The Gilded Age Gilded Age is what is used to describe the era after Reconstruction 1877-1900....

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age Gilded AgeGilded Age is what is used to describe the era after is what is used to describe the era after Reconstruction 1877-1900. Literally it means a thin layer Reconstruction 1877-1900. Literally it means a thin layer of gild over cheap base.of gild over cheap base. The term "The Gilded Age" comes from a 1973 novel The term "The Gilded Age" comes from a 1973 novel by Mark Twain. It was a fictional and critical by Mark Twain. It was a fictional and critical examination of politics and corruption in the United examination of politics and corruption in the United States during the nineteenth century. States during the nineteenth century.

Laissez-faireLaissez-faire ““a doctrine opposing a doctrine opposing government interference in economic affairs government interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights." maintenance of peace and property rights." In English this means the govt kept their In English this means the govt kept their hands off business issues.hands off business issues.

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age Presidents RepublicansRepublicans::

controlled NY, New Eng, and Upper MidWestcontrolled NY, New Eng, and Upper MidWest Favored tight, money backed by goldFavored tight, money backed by gold high tariffshigh tariffs aid to RRaid to RR Restrict immigrationRestrict immigration Enforce Enforce blue lawsblue laws which prohibited things on which prohibited things on

Sundays like drinking.Sundays like drinking. DemocratsDemocrats: :

attracted the less privileged, urban immigrants, attracted the less privileged, urban immigrants, laborers, southern planters and western farmers.laborers, southern planters and western farmers.

Favored free sliverFavored free sliver opposed to blue laws.opposed to blue laws.

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age PresidentsUlysses Grant 1869-1877 Ulysses Grant 1869-1877

Gould-Fisk Gold SchemeGould-Fisk Gold Scheme - Financiers tried to use govt influence to - Financiers tried to use govt influence to corner the gold market. corner the gold market.

15th Amendment15th Amendment: Proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870. This : Proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870. This gave all citizen of the US the right to vote.gave all citizen of the US the right to vote.

Credit Mobilier ScandalCredit Mobilier Scandal (1872-73) (1872-73) Congressmen got shares in a RR company. It Congressmen got shares in a RR company. It was a lucrative deal for the congressmen, was a lucrative deal for the congressmen, because they helped themselves by approving because they helped themselves by approving federal subsidies for the cost of railroad federal subsidies for the cost of railroad construction without paying much attention to construction without paying much attention to expenses, enabling railroad builders to make expenses, enabling railroad builders to make huge profits.huge profits.

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age PresidentsRutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881

The Compromise of 1877The Compromise of 1877 TildenTilden End of Reconstruction End of Reconstruction

Bland-Allison ActBland-Allison Act Dealt with the silver issueDealt with the silver issue

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age Presidents James Garfield 1881 & Chester Arthur 1881- 85James Garfield 1881 & Chester Arthur 1881- 85

Garfield won but was assassinated by Garfield won but was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, on July 2, 1881. office seeker, on July 2, 1881.

However, this act however killed the However, this act however killed the spoils system! spoils system!

Pendleton ActPendleton Act made three civil service made three civil service

commissionerscommissioners Federal employees could not be fired Federal employees could not be fired

b/c of political reasons. This reduced b/c of political reasons. This reduced the influence of the patronage the influence of the patronage systemsystem

Chester ArthurChester Arthur

James GarfieldJames Garfield

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age PresidentsGrover Cleveland Grover Cleveland 1885-18891885-1889

The Repub. nominated Blaine a senator from Maine against Demo. The Repub. nominated Blaine a senator from Maine against Demo. Cleveland Cleveland

MugwumpsMugwumps - independent Republicans who voted Democrat helping - independent Republicans who voted Democrat helping Cleveland to win. He was the first Demo since 1856. Cleveland to win. He was the first Demo since 1856.

Cleveland pushed civil service reform and attacked high tariffs, and Cleveland pushed civil service reform and attacked high tariffs, and regulation for the RR. regulation for the RR.

Wabash vs. IllinoisWabash vs. Illinois –state regulation of the RR was unconstitutional b/c RR –state regulation of the RR was unconstitutional b/c RR crossed state lines and states can not regulate inter state commerce. crossed state lines and states can not regulate inter state commerce.

Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Act 18871887 Made rates set in proportion Made rates set in proportion

to distance traveledto distance traveled The rates schedule was publicThe rates schedule was public Outlawed giving rebates and Outlawed giving rebates and

favorsfavors Set up the first interstate Set up the first interstate

commerce commission (ICC)commerce commission (ICC) In 1888 Cleveland got more In 1888 Cleveland got more

popular but fewer electoral votes, popular but fewer electoral votes, so was defeated by Benjamin so was defeated by Benjamin Harrison. Harrison.

