol, pa-
rable; from \\.
-,to announce, communicate, charge, entreat.
-, to come, come upon, return.-, to lead along; mid. to disappear, pass by, pass
away, perish; from and.,, m. a park, forest, garden, paradise.- or
,to give up, deliver, betray,
abandon, commit, commend, yield, teach ; mid. to
give up oneself to ; hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 233-, to depreciate, pray to be delivered from,
excuse, refuse, dislike, shun; from
.-,to ask, beseech, pray, exhort, counsel, ad-
vocate, comfort. Hence paraclete, the Comforter.-, to veil, hide.-, inf. l.aor.p. of ; whence-,,, f.invitation, exhortation, persuasion,
entreaty, assistance, consolation.
-\, to take, receive, engage in, learn, seize.-, to sail near.-, , m. andf near the sea, maritime; from.-, , ov}paralttic, PALSIED; from,
q.v.
Uapa-,to pass by or through.
-, to prepare ; mid. to get ready;pass, be
in readiness; from.-, inf. 1. aor., and
),3. sing. sub. 1. aor. of
.,adv. immediately, instantly, but for a moment.
-, f, to winter; from; hence-, , f wintering.-, adv. instantly (as it were with the very
thing, no sooner said than done).
,,/. a leopard, panther; from'02, , f. a pard or leo-pard.
, imperf. contr. of or,3. sing. 1. aor. of .-, to be present, be come ; from and., imperf of
.3. sing. 1. aor. p. of
.3. pi. l.fut. of.3
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234 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-), dat. fem. part. 1. aor. pass.
--, ,f. an insertion, camp,
castle, fortress;
from, iv and\.-, to pass by, neglect, pass away, disappear,
perish, come over., 3. sing. 1. aor. of., to exhibit, present, afford, make.
Uapr)<y<yeC\,e, 3. sing. 1. aor. of.3. sing. 1. aor. m. of., , f. a virgin. Hence the Parthe-
non, a temple to the virgin Minerva.- or-, f., to place at hand, pro-
vide, deliver, shew, present, prove, be present, stand
by, near or before; attend, support.-, , m. a stranger, sojourner.-, ?, /. a common saying (such as may be heard
in the streets), a proverb, parable; from.
-,ov, m. and
f.belonging or given to wine,
drunken.
-, to go away.-, to stir up, instigate.-, , f. presence, approach, advent; from-,.
-,?, /. a relish with bread, sauce, condiment,
a dish in which it is served, platter; from., ?,/, freedom of speech, boldness;,adverbially) freely, openly., f., to speak freely or boldly; from
7ra? and..-', dat. fem. pi. part. perf. p. of
.,, , all, every, any. Hence, with 9,
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PARSING LEXICON. 235
PAN-tlieon; with ayopa, PAN-egyric ; with, a
gift, from
,PAN-dora; dia-PASON.
,indecl. n. Heb. the passover.
'^,f.
m.' (from obs.), per/, m.-(from obs.), 2. aor. (from obs.
), to suffer, feel. Hence pathos, pathetic,
sym-PATHY, PATHO-logy, anti-PATHY, and other
words having the syllable path in the beginning or
termination.
'22,/., to strike, smite., voc. of.', , f., to tread on, tread down, walk, in-
habit. Akin to path.
^,, or by sync,, voc. (re-
tracting the accent), m. a father (hence, from,fatherland, PATRIOT ; through the Latin, PATERNAL
akin to father); hence
-, ,m. a PATRIARCH; from
.,gen. syncopated of., , m. Paul., f., to stop (as an act. verb), mid. to stop (as a
neut. verb), refrain. Hence pause.
,f. , to thicken, fatten, make heavy and dull;
from
, eia, v, thick, fat, gross. Hence, with,PACHY-dermata.', , f.a fetter; probably from ?, the foot,
and, to bind.
,, ov, champaign, level; from
', , n. the ground, earth.
, f., to advise, persuade; mid, to be per-
suaded, have confidence, comply, obey.
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236 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., a?,/ hunger; hence
,, f.
,to hunger, be hungry.
,, f. endeavour, undertaking, trial, experi-
ence, attack, danger (hence em-PiRiC, one who
practises the healing art from experience ; PIRATE,
one who attacks ships); hence
,f., to attempt, try, tempt.
,/.,to pierce, pass through., , n. the depth of the sea, the deep.
Hence, with, Archi-PELAGO.', adv. near., f, to strike with an axe; from,,
/. an axe. Hence
,a wood-
pecker, PELICAN.
, , ov, the fifth, from, JEol.for.,/,, to send, conduct. Hence POMP.', ov, m. a wife's father.
,, f., to mourn, mourn over, afflict; from
',609, n. sorrow, mourning. Hence, with ,
ne-PENTHE.', defect, to make, do, labour ; also, to be
poor. Hence through the Latin enuria, penury., , a, 500, from. The termination
-,indicates the multiplication of the prece-
ding numeral by 100, as-, from or Bvo;
and is by some supposed to be related to., indecl. five (hence PENTA-teuch, the 5 books
of Moses, from, a volume ; with<, PENTA-
gon) ; hence, indecl. fifty. Hence Pentecost.
,per/, p. of.
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PAESING LEXICON. 237, ace. part.perf. p..of.,€,/. confidence: and, ace. plur. part. per/, m. from., an enclitic adverbial particle suffixed to other words
with the force of at least, although, that is to say
o? irep, whosoever; iav, if indeed.
TIE' AN or irepa, adv. beyond ;
,substantively
the other side.
',, n. a boundary, limit., , f., and, to pass through, carry
over for sale.
'/2,/. , to lay waste.
,prep, with a gen. in behalf of, for, concerning, on
account of; with an ace. around, about. In compo-
sition, over and above. Hence many words begin-
ning with peri; as, with, PERi-phrasis.
IIepi-, to lead or go about.
-,to take away, cut off, remove, atone for.
TIepi-, to cast about, surround, put on, clothe;
hence-, ov, n. clothing, a cloak, vesture.
IlepieSeSero, S. sing. plup. p. of
IlepL-Secu, to bind round., 3. pi. 1. aor. of
.JepieXovres, pi. part. 2. aor. of., to go about, fetch a compass., 2. aor. of.Iepi-, to gird round ;
mid. to have the loins
girded as for a journey, be in expectation, be pre-
pared for action. Hence
, 1 . aor. mid. imperat. ; and
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238 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., pi. part. 1. aor. m.-}
,part. 2. aor. of
.,, n. ofFscouring, filth, an outcast; from
.\, to cover round, blindfold.-, to lie around, be placed round, encom-
passed, oppressed.
-,, f.,
to encircle; from
.-, to walk, walk about. Hence PERIPATET-
ICS, the disciples of Aristotle, to whom he delivered
his discourses walking about.-, to transfix, pierce.
-,to fall about one, i. e. to embrace, fall into
or among.-,, /. obtaining over and above, reserve,
acquisition, purchase; from.,, n. excess, superfluity, overflow, abun-
dance, what remains; from
,f., to make to abound, abound, be over
and above, be in excess, remain ; from,bundant; from, in the sense of beyond, above;
hence, a, ov, comp. of, more abundant
and, adv. more abundantly.
", ,/, a dove.-, 2. aor. inf. of-, to cut round, circumcise.
-,to put round, invest with, bestow, exhibit
towards.
-, , f. circumcision ; from.
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PARSING LEXICON. 239
-, to carry round or about.
-,,n. scrapings, filth, scum; from
,to
cleanse or scrape off., to boast, conduct oneself arrogantly;
from
'02, , m. andf.
light, rash, fickle, vain,
empty; subst. a trifler.
',adv. last year.
, 2. pi. imperat. 2. aor.; and
, 3. pi. l.fut.m.; and, part. 2. aor. of.
,, or, f., to
expand, unfold. Hence
,a leaf; whence
PETAL.
neretvbv, , n. sl bird ; from
TIE'TOMAI or, or, defect, to fly., , f.a stone or rock (hence, with the Latin
facto, to make, PETRi-faction); hence
,, . a rock or stone, Peter.
\ , f.a fountain, spring, flux, issue. Hence
Pegasus, sprung from Medusa's blood, near the
springs of Ocean.
or ,/., 2. aor. p. (from
obs.
),to fix, set, fasten, erect, pitch a tent,
build.
, , n. a rudder, helm ; from, the blade
of an oar, used sometimes to steer a boat.
nnAA!il3 f., to leap.
j
,n. the blade of an oar, an oar.
,, ov, how great, how much
;from
,how great ; being prefixed, converts it into an
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240 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
interrog., being the initial letter of; how? See
.*2, , n. mud, clay.
, ,/, a scrip or wallet.
(?2, a, bv, maimed, disabled.
2, eta, , the fore-arm. Hence a cubit; a foot
and a half being the average length of the fore-arm,
i.e. from the point of the elbow to the end of the
middle finger.
,/., to lay hold on, catch, arrest; for
,,/,, to press.
tew, 2. aor. in/ /.
,/,
to embitter; mid. to be bitter or se-
vere; and
, , /. bitterness ; from', a, bv, bitter, harsh, cruel., , m. Pilate., inf. m. o/
or
,/ (from obs.
),to set
on fire; mid. to be on fire, burn, swell from inflam-
mation; from.,, m. a plank, board, wooden tablet covered
with wax for tracing characters on, platter,
trencher.
,/.7 (from obs.), 2. aor., /. m. -, 2. sing. (from obs. ), to drink.
Hence -, a drinking-party, sym-PO-
SIUM.
,,/. fatness; from.
,/em. part. 2. aor. /.,
/., 2. aor. p. (from primitive
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PARSING LEXICON. 241
), to sell;pass, or mid. to be a slave, i. e. to
have been sold; from
.,2. /. m.
;I. aor. (from obs.) ; 2. «or. (from oos.) ; also /.
;jȣr/*. (from 005.7)}
to fall., dat. of ; whence
,/. , to believe, believe in, intrust; and
,, bv, trusty, trustworthy, pure; or, according
to some (who derive it from), liquid.,, /. faith; from, 3. sing, erf. p. of. Hence, , bv, believing, faithful; subst. a believer.
,,m. andf fat, corpulent, rich, fertile.
, 3. sing. sub. 1. aor. of., , f., to cause to err, lead astray, mislead
mid. to go astray, stray, err, sin; from, , f wandering from the right path, error,
deception, wickedness. Hence planet.
, /co?,/. a tablet, a slab.
, dat. part. 1. aor. ; and,, n. a thing formed, a vessel of clay; from
'^^, f. , to mould, form, make, invent.
Hence PLASTIC, cata-PLASM.
,, f.
sl wide street; also nom.fem. from
-?., , contr., n. breadth ; from, , , broad. Akin to plate and FLAT., , n. a net, braiding of the hair ; from
., neut. comp, ; and
, pi. comp. [contr.) of.
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242 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,/, , to weave.
,,
/.avarice, covetousness, a compulsory
gift; from, neut. comp. of, and., , m. andf. full.\ , /. the side of the body. Hence pleu-
risy.
,f. , to sail, sail through. Hence the
Pleiads, a constellation whose rising indicated a
favourable time for sailing., , contr. , n. a multitude, crowd, mob,
bundle; and, f. , to multiply, increase; and
,/.,to fill, be full, be completed (hence ple-
thora) ; from., , m. a striker; from.adv. except, but, nevertheless., n. pi. contr. of
,, m. andf, n.
,full; and
,(Off. 9
to fill, fulfil, complete; from
., adv. near ; 6, he that is near, a neigh-
bour; from.'^ or TTGs,f. (from the root )<), 2.aor.
(but the regular,, is used when
the verb is taken in the metaphorical sense of to
strike the mind), to strike. Hence plague, apo-
PLEXY., , n. a ship; and, , contr.,, a ship's course, sailing;
from
.,a, ov, rich; and
, adv. richlv; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 243, , f., to be rich, be prosperous, grow
rich; from, , riches. Hence Plutus, the god of
riches., , to wash.,, n. air, wind, spirit (hence PNEUMATICS);
and, , bv, spiritual; from
,/,, to blow., f. , to choke, seize forcibly by the throat.
Hence
,, bv, strangled.
,pi. of
., whence; from, where, and , end., indi-
cating motion from,' OH, , m. desire, regret, yearning., co,f., to make, do, produce, exert (strength,
power, mercy), spend (time),
deliver, celebrate (a
feast), gain, make verses. Hence
, , m. a maker, doer, maker of verses. Hence
POET., , ov, various.
.f
,to feed, tend; from,, m. a shepherd, " shepherd of the peo-
ple," king, pastor., a, ov, of what kind, what, what manner of; from
and the interrog. prefix . See.,
pi. contr. of.,, m. war. Hence polemical, i. e.
controversial.
02, , f a city, state (hence POLICE; with
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244 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, metro-POLiS; also other words of that ter-
mination. Hence
, , m. a citizen. Hence POLITICS, the science
of governing a city or state., neut. pi. of; adverbially, much, very., adv. often; from.
,gen. fern., and
,dat., of
;whence
,neut., sometimes used adverbially, like
.0 2},, ace. masc. (irreg. comp.,; whence pleonasm), many, much,
frequent, great, ample, numerous, late (in the day).
Hence, with, POLY-gon; with, POLY-
gamy; and all words beginning similarly. Hence
-, , contr., m. andf.
expensive, precious;
from, revenue or expense., ?,/, wickedness; and, a, ov, bad, wicked, malignant; from
, ,m. labour, grief, pain, disease, vice; from
.002, , m. the sea. Hence Helles-POKT, the
sea of Helle., , f.a way, proceeding, journey, business
from
,f.
,to go, go one's way, depart, die,
follow, be engaged in a walk of life; from,perf. m. of. Hence PORE, i. e. a passage
through., , f. , to lay waste, devastate ; from
.,, f.
fornication, adultery; and, ??9,/. a harlot; and
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PARSING LEXICON. 245, , m. a fornicator, impure person; from -
,to expose to sale, from
., adv. afar off ; from. Hence
, adv. from afar, at a distance; from 6ev, indi-
cating motion from., a?,/, purple, a purple robe; hence
,ea, eov, contr.
, , ,purple. Hence
PORPHYRY.
, adv. how often; and, , ov, how much, how great, how many; from, by prefixing the interrogative ; See., , m. a river. Hence, with
,hippo-
POTAMUS.
, , bv, of what country, of what kind, what
manner of ; from, where, and.66, interrog. adv. when ? from ore and the interrogative
particle or (see \?) ; but
ore, indef. end. adv. when, in time past, at any time, at
length ; from ore and the indefinite or., , n. sl cup; and, f. , to give to drink, water, lead to water,
irrigate; and
,,
m. a drinking-bout, carouse; from
., adv., either interrog. where? or end. indef. some-
where; from . Compare and."2,, m. a foot. Hence, with \, poly-
pus; anti-PODES; through the Latin pes, PEDES-
TRIAN. Akin to FOOT.
,,n. a thing, matter, work, business (hence
pragmatical, i.e. busy, officious); and, 2. pi. l.fut.; from.
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246 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
^or
,, m. andf. mild, meek. Hence
,ro<;,f. meekness.
% , ,/, a rank, range.', , n. a leek.', or ,/. , to do, commit, observe, prac-
tise, inflict, collect, exact. Hence PRACTICAL,
PRAXIS., impers., imperf. eirpeire, it is becoming
part, to irpkirov, that which, is becoming.
nPE'UBTH,, and Att. e<w?, m. an old man, ambas-
sador., , m. comp. of
,an elder. Hence
Presbyterian; also, by corruption, from presby-
ter or prester, priest.
',/. , to set on fire.2, eo?, contr., m. andf. prone, prostrate, on
the face, headlong.
,adv. before, rather than, in behalf of.
or, f m., to saw, saw asunder,
gnash the teeth. Hence PRISM.
ITPO\ prep, governing the gen. before. Hence, with, PKO-gnostic; but most English words
beginning with pro- are compounds of the Latin
preposition pro, akin to., to lead forward, go before.'BATON, , n. a sheep, pi. a flock.
-yovoL, , m. ancestors; from.-, to depict, so as to set before the eyes, de-
scribe vividly, designate, ordain, prescribe, pro-
scribe, write aforetime. Hence programme.
, 2. aor. part, of
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PARSING LEXICON. 247
-, to go before, go forward.
€€,3. sing. 1. aor. of
., , f.willingness, readiness, forwardness,
zeal, liberality; from,-,, to be before, be first, be set forth, be set
before as an example or reward, be present.
-,to
impelforward,
gobefore, advance,
makeprogress., pi. part. 2. aor. of-, to suffer previously.
ITPO^, prep., with a gen. from, to, with ; with a dat.
near, at, towards, upon; with an ace. at, to, unto,
towards, in, for, by, with, against, between, among,
on account of, respecting, according to, to the end
that, near, about. Hence many words beginning
with PROS-.-, , /., to expect, look forth ; from
or
.-^. , to approach; from iyyvs.
JJposeipyaaarOj 3. sing. 1. aor. m. of-^, f., to labour, obtain or gain, in
addition to.
-,to
comeor
goto, assent.
Hence PROSE-LYTE; see
.-, ?, /. prayer; from-, to pray to.-, to apply, attend to, take hold, beware of, give
heed, assent, follow, adhere, be engaged in, be ad-
dicted., 3. sing, imperf of.inf. 2. aor. of.
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248 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.,, f., to call unto, invite, ap-
point; from
.-, , /., to continue steadfastly in, per-
severe, attend continually on or to; from,o endure ; from by metathesis of letters.-, to roll to or up.
-,to oifer homage or worship to, worship;
from, to kiss.
-, to take unto, assume, receive, receive
kindly, take aside.,/,, to bring a ship to its moorings or to
land; from.-,
f. ,to be grieved or offended with,
abhor; from.-, to fall against or upon, beat upon, fall down
on, at, or before., inf. 1. aor.p. of, to put to or near, add to, go on, repeat; mid.
to attach oneself to.-, to bring to, offer, produce, disclose.-, eo?, contr., m. andf.
friendly, amiable,
lovely; from.
-,, /., to call to or for, address.
-, , m. the face, form, outward appearand
or circumstances ; from, the countenance, froi.-,, /. outward appearance, pretence; froi.-,
f.
,to prophesy, divine; from
-, , m. a prophet; from; hence
-,, , ov, prophetic.
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PAESING LEXICON. 249
-, f (from the primitive), to
come before, anticipate, be beforehand with.
, , f.the poop or stern of a ship; from, , bv, extreme, last.
', adv. early in the morning., as,/, the prore, prow or forepart of a ship.
,adv. first, at first,* from
,* ov, first; contr.for
,superl. from
, prior; which is comparat. of, before.
Hence, with, PROTO-type. Hence-, ov, m. andf.
firstborn, chief; from.
,f, per/, p.
,to strike, dash against,
make a false step, stumble, fall, sin., ,/, the heel.*, , n. a wing (hence, with a neg., the
a-PTERA, an order of insects) ; and, ?, /. a wing; akin to.,/.,
to terrify; mid. tofear.
', /?,/. Ptolemais., ov, n. a fan for winnowing; from., f. , or, f., to terrify ; mid. to fear
from.
,part. 1 . aor. of ; whence
,, n. saliva, spittle.
'^/2,/., to fold or roll up., f. , to spit, cast out. Hence, with ,haemo-PTYSis, spitting of blood., , n. anything fallen, a dead body, carcase;
from
.Hence, with
, -,a
casualty, disease, sym-PTOM., , bv, poor, mendicant; from.
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250 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., 2. aor. m. inf. of
., f ,to putrefy. Akin (through the Latin
putreo) to putrid.
,, m. Python, Apollo ; hence, a soothsayer,
diviner.', adv. thickly, close together; hence
,, bv, crowded, dense, close, frequent.
,f., to box as a pugilist; from
.UTAH, , f a gate ; hence, , m. a gate, porch, court, vestibule.', f. m.; 2. aor.;erf. p. (from obs.), to inquire, ex-
amine, ascertain, understand.
, adv. with the fist. Hence pugilist, pygmy (as
large as the fist)., , n. fire. Hence pyramid, which rises to a
point like a blaze; also, with, PYRO-technic.
Akin to fire. Hence
, , f,a funeral pyre or pile, a fire.
', ov, m. a tower, palace., , m. fever; from.%, , m. wheat, corn., , /., to burn, be on fire, be inflamed, pro-
voked, tried with fire; and
, f., to be red; from., interrog. adv. how ? also subjoined to other particles,
even, yet, in some degree; from 89, by prefixing ,see.
,,/,
,to sell. Hence mono-POLY.
02, , m. andf.
the young of an animal, a colt
or foal of an ass.
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PAUSING LEXICON. 251
2, , m. andf,
blind.
02, , m.the callus or hard substance
by whichbroken bones are united ; also, sorrow.
1, adv. how ? why ? also an enclitic, attached to other
particles, signifying in some way, by any means
from , thus.
',/., to strike with rods, scourge; from
'PA'BAOH, ) m ' a r°d, staff, sceptre.' or, a, ov, (irreg. comp. '',,superl.), easy. Hence'-, , f. facility, indolence, cunning, wicked-
ness, temerity; from epyov.
',/., to sprinkle, bedew.
', Heb., indecl. worthless, a wicked person.
', indecl. Heb.,/. Eama, the name of a city.
',/,, to sprinkle, purify; from.',
f.
,to strike with a rod, buffet, strike with
the hand, slap on the face; from
*2,8,/. a rod,',f, , 2. aor., to sew, construct,
compose. Hence, with , KHAFS-ody, a poetic
composition. Hence
', , /. a needle.
', indecl.f.
Rachel.
(
or, , f.a carriage with four wheels; from
the Latin rheda.
'',f., to go down in the balance.
',f.
,to flow ; but
,f.
,perf.
,Att., I. aor.p., sometimes, for-
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252 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, to say, speak, speak of, answer, command,
threaten, call.
From
,to flow, comes rheum;
dia-RRH(EA; with, hoemo-RUHOlD (by corrup-
tion, eme-ROD, Deut. xxviii. 27) ; cata-RRH. From
, to speak, comes RHETORIC.', or, f. , 2. aor. pass,
ippayrjv (from obs. ), to break, break forth,
rend, tear, dash, convulse, burst, burst forth. Hence,
with, hgemo-RRHAGE ; also cata-RACT.
', neut. part. 1. aor. p. of.',, n. a word, saying, speech; from.',, f.
a root. Hence, with, glycy-rrhiza,
(by corruption) Hquo-RICE.
', f. , 2. aor., to cast, throw, throw
down, throw away, scatter, expose, abandon.
'PO'AON, , n. a rose.', adv. with a crash; from
'002, , . a whizzing (as of arrows), a creaking
or crashing noise.
', , f. a javelin or large sword used by the
Thracians. Some derive it from, to incline
or be impelled towards.
', , . Rufus.
', ,/- a street, lane; from
.'PTIIOX, , . dirt, uncleanness.
', ,/. a wrinkle, blemish; from
f
PT'/2,/., to draw, rescue, deliver.', or, f., I. aor. p.
(from obs.
),to strengthen ; mid. to recover
be in health ; in the imperat. pass, fare-well. Hen
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PARSING LEXICON. 253
comes, strength, from which Rome is, by
some, supposed to be derived.
, Heb.,^?/wr. hosts, armies., , n., but the dat. plur.() is of the
third decl., as iffrom,, n., the Sabbath,
a week.
,^9,/. a net; from
.Hence seine.
, f., to move, wag, fawn, flatter; from.,^., to sweep; also, to grin., , m. a SACK, sackcloth; from., f , to shake, excite, raise a disturbance
among, totter; from
., indecl. Salem.', , m. agitation, tossing, rolling (probably
from ).', ?, /. a trumpet. Hence
,f.
,to sound a trumpet; and
,, m. a trumpeter.
, , f.Salome., , . a Samaritan., 8, f. a Samaritan woman., , n. a sandal, shoe.
,?, /. a beam, plank.
/, indecl. . Sa-ul {properly a word of two sylla-
, , ov, rotten, corrupt, impure; from., , . a sapphire.
',?7?,/. a basket; also a twisted cord, chain,
network; perhaps from., , dat., the city of Sardis.
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254 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.^ or, , m. a cornelian (or cernelian, so
called from its resemblance in colour to caro, flesh);
from
,from being found there. Hence
HapB-, ?,/. a Sardonyx stone; from.2 , ?, contr. )?, Sardinia. Hence (from-Bovcov, a plant of Sardinia, said to distort the coun-
tenance of the eater), Sardonic. Others, however,
derive sardonic from
,to grin.
, , ov, carnal, fleshly, frail; from
HA^Pa, /co?, /. flesh. Hence SARCASM ; with,SARCO-phagus, a coffin made of a sort of stone which
rapidly consumed the body.
2,3. sing, contr. from
,a later form of
., indecl. and
,, m. Heb. Satan.',, to pack or load.
%\<;, ov, m. Saul.
*2£, eo?, m. andf.
clear, manifest.
ZBE'NNTMI,/. (from obs.), 2.aor.
(from obs.), to extinguish, quench. Hence,
with a neg., a-SBESTOS.
^e-, dat., ace., from aeo or ,gen. of, and, of thyself. See.
2£,, n. devotion, object of worship; from
2EB0MAI, defect, to reverence, worship, do homageto, be devout. Hence
,Augustus ; whence,
with 76?, SEBASTO-pol. Hence also, from-, the name Eu-SEBius.
2EIPAS
, a?,/, a rope, chain. Hence Siren.
,, m. a shaking, agitation, earthquake, tempest;
from
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PARSING LEXICON. 2£5
2, f. , perf.p.
,to shake, agitate; mid.
to tremble, be confounded.
',, . splendour, light., ,/, the moon; from? (as the Latin luna,
from luceo, to shine)., 6o>9,/. flour.
',, bv, venerable, solemn, dignified, honor-
able; hence
,, f.solemnity, dignity., 3. sing, erf. m. of.",, n. a sign (hence, with, SEMA-phore);
hence
,, n. a sign, proof, miracle, distinguished person.
or, adv. to day, this day ; from
(perhaps by the common substitution of for the
aspirate).
,f., to putrefy, become rotten. Hence anti-
SEPTIC.
, , m. a silkworm; hence, , bv, silken.
-,, m. a moth; from; hence-, , . and f, n. ov, moth-eaten ; from
.,n. strength ; hence, with, cali-STHE-
Nics); from', defect., or, , f., to strengthen;
mid. to be strong, to be able.
,,m. the jawbone, cheek.
,, f.,
to be silent, conceal;pass, not to be
revealed, to be kept unuttered.
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256 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,ea (or Ion. ), eov, contr., a (or ),,
made of iron ; from
20, , . iron.
HiScov, o?,f.
Sidon.
HUepa, Heb. indecl. n, intoxicating liquor (not wine).
2\, a, . Silas.
,, . Silvanus.
,, Heb. indecl. n. Siloam, i. e. ponds, pools or tanks.,, , n. an apron ; from the Lat. semicinctium,
from semi, half, and cingo, to surround.
2, , . Simon.
Xlvcl, indecl. n. Sina.
2,eo)9, n. a kind of mustard, growing to a con-
siderable height.
2^,, . linen cloth, fine linen.
%, /., to sift as wheat, to subject to trials;
from .
ZVTOX, , . corn, wheat, food. Hence para-SlTE,
one who flatters for the sake of good living.2, , f., to be silent, be still. Hence apo-
SIOPESIS.2, f., to be lame or halt. Hence scalene.
2,f.
,to leap, dance.
28, f., to put a stumblingblock in the way,
to offend, SCANDALIZE; mid. to stumble; from^, , n. a stumblingblock, offence, occasion of
offence, SCANDAL; from.',f., 2. aor. ', to dig. Hence
,a canoe, SKIFF.
\, pi. contr. of\.
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PAUSING LEXICON. 257
',/.,to dry. Hence skeleton.
02, , . a leg. Hence, with, iso-SCELES.
,, . a covering, shelter; from.2, f., to consider, investigate,
question the truth of. Hence sceptic.', defect, to cover.
,neut. pi. contr. of
,, n. a vessel, goods, sail of a ship, tackling.
\ , f.a tent, tabernacle, house, race, stage for
players. Hence scene.
%KIAS
, a?,/, a shadow. Hence the amphi-sciANS.
,, f.
,to leap, dance
;
from
.2, a, bv, hard, harsh ; from
.Hence SCLE-
ROTIC.^, a,\ bv, crooked, curved, oblique, perverse,
morose.
',,m. a pointed stake, anguish, a thorn.
HI
,, /., to see, look to (hence, with
,tele-SCOPE ; also from- comes EPISCOPAL
and by common changes of letters, bishop, pro-
perly meaning an overseer) ;from.
f., to scatter, dissipate, destroy.,, m. a scorpion.
, , bv, dark; and, f., to darken ; from1', , contr., n. darkness; hence, , f., to darken
;pass, be filled with dark-
ness.
',, n. dung, offal, dregs.
0, to be furious, be angry with., , m. a Scythian.
3
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258 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
-,, bv, of a gloomy or sad countenance; from
,angry, sullen (from
)and.2',/. , to flay, rend, mangle, trouble, harass.
Hence Scylla, a monster who used to rend her
prey in pieces.
HKfl., /co?, m, a worm, torture.
^, , . an emerald (derived through the
French 6\s\meraude)\ from.,/. Smyrna; also myrrh, from., , n. Sodom.
3£ol, dat. of.
,?, .
Solomon.
HO'0%, , . andf.
safe.
20P0 2, , f. a coffin, urn, sepulchre.
%, , bv, thy, thine, thine own; from .2, gen. of.2, , n. a handkerchief, napkin; from the Lat.
sudariam, from sudo, to sweat.
2, aSjf. wisdom; from
200^2, , bv, wise. Hence sophist ; with,philo-SOPHER.
%', , f. a sword, ladle, a spatula, used to
spread plaisters, an instrument used in weaving.Akin to SPADE.
^'^, f , to tear, distort by convulsions,
convulse.', , n. a bandage, swaddling clothes;
hence
,, f.,
to swathe, wrap in swaddling
clothes., 3. sing. subj. 2. aor. p. of.
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PARSING LEXICON. 259
,f., to live luxuriously; from
,,/, wantonness, riot, luxury. Some derive
it from, to weave, weave wastefully; from.2, ,/., 2. aor., to draw. Hence SPASM.
,,/, a coil, fold, cord, band, band of soldiers.
Hence spiral.
2, /, per/,
,to sow, bury, distribute
alms.
.,, / (from obs.), to pour out
as a libation or drinkofFering, to exhaust or sacrifice
oneself. Hence spondee, used in solemn music at
sacrifices.
XTIE'OX, , n. a cave.,, n. seed, offspring ; from. Hence,
with, SPERMA-ceti.,/., to hasten.
^, , n. a cave; from
., 8, f.a blot, spot, stain; also, a sunken rock;
from, , m. a spot or stain; also, a wicked man.-, f., to be moved with compassion,
pity; from, , n. the bowels, the heart, affection,
pity, a beloved person.', , m. a SPONGE. Akin to FUNGUS (see).XnOACfH, , m. ashes.
,, in. and f. sown, arable;
,substan-
tively, corn fields; and, , m. a sowing, seed; from.
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260 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,, f.
a basket to hold corn or bread ; from.
,, m. and
,, . a fixed length, a sta-
dium ; a place for running, wrestling and other
games, a racecourse; a furlong; from, to fix
permanently.', , m. an urn, water vessel, wine pot, vase.
,part. 2
.
aor. of
.,epos, m. a coin equivalent to a Jewish shekel;
from, to make to stand; hence, to weigh.
, , m. a stake, cross, crucifixion, sacrifice
of the passions and vices; hence
,, f.
,to crucify, mortify the passions and
affections.
, ./. a dried grape; hence, , f. a grape, bunch of grapes.',, dat. , m. an ear of corn., , f. a roof (akin to DECK and THATCH) ; from
',/. ,to cover, sustain. Hence, through the
Lat. tego or in-tego, in-TEGUMENT.
,/., to tread, trample on., , f. barren, that beareth not children ; from.2,
f.
,to go, properly to move in rank or
order. Hence
,a verse ; whence, with Si?,
di-STlCH. See., f. \, to send, clothe, restrain, contract;
mid. to shun, keep oneself apart. Hence peri-
STALTIC.
,fut.
,to groan, sigh; from
., , ov {comp.), narrow. Hence,
with, STENO-graphy.
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PARSING LEXICON. 261
2, to groan, sigh.
,f,
to have natural affection as between
blood relations, be content, desire.
^, a, bv, solid, firm (hence, with,STEREO-metry ; with, STEREO-type ; with, STEREO-scope); hence
,,/, to strengthen, confirm, make firm.
2,, /. and
,to deprive.
,, n. solidity, the firmament, firmness; from., ov, m. a crown, Stephen; and^, , f., to crown ; from
',/.,to crown.
^, pi. contr. of., imperat. 2. aor. of., , n. the breast. Hence, with,STETHO-scope.
%,inf. 2. aor. of
.STHPI'ZHjf., to confirm, strengthen, fix, establish;
mid. and pass, to stand fast; hence, 1 . «?*, imperat., 3. sing, l.fut.; ), 2. sing. subj. l.aor.;
,2.plur. imperat. 2. aor. of
.%<,,n. a mark, brand, STIGMA; from
, f, to prick, brand. Hence, through the
Latin, stimulate.^., to shine, glitter.
%TOAs
, , f a porch, cloister. Hence Stoics, the
philosophers of the Porch.
, 8, f.anything strewed to walk on, as leaves,
branches, rushes; a branch, bough; from.
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262 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,, . an element, a letter
;plur. the first
principles or rudiments; from
,a rank, from
; whence, , /., to move in order, pursue a. walk in
life, conform to, walk orderly., , f.a robe, a vestment worn by priests and
kings; from
,to clothe. Hence stole.
',, n. the mouth, speech, edge of the sword.
', , m. the stomach., , f., to strew. See./,, to take aim.
,, f.
a military expedition, warfare, army,
host; from
.,/,, to go on a military expedition, wage war
against ; war;part. mid. substantively, soldiers ; and, , f.
an army, host ; and, , m. a soldier; from,, . an army. Hence, with
,STRAT-
agem.
, f., to turn, to be converted. Hence
cata-STROPHE., ,/., to live luxuriously or riotously; from, €, contr., n. profligacy, luxury.
,, n. a sparrow; from
^, , m. andf.
a sparrow, also an ostrich.
or, f.(from obs.),
to spread, STROW or STREW; for.
,, f.
(from obs.), to hate, also
to call to witness. Hence the river Styx.
,, m. a pillar. Hence peri-STYLE; also the
name of Simeon Stylites.
!
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PARSING LEXICON. 2C3
XT\ gen., dat., ace.; plur., gen., dat.
,ace.
(,and
,are enclitics), thou.
-, eo?, contr., m. andf a kinsman, relation,
one of the same country ; from and yevos.-, f. », to set or sit with, make sit together,
be set down together.
<-\, to call together.
-,to bend together, bow down, bend down,
afflict.-, , m. a partaker, associate; from.-, ,/, sl coincidence, chance; from.Xvy-, to rejoice with or together, congratulate;
hence
,2. plur. 2.aor.p.
Xvy-, to use in common, associate with.
XTKE'H, ; contr., , a fig-tree ; hence-, , f., to calumniate, extort by false
accusation, from
.Hence SYCOPHANT, ori-
ginally an informer against smugglers of figs.
, , f., to despoil; from
XTAH, , f.prey. Hence, with a neg., a-SYLUM.\-, to inclose (in a net), take away with one,
seize, conceive; mid. aid.
2\-\<, to collect, gather up., l.aor.inf.p. of.to go with, fall out or happen, befall.-, to reign with.
,3. sing. perf. of
.3. sing. 2. aor. subj. of
.f., to take counsel with, advise; from.
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264 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
--, to come together, be present with,
support, be on one's side.
2~7<, to suffocate, choke, press on.
, neut. part, of, to bring together, be conducive to the interest
of, be profitable, expedient, becoming.
^-,} f SYMPHONY, harmony, concert, from
;whence
2-, , m. andf. in unison, accordant, harmonious.
2T y
N, prep, governing a dat. with, at, besides. Hence
many words beginning with SYN-; or, before a
labial (p, b, or m), SYM-; or, before /, SYL-; as, with
,SYN-opsis; with
,SYM-metry; with
?, SYL-logism ; with
,SYL-lable., 2.plur. imperat. 2. aor. Att. redupl. of
£-, to collect, lead in or into, receive as a guest,
welcome; hence
Hvv-aycuyrjj
,f.
a collecting, assembly, congregation,
SYNAGOGUE.
%~, to compare, reckon, assist.-, , m. andf a fellow-captive ; from, a captive (as it were taken with the
spear, from ai-, and).
-,f,
to collect, congregate with; from
,to collect, which is from., 3. sing, l.fut. of ay.Svvapat, I. aor. inf. of.-, to seize or grasp violently.
£-,to increase together; mid. to grow together.
%,3. sing, l.fut. p. of
.-, , m. a fellow-servant, colleague.
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PARSING LEXICON. 265
-, }?, f.a concourse ; from, to run; see
.,3. sing, 2. aor. of
., , n. a conclave, assembly, the Sanhedrim;
from, a seat, from, fut.., 3. pi. 2. aor. m. of.,, ew?,/. conscience; from, to know., fern. part, perf Att. of., to be with, come together.
, 3. pi. 1. aor. of.3. pi. l.fut. of.-, to come together, go in with, accompany,
associate with.
,fern. part. perf. Att. of
., ,, f., to feast with ; from.-, to hold with or together, confine, oppress, hem
in, constrain, stop up;
pass, and mid. to be seized
with, to be deeply engaged in., 3. sing. plup. of.3. sing. 1. aor. p. of.-, to break in pieces, bruise.
-, to join together, understand, be wise.
-or
-,f.
,to stand with,
place with, present to, recommend, approve, com-
mit, exhibit, appoint, create, manifest; be created,
be constituted, exist, endure. Hence system.-, /. , to go on a journey with ; from
6., ace. part. perf. p. of
., to conserve, preserve, protect, remember.
A A
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266 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
^-, to put together, appoint, make a bargain,
agree, give assent, promise, covenant.
2-, to run together with, run together.
%-, to break in pieces, crush, bruise; mid. and
pass, to be contrite.
HT'PBH, , or, , f. a tumult, dis-TURBANCF
(derived through the Latin disturbo).
2,/. , to draw, drag, pull along, draw together.
Hence Syetis, according to Sallust, Bell. Jugurth.
2T~2,, m. orf. a hog or sow. Akin to SOW.
2-, to roll into a bundle, collect; from and.2,
indecl. m. Sychem, a man's name; fern, the nameof a city., , n. a victim ; from.2, f. \, to supplant, overturn, prostrate,
deceive expectation, lead into error. Hence,
through the Latin fallo, fail, false, fallacy.
Akin to balk, foil. The is dropped in form-
ing the Latin fallo, as in funda, from, a
sling; in fungus, an excrescence, from;nd in tego, from.1, or
,to slay in sacrifice, kill, wound.
,adv. very much, exceedingly; from
200 2, , bv, vehement, violent, strong.2, , /. a seal, signet, badge, token.?, ?,/, a hammer; hence, ov, n. the ankle (properly the bone of the ankle,
called malleolus, Latin, from malleus, a hammer).
ZXEACXN, adv. nearly.
2X1, f. to cleave, divide, rend. Hence schism.
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PARSING LEXICON. 267, , . a rope of bulrushes, a cord ; from
202, , m. a bulrush,
,f. , to be at leisure, be unoccupied, give
oneself to, be empty; from
2XOAH\, leisure. Hence SCHOOL, as being free
from business.
^f., 1. aor.p.
£,to save, preserve, make
whole; from
;hence
^, 3. sing, l.fut.p.
<, 9, n. a body.
%cupev(u,f., to heap up; from
^}, m. a heap. Hence sorites, an argument
consisting of an accumulation of syllogisms.
2, ?, voc., a saviour, preserver ; and, ?,/, safety, salvation; from.%-, , f.
temperance, sobriety, soundness of
mind, prudence, wisdom, decorum; from and
., neui.pl. of 6., neut.pl. of o&e., dat.plur.fem.ofo,, 3. sing. 2>.fut.p. of.
-,?,/, trouble, misery, sorrow ; from
,sorrow, and\.', ov, n. a talent, a measure of weight;
also a sum of money, which at Athens amounted to
about £193 1 5s. ; or, (according to others) £243 15s.
sterling, and consisted of 60 mina3. See.',,
or
,, f.
,to bear or suffer. Akin,
through the Latin, to tolerate., , n. a granary, barn, chamber, closet; from
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268 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,. m. a steward, dispenser of food, quaestor,
judge, defender.
, for ,, pi. part. 1. aor. m. of., , bv, low, humble; hence-, , f.humbleness of mind, modesty;
from
.,,/., to bring low, to humble; mid. to
humble oneself, be afflicted; from.,,f. , to disturb, put in fear, perplex.
TA'PTAPOZ, , m. Tartarus, the fabled infernal re-
gions; hence
,,/.
,to cast down to hell.
, ace.fern, of 6.
TAr
HHn,f , to set in order or array, constitute, set
under one's authority, order, determine, appoint,
destine. Hence TACTICS, TAX; with, syn-TAX.
TATPOX, ov, m. a bull.
, neut.pl. and, gen. sing.fern, of., , m. a sepulchre, tomb; hence epi-TAPH; from, 2. aor.., adv. quickly, perhaps; and
,adv. quickly, easily; and
,adv. quickly ; from
TAXT X, ela, {comp. , superl.), quick,
ready.
, conj. encl. and, both.
,part.perf of., pl.part.perf.p. of
.1. aor. p. inf. of., 3. sing.perf. of.
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PARSING LEXICON. 269
TEFNfljf. Tevco,perf.
,to stretch, extend, strive.
Hence TONE; also, from the fern. part,-understanding, a line), hypo-TENUSE, some-
times erroneously spelt hypotAenuse., , contr., . a fortification, wall.
Te/crj, 3. sing. subj. 2. aor. of
.TE'KMAP, indecl. n. an end, issue, or event; also a sign
hence, , n. a sign, token., , n. offspring, a child; from., , m. an artificer, builder ; from .Hence, with
,archi-TECT.
, a, ov, perfect, unblemished; from, the
end; hence, , /., to make perfect, accomplish, bring
to perfection; and
-,, /.
,to bring to maturity or perfec-
tion; from
., ,/,, to end, decease, end the life(being understood) ; and, ,/,, to finish, perform, pay (tribute); and, pi. contr. from.',
scarcely used except in comp., to do, accom-
plish ; mid. to be., , n. the end; also tribute, tax, expense,
dignity; sometimes a troop of soldiers.
,/,, 2. aor., Att., p. m.,to cut. Hence tome, ana-TOMY, epi-TOME; witha, neg. a-TOM.
TEPA2,, n. a prodigy, miracle., neut. of ; whence
A A 3
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270 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES., indecl. numeral adj. fifty; and, , m. andf.
of forty years old
from.'2%%, or Att., m. and/., n. a, gen.,
four (hence tesselated, through the Latin tessella,
a little square); hence
,, ov, fourth; and
-, ov, m. andf. quadrangular; from., , , m.andf. four hundred; from-or. See., f. , to fabricate, build, prepare, arm for
combat. Hence, with
,penta-TEUCH.
', , /. ashes. Hence
, , /., to reduce to ashes., 1 . aor. p. of., , f.art, skill, artifice (hence technical)
;
hence
,9m. an artificer.
Tfj, dat.fem.of 6.
,/, , to melt.
Trjke, adv. far off; prep, with yen. far from. Hence, with, TELE-scope; with, TELE-gram.*
* TELE-gram.] A warm controversy having recently been
carried on respecting the legitimacy of the formation of the
word telegram—now universally substituted for telegraphic
despatch—and the case in favour of the genuineness of that new
coinage having scarcely been adequately stated, it may not be
out of place here to develop the arguments which, in the present
editor's view, set the question at rest.
On looking cursorily at the point, it might be supposed that
in the same manner as anagram, diagram, and epigram, are com-
binations of , , and em, with the verbal noun —
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PAKSING LEXICON. 271
\-,,(declined like
,but
omitting from the cases of which begin
formed from the perfect passive of, and indicating the
writing or linear drawing produced by the action of the verb—so telegram might be constructed with. But the oi^ponents
of the word telegram object, that such formations are legitimateonly where the first part of the compound word is a preposition
uniting with to form the compound verbs,-, etc.; whereas the combination neither actu-
ally exists, nor is admissible by analogy. If, they say, the
adverb \ be combined with the root, the compound
must assume the form ; and the verbal noun would
be
,from which no other English word could be
derived than telegrapheme.
Undoubtedly, excepting when it is compounded with preposi-
tions, the baryton in composition assumes the form- or-. On that principle are or would be formed-, oko-,-,-, etc.
and those who think telegram an unjustifiable innovation insist
(1.) that, similarly,
-would be the correct formation
and (2.) that, if it is so, the derivative in question must neces-
sarily be telegrapheme, and not telegram.
Both those positions are controvertible.
(1.) In the first place, although is generally an adverb, it
is not always so. The particles to which grammarians have
arbitrarily confined the title of prepositions, such as , dia,
, ,and
,are frequently used as adverbs ; that is,
without governing any case. Hence they fall under the very
same category as, which is a prepositive particle used—when not a prefix in composition—sometimes with a case which it
governs, sometimes without one. Now this is the only definition
which would adequately describe ,, etc. In fact, dia, etc.,
are, on the one hand, as much adverbs as prepositions; and
,on the other, is as much a preposition as an adverb. Con-
sequently, the Greek having the forms,, etc.,
there is no reason why should be "an impossible
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272 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
with ), so great; from and
,so
great,
which is from, by prefixing the art. to.
, ace. fern, of 6., , f., to keep, observe, preserve, watch,
word." On this first ground, therefore, that rrjXe is a preposi-
tion, telegram is as legitimately formed as diagram.
Neither is there anything in the notion which ri)Xe represents,
to take it out of the class of prepositions ; but quite the con-
trary. If, near to, is a " preposition," why not, Jar
from ? Is it because, besides governing a genitive case, is
also used adverbially ? Certainly not ; for is in precisely
that predicament.
(2.) But, secondly, even were we to surrender the fact that
answers to the definition of a 'preposition, both formally
and substantially, as rigorously as ava. and.—and thus to
concede that, and not, would be the cor-
rect compound— still telegram is justifiable. In relation to
supposable verbs in-, there are participial adjectives,
ending in
-,from which English nouns in -gram in some
instances actually are, and in others may analogously be, de-
rived. Exactly as parallelogram comes from,nd monogram from, although the corresponding
verbs would unquestionably be and-so might telegram be formed from, similarly
related to the (imaginary) verb€€. If parallelogram is
legitimate, telegram is so likewise ; and thus we can afford to
abandon the first alternative of our dilemma.
One of two conclusions follows :—either (1.) that telegram is
a word as analogically formed as any in the English language;
or (2.) that monogram and parallelogram, although transferred
into English direct from the Greek, must be condemned as sole-
cisms, to be replaced by monographeme and parallelograpTieme.
To advance such a position as the latter, is virtually to assert
that the analogies of the Greek language are better understood
by some modern scholars, than they were by the Greeks them-
selves.
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PAESING LEXICON. 273
defend. Hence, with , ar-TERiES, by the an-
cients supposed to be air-ducts. But others derive
artery from, as being raised by a constant pul-
sating motion.
, gen. fern, of 6.
, neut. of interrog., also adverbially, why; but ,neut.
ofindef
,imperat., f., 1. aor.,2. aor. imperat. , inf. 2. aor. Oelvai, 1. aor. p. ire-
, perf, to put, place, lay, lay down, ren-
der, ordain. Hence theme, thesis, epi-THET.
,f. m.
,2. aor. ere/cov (from obs. ),
to bring forth, generate (generally as a female, but
also as a male), cause to exist., f., to pluck, pluck out, break off., , f, to honour, esteem, treat with honour
or favour; and
, , f fine, price, honour, dignity, veneration,
reward; and, a, ov, costly, honoured {comp.), honorable,
estimable, precious; from., ace. or neut. pi. of ; but ace. or neut. plur. of
;and a similar diversity of accent is to be ob-
served in the other cases of and.'22, f. , to shake, break through.
, m. andf. n. , gen., interrogative pronoun, who,
which, what, any, why; from
TTH, m. andf. n. , gen.
,indefinite pronoun, an en-
clitic in all its cases, including the Attic forms ,, for, ; any, some, certain, some one,
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274 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
any one, something; (witli av or iav) whosoever,
whatsoever.
^, f. [from obs.) to wound,
hurt, injure., , to honour, estimate, punish, pay, atone for.
To, neut. of 6.
TOT, an end. particle (joined to adverbs and conjunctions,
and having sometimes the force of) although, there-
fore, but indeed; (after) however.
Tot-yap-ovv, conj. therefore, accordingly.
Toi-vvv, conj. therefore.-,
,,or
,declined in all
genders like
,but dropping the initial of the
cases of. Such, such an one., dat.plur. of 6.
TO', , f.boldness, daring (generally in a bad
sense) ; hence
,inf. contr. of
,, f., to dare, be bold, endure, have con-
fidence in; hence, , m. a bold or audacious person., , ov [comp. -), sharp, keen; from.,
ace. of 6.
TO UON, ov, n. a bow to shoot with. Hence is derived
, poison for smearing arrows; whence, with
?, TOXiCO-logy; and, through the Latin, in-
TOXICATE.
,ov, n. a TOPAZ or chrysolite;, from
,sometimes signifies to seek in all places;
whence the name of this stone, from its being in
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PARSING LEXICON. 275
great demand. Others derive it from the island
Topazos.
TO'1102, , m. a place, room. Hence topics, i.e.
common-places; with, TOPO-graphy; with
, u-TOPIA.- (for declension see or,) , so
great, so much, so many, as great; from and
-, so great, from
.See and
Tore.
-6, then; from ore, as it were the when; which
is, perhaps, similarly, the origin of the word then.
, gen. of 6.
for
,on the contrary ;
from
., ace. plur. of 6., gen. and or (before a vowel), neut. of.,, m. a he-goat. Hence with, trag-
edy, a performance for which originally a goat was
the prize., , f a table. Hence trapezium., , n. a wound; from. Hence
traumatic, a term applied to tetanus arising from
a wound.
TPA'XHAOX, , m. the neck.
TPAXT2, eta, , rough, rugged. Hence TRACHEA.
TPEV%, m. andf. n., gen., dat., three.
Akin to three. Hence, with, TRi-brach
with and, TRi-gono-metry.
,f. . to tremble, fear; from
.,f, to turn.
'/2,/., perf, perfp., to
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276 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
nourish, bring up. Hence (with a neg.) a-TROPHY,
hyper-TROPHY.
', f., perf. (from obs.). aor. (from obs.), to run. Hence,
with, Hippo-DROME.
TPEil,f, to tremble, fear.
,neut. ofrpeis.
,f. , to rub, bruise, break, exercise, vex,
wear out., f. , to creak, make the noise of grinding or
gnashing the teeth., adv. thrice; and
,dat.plur. from
;whence
, , n. the third floor or story; from., , ov, third; from., ace. sing, and, gen.plur. of., , . a turning, mode, manner; from.Hence TROPIC, TROPE, TROPHY;
and, with
,helio-TROPE., ,/, nourishment, nutriment, instruction; and, ov, f a nurse ; from., , n. a dish.
,,/,, to cut down, gather in the vintage ; from
!, , f.
wheat, corn, fruit, vintage.
,, m. and f. a turtle-dove; from, defect, to murmur,. coo as a dove., , f a hole; hence
,, n. a hole, eye of a needle.
, , f enervating or delicate living, luxury;
from
.,, f.Troas.
'^. , to eat, gnaw, cranch.
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PARSING LEXICON. 277',f.
m.,, 2. aor. (from obs.
);perf. p.
,; also fut. (from
obs.) ; to happen to be, happen on, meet,
reach, attain, obtain ; 2. aor. part, as adj. ordi-
nary.
TT'AOX, , m. callous flesh, a wooden nail.
, , m. an impression, model, example, print,
type, figure, emblem, rule, contents (of a letter);
from
',/., to strike, strike off, smite, punish.
,/, , to make a disturbance; mid. to be in
trouble, be disquieted ; from or
., , m. the city of Tyre.
', , bv, blind.
',/., to raise a smoke, stupefy, smoulder,
kindle. Hence, from, stupor from fever,
TYPHUS.
,, bv, tempestuous; from
,a hurricane;
from., , m. Tychicus, a man's name., part. 2. aor. of.dat. and, gen. pi. of 6.
'', , m. the flower hyacinth; a gem
resembling it in colour.', , ov, made of glass; from", , m. glass.
'
,f , to insult, outrage, treat contumeliously,
or injuriously; from
"TBPIH, eo)?, /. insult, injury (hence hybrid) ; hence', , m. a contumelious or injurious person.
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278 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
'Tytaivoo,/., to be in good health, sound in* faith,
pure; from
**2!, , contr., m. andf, n. e?, healthy, sound,
pure. Hence hygiene, the science of preserving
health.
'TTPOX, a, by, moist, full of sap, green. Hence, with
,HYGRO-meter.
", gen./ ; whence
'-, , f. , to drink water, be a water-
drinker; from.", defect, to sing or celebrate.
",,n. water. Hence DROPSY (formerly
written hydropisy) ; with
,HYDRO-gen ; with
, HYDRO-phobia ; with , HYDRO
statics. Hence also numerous other words begin-
ning with hydr-. Akin to water.
', , m. rain; from.(2,
ov, m. a son.
"TAH, , f.matter, material, wood, timber, filth.
Hence, through the Latin sylva, SYLVAN.
', pi. and, acc.pl. of.', , m. Hymenaeus, a man's name.
',dat.pl.
of
.", , m. a hymn; from.', gen.pl. of.', by apocope for before a vowel.
'-, to bring under, withdraw oneself, go, go
away, die.
'-,to listen, obey.
'-, , f., to come to meet; from, to
meet; from: hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 279
'-, ea>?, /. meeting.
'-, f. , to begin, be present, belong to, be, be
in, conduce to; from*'^, prep, with a gen. upon, above, respecting, for,
on account of, in behalf of, instead of, by means of;
with an ace. above, beyond, greater than, to the end
that; [after a comparative) than or to; also adverb'
tally, more, exceedingly. Hence all words be-
ginning with hyper-. Akin to upper and
OVER.
'-, to lift up or over, mid. to exalt oneself
above measure, rise, be proud.
'-\, }?, /. passing over, transcendency, excel-
lence, permanence; from.-, f., to pour out too much; mid. to
overflow.
*€-}to hold over, be prominent, be superior to,
surpass, be supreme., , m. andf.
conspicuous, proud ; from
virep and.*-, , /. eminence, excellence, superiority, au-
thority; from
., ,n. an upper chamber; for ; from
. Some take it from.'-, to put under, be subject or subjected to,
undergo.
'-, , m. a rower, attendant, officer, constable,
servant, assistant; from
.', 1. sing, or 3. plur. imperf. of
., , m. sleep.
f
TIIO\ prep., with a gen. by, from; with an ace. under,
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280 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
in. Hence numerous compound words beginning
with hypo•.
-, , . an image, typical representation,
example; from^.'-, to bind under or on, bind on the feet; pass,
to be shod with sandals; hence
*-,, . a sandal.
'-, , m. a personator, actor, dissembler, HYPO-
CRITE; from-, to answer, personate.', 2. plur. l.fut.of
'-,, to remain behind, sustain, undergo, suffer,
endure, persevere.
'-, 9, /. remembrance, reminding : from
.'- , ?,/, patience; from.', gen. part. 1. aor. of
'-, to blow gently.
'-,to return.
'Tiro-rayr), rjs,f subjection; and^, 2. pi. 2. aor. p.; from
*-, to set under, make subordinate, subject
mid. and pass, to submit oneself, be subject, obey.
?, ?, m. or f a hog or sow; the same as
,the
aspirate being changed into .", , . Heb. HYSSOP, a plant with a stem
about 1^ or 2 feet long.', , /. , to be behind or deficient, come
short, lack; from
",a, ov, subsequent, future.
(\ by apocope for, before an aspirated vowel.
',/. , or, , to weave; hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 281
', ,bv, woven.
', , ov, high, lofty, eminent; from; hence'-, , f, to have lofty thoughts, be
proud or high-minded.
"TWOS, eo?, n. height, sublimity; hencef
,, /., to exalt, honour.
",/, , to rain. Hence Hyades, a constellation.
, 2. aor. inf. of
',,f.
m., 2. sing,, to eat. Hence,
with
,Anthropo-PHAGI.
',/.,to bring to light, shine, shew; pass, to
be visible, appear (hence phantom, phase, epi-
phany, em-PHASis) ; hence, , f., to manifest, make known.', ?, /. a valley, precipice, chasm.
,, m. & Pharisee.
,£, m. a preparer of drugs or medicines;
from', , n. a drug, poison. Hence phar-
macy.
,vs,f a manger.
^,, ov, vile, evil, wicked.
, defect, to shine; also to speak (whence );also to slay.', defect, to flee from, fear.
02, eo?, n. splendour, a shining light.
,/.,to spare, forbear, forgive.
,,or
,ov, . a cloak; from the
Lat. penula.
',/., to kill.
2 3
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282 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
',f. (from obs. ),
1. aor.
,2. aor.
rjverytcov (from obs. ivey/ca>), erf. p.
,perf.
m. (from obs.), to bear, tarry, bring,
exhibit; pass, be borne on, come, be heard, rush.
Hence, with?, the name Christo-PHEE, i.e.
carrying Christ; with
,sema-PHORE. Akin
to BEAR.
, f. , perf. p., perf. m., to
flee, flee from, shun, escape. Hence, through the
Latin fugio, fugitive., VS,f saying, report, FAME; from
,f
,2. aor.
,an encl. in the pres., except
2. sing., to say, speak ; from . Hence pro-
PHET.',f.
(from primitive), 2. aor. €07]
(as if from ), to anticipate, prevent, come
first or previously, come suddenly on, happen,
acquire.,f., to sound, utter. Hence apo-
PHTHEGM., f.; or, f.; or, f.; to
destroy, corrupt. Hence phthisis.
,, m. a sound, voice ; from
.ence, with , di-PHTHONG. Perhaps akin to
TONGUE.', ov, m. envy., ?,/, destruction, corruption; from.A'AH, 779,/. a bowl, cup, vial.
-, , f love of mankind, love toward man,
humanity, philanthropy, benevolence ; from" and; whence
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PARSING LEXICON. 283
-^, ,f.
love of money, avarice ; from
-., , /. , to love, delight in, be wont, kiss
(hence, with, PHiLO-sophy; also other words
beginning with PHIL-); and
,, f.
a female friend ; from
.,ov, m. Philetus, a man's name.
,, , m. the city Philippi., ov, m. Philip.-, , f.love of contention, emulation, dispute,
striving; from, and; whence
-, , m. and f. kind to strangers, hospitable;
from, and
02, ov, m. (irreg. comp.,, and, and their corresponding superlatives), sl
friend, companion; adj. fond of.
(,ov, m. a muzzle; hence
, , f., to muzzle, reduce to silence; mid. and
pass, to be silent, quiet., f. , 2. aor., to burn, be inflamed.
Hence phlegm.
~or or
,defect, to boil over, to be a
vain talker.
, ?,/'. a flame; from&., , f., to terrify; mid. to fear, reverence, be
pious (hence, with, hydro-PHOBiA) ; and, ov, m. terror, fear, awe, reverence ; from -
.,, m. a palm; also the port Phenice.,, m. a man-slayer, murderer; and, ov, m. killing, murder; from.
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284 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,,/,
,to wear; and
, , n., and, , m. a burden, cargo
from., f., to speak, tell, declare, explain. Hence
PHRASE.
'2%, f. , to fence off, obstruct, stop trie mouth,
reduce to silence. Hence dia-PHRAGM.
, , n. a well, cistern.*, evo?, /. the mind, understanding, praecordia,
midriff. Hence phrensy; with ?, phreno
logy.
,,/. the roaring or motion of the sea, ripple;
hence, f. , perf., to be rough, shudder,
quake for fear., , f., to mind, be minded, think, under-
stand, be of opinion, be wise, care for ;
,mindfulness; from., , /., to guard, keep guard, preserve, des-
tine for; from, a guard, from and
or.',/. , to roar, rage.
,, n. a branch or dry twig; from
,or, to parch, burn., neut. part. 2. aor. p. of., %, /. a watch, guard, prison; and,, m. a watch, guard; from
',f.
,to preserve, keep, watch, guard,
observe ; mid. to be on one's guard against, avoid.
Hence phylactery.\ ,/. a tribe, family.
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PARSING LEXICON. 285
',, . a leaf. Hence, through the Latin
folium, FOLIAGE.
, , . a kneaded mass (as of clay, dough, etc.)
from or
',/. , to mix, knead.
,,/., to inflate.
,, bv, natural; and
, adv. naturally; from., ,/., to inflate, be puffed up; from., €,/. nature, instinct, species (hence PHYSICS;
with, PHYSlO-gnomy) ; from
or
,f.
,2. aor.
}to beget, produce,
grow, germinate.', , m. a hole, lair., , f, to call, call out, bid to, summon;
from^,, a voice, sound, noise. Hence, with ,sym-PHONY; eu-PHONY.
, , m. a thief. Hence, through the Latin fur,
FURTIVE.
, , n. light, enlightenment (hence, with,PHOTOgraphy); contr.for, from; hence
-}
, m. andf bringing light; subst. the dawn;Lucifer, the morning-star (hence phosphorus),
from., , bv, light, full of light, illuminated; from
.
,f., to yawn, gape.
,/., to rejoice, be in health; imperat.,hail ! God speed.
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286 GKEEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
XA'AAZA, ,/, hail.
XAAA'fl, , /, to let down, lower.
, , bv, difficult, dangerous; from, /., to injure, destroy.
-^^, , /, to guide with a bridle, curb;
from and
XAAINO'2, , m. a bridle.
,, m. a worker in brass or copper, a smith;
from.,, m. CHACEDONT, a sort of onyx stone,
so called from the city Chalcedon.
XAAKO'H,
, .brass, a piece of brass money, a bra-
zen trumpet.
, 3. pi. contr. of., adv. on the ground., ,/, joy; from.
,, n. an engraving or sculpture, a mark cut
or impressed, stamp, sign; and
,, . a stake, wall, trench, fortification; from
'^^,/. , to sculpture, excavate, impress, en-
grave. Hence character., 2. aor. p. inf. /.,
ace. /
,used adverbially, for the purpose or
sake of, because of.
XA'PIS, , /. grace, favour, benevolence, thanks,
thanksgiving, gratitude, joy (hence eu-CHARJST);
hence
,, n. sl gratification, favour, endowment,
miraculous gift.
XAPTH2, , . paper. Hence CHART, charter,
CARD.
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PAUSING LEXICON. 287
,, . a CHASM, gulf ; from
.,pi. contr. of
XETAOX, contr., a lip, discourse, speech, the
sea-shore.,, n. winter.
,o?,/., dat.pl., the hand, power, contriv-
ance. Hence, with epyov, CHiR-urgeon (by cor-
ruption, surgeon), the u in chirurgeon coming from
the contraction of oe into ov(= u) in-.-^, ov, m. one who leads by the hand; from
and <.
,, . and /., n. ovs comp. of
,worse.
Xepai, dat. pi. of.2, or, f, 1. aor., perf p.-, to pour, melt. Hence chemist or chymist.
Also, prefixing the Arabic article al, al-CHEMY.
,?,/, a widow (yvvrj being understood); from
XHnP02, a, ov, desolate, widowed,
, adv. yesterday.,, . the ground.
XCki-, , . a chiliarch, the governor of 1,000
men, a chief; from and., ,
f. subst. a thousand ; from
,, a, adj. a thousand.^,, . a tunic (the inner garment, opposed
to, the outer garment), coat, garment;
pi. clothes.
^,,f.
snow.
%, ?, f. a robe, cloak worn by soldiers
especially the general's cloak., f. , to laugh, scoff, deride; from
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288 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
,779,/.
laughter.
XAIATNS2,f., to warm; hence
, a, bv, warm, lukewarm., a, bv, green, pale, livid; from
XAO'A, ,/, grass.
,,/. a dry measure, containing about a
pint and a half.
XOVPO^} , m. a hog, swine.^, , f.
bile, gall, bitterness, poison. Hence
CHOLER; with, melan-CHOLY., indecl. n. the city of Chorazin.
-^, , /.
,to lead or defray the cost of a
chorus; take the lead, supply the cost of anything,
furnish, minister; from, and
XOPCTX, , m. a dance, choral dance, chorus, choir,
troop.
,/. ,to feed on, graze, satisfy with food,
satisfy; from
XO'PTO^, , m. hay, fodder, grass, herbage, blade of
corn., ,/,, to lend; mid. to borrow, use.
,?,/, use, advantage, want, need, necessity.
2, ,contr.
,a debt, loan, fate (i.e. the debt
of nature), duty, a thing, a cause, necessity, utility,
an oracle; hence-, , m. a debtor; from., f., impers. it is proper, necessary, requisite,
it is
becoming,it ought;
from
.,, n. a thing; pi. money, wealth; from
, to use; hence, f. , to transact business, give audience,
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PAUSING LEXICON. 289
impart divine warning; pass, and mid. to receive a
divine warning, be warned of God, be called or
entitled; hence, , . the response of an oracle, a divine
warning., f., to be obliging, kind ; from
,, bv, useful, agreeable, kind, virtuous; from
; hence
,,/ goodness, kindness, beneficence., , . anointed, Christ; from
, f., to anoint, consecrate as priest or king.
XPO'A, ,/,colour, surface, skin.
Hence,with
aneg.
a-CHROMATIC.
,/,, to delay; from
XPO'NOZ, , . time. Hence chronicles; with
?, CHRONO-logy.
,neut.plur. cont. of
,4a, eov, contr., ,, golden; and
, , n. gold; from; whence-, , . a CHRYSOLITE, a gem of a gold
colour, a topaz; from.-7, , . a CHRYSOPRASE, a gem of a green-
ish colour like a leek; from and
., , n. gold; from
XPTZOH, , . gold. Hence chrysalis., gen. contr. and, ace. contr. of.2. sing, imperat. contr. of.?,/, the skin, the body; from
.!, , bv, lame, mutilated, weak.
, , f.place, district, country, land ; from.
, , f, to go, walk, contain, admit, receive,
c C
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290 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
understand,, proceed, succeed, retreat, depart, putasunder. Hence ana-CHORET, by corruption anchorite.
, f. ), to separate; from., , . a piece of ground, place, farm, estate;
from.,, adv. apart, without, besides, unless, by itself.
XfTP02, , m. a place, space, field, farm; also Caurus
or Corns, the north-west wind, or the quarter from
which it blows.,, f., perf. m. sometimes, to touch,
play on a stringed instrument, sing, make melody,
celebrate; hence
,, m. a PSALM.
', , m. sand., f., to scrape, clean, plane; also to reduce to
particles ; also to touch, reach. Hence, with,palim-PSEST.
-,, m. a false brother; from
,and
, , cont., m. andf. false, lying; from
;hence-, , m. a false witness; and-, , . a false prophet.
',/., to deceive; mid. to lie. Hence pseudo-
science, and other combinations beginning with
pseudo-.
, ,/,, to touch, feel, grope for; from
and touch, from Ion. 2. aor. of., Zplur. JEol. opt. 1. aor. of.f., to count, calculate; from
%,, .a pebble or bean for voting, suffrage.
02, , . sl whisper (derived by onomatopoeia,
from the sound of whispering) ; hence, , m. a whisperer, backbiter., %o?,/• a particle or crumb; hence
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PARSING LEXICON. 291
,,
m. dimin. a small bit or crumb.
\, f.
the soul, life, a man. Hence, with
,PSYCHO-logy; also met-em-PSYCHOSis., eo?, n. subst. cold; and, a, bv, adj. cold; from
',/. ,2.., to breathe, cool, dry;
mid. or pass, to grow cold.
,/., to feed by putting bits in the mouth
supply food to ; from^, , m. a mouthful; hence, , dimin. a bit, mouthful.
,f. , to break in pieces ; from.
, the last letter of the alphabet, used metaphorically to
signify the last. See A.
, interj. !
* subj. of., dat. of.
-Se, adv. here, hither; from.
, , f. a song, ODE (hence pros-ODY); from
.See., o>,f. and (as if from ), to push.
Hence, with and evhov, within, ex-OSMOSE and
end-OSMOSE the passage of fluids through pores
from or into a body.
,3. sing.plup.p. of
., plur. subj. of.02, , m. the shoulder., 1. aor of,*,.$'. From gen. comes, with ?,
ONTO-logy.
, gen.pl. of., ,/., to buy.
(, , n. an egg. Hence by inserting the digamma,
Lat. ovum, an egg; whence oval.
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292 GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
, ,n. the upper part of a house.
", ?,/, care, regard. Hence, with \, the pyl-
ORUS.
", , /. time, an HOUR. Hence, with,ORO-scope.
or, f., to howl or roar; properly
said ofdogs, wolves, or
lions.
^^, 2.plur. 1 aor. of
.%, adv. so, as, as it were, how, when, thus, about,
since, namely; with a superl. adj. or adv. it signifies
as as possible; as, , as quickly
as possible. In this sense it is equivalent to the
Lat. quam, in such phrases as " quam celerrime,"" quam maxime," etc.', indecl. Hosanna! a Hebrew interjection or
exclamation of prayer or blessing.-, adv. thus, likewise; from, in the same
manner, from.-el, adv. as if, as, as it were, about.
3
}3. pi. subj. of.or, dat. pi. of.
"-, adv. even as, as, as it were.
(-, so as to, so that, in order to, therefore; (after
or
)that.
*, ace. of ; whence
, , n. dimin. an ear., 3. sing, imperf. of6\., , f, to assist, profit, be useful to.
', 3. sing. 1. aor. p. of., 6, m. the eye, face, countenance (hence, with
,Cycl-OPs); from
.WERTHEIMER AND CO., PRINTERS, FINSBURY CIRCUS.
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