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age PresidentsBenjamin Harrison 1889-1893Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893

Used up the Used up the last everlast ever Treasury Treasury surplussurplus

McKinley Tariff ActMcKinley Tariff Act - raised the - raised the already high protective duties already high protective duties

Sherman Antitrust Sherman Antitrust ActAct - which - which declared illegal "every contract, declared illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade." Basically, restraint of trade." Basically, making trusts illegalmaking trusts illegal

Gilded Age PresidentsGilded Age PresidentsGrover Cleveland 1893-1897 (take 2)Grover Cleveland 1893-1897 (take 2)

Panic of 1893Panic of 1893 Increasing conflict between the interests of the agricultural Increasing conflict between the interests of the agricultural

reformers from the west, and the bankers and manufacturers in the reformers from the west, and the bankers and manufacturers in the East.East.

Coxey's Army Coxey's Army

Pullman Strike 1894Pullman Strike 1894 American Railway UnionAmerican Railway Union It resulted in violence, the deaths of It resulted in violence, the deaths of

workers, and the destruction of workers, and the destruction of property. President Cleveland sent property. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to restore federal troops to Chicago to restore orderorder

By the end of his second term most of By the end of his second term most of his supporters were not happy so he was his supporters were not happy so he was not given a bid.not given a bid.

Pullman Factory

Gilded Age – Technology and InventionsGilded Age – Technology and Inventions Thomas EdisonThomas Edison George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse –alternating –alternating

current current Samuel MorseSamuel Morse - Telegraph - Telegraph Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell - Telephone - Telephone Steel was developed which is a better Steel was developed which is a better

metal than iron b/c its lighter, stronger, metal than iron b/c its lighter, stronger, flexible, and cheaper. flexible, and cheaper.

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

Thomas Edison

PhonographTelegraph

Early Phone

Gilded Age – Technology and InventionsGilded Age – Technology and Inventions

These are things that were invented during this time: These are things that were invented during this time:

passenger elevator passenger elevator Bessemer smelting process Bessemer smelting process sleeping carsleeping car compression ice machine air brakecompression ice machine air brake

electric voting machine cable electric voting machine cable street carstreet car electric street car electric street car carpet sweepercarpet sweeper telephone telephone phonographphonograph incandescent light bulb cash incandescent light bulb cash registerregister electric iron fountain electric iron fountain penpen gas powered car safety razor gas powered car safety razor w/ disposable bladesw/ disposable blades

Gilded Age Gilded Age Big Business and IndustrializationBig Business and Industrialization

The Primary characteristics of American Industrialization:The Primary characteristics of American Industrialization: Production by machine rather than by handProduction by machine rather than by hand Involvement of an increasing proportion of the work force in Involvement of an increasing proportion of the work force in

manufacturingmanufacturing Production concentrated in large, intricately organized factoriesProduction concentrated in large, intricately organized factories Accelerated technological innovation, emphasizing new inventions and Accelerated technological innovation, emphasizing new inventions and

applied scienceapplied science Expanded markets, no longer local and regional in scopeExpanded markets, no longer local and regional in scope Growth of a nationwide transportation network based on the railroad, Growth of a nationwide transportation network based on the railroad,

along with a communications network based on the telegraph and along with a communications network based on the telegraph and telephonetelephone

Increased capital accumulation for investment in expansion of Increased capital accumulation for investment in expansion of productionproduction

Growth of large enterprises and specialization in all forms of economic Growth of large enterprises and specialization in all forms of economic activityactivity

Steady increase in the size and predominance of cities Steady increase in the size and predominance of cities


Rail RoadsRail Roads Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864

US government gave direct grants of public land to private US government gave direct grants of public land to private corporations for the construction of a trans-continental railroad system. corporations for the construction of a trans-continental railroad system.

For every mile of track laid, the government would grant to private For every mile of track laid, the government would grant to private railroad corporations 20 sections of public land (12,800 acres). railroad corporations 20 sections of public land (12,800 acres).

$48,000 for every mile of track constructed in the mts.$48,000 for every mile of track constructed in the mts. Wabash vs Illinois in 1886Wabash vs Illinois in 1886 - state regulation of the RR was - state regulation of the RR was

unconstitutional b/c RR crossed state lines and states can not regulate inter unconstitutional b/c RR crossed state lines and states can not regulate inter state commerce. state commerce.

Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act – made the interstate commerce commission – made the interstate commerce commission which regulated RR rates and made certain monopoly practices illegal. which regulated RR rates and made certain monopoly practices illegal.

We adopted a time zone that divided us in to four zones. We adopted a time zone that divided us in to four zones.


Robber BaronsRobber Barons: billionaires of this era : billionaires of this era Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism –only the fit will survive, in life and business. A –only the fit will survive, in life and business. A

Laissez-faire view of govt. Laissez-faire view of govt. MonopoliesMonopolies – company owns all the competitors and can charge – company owns all the competitors and can charge

whatever price they want.whatever price they want. CartelsCartels – loose association of businesses making the same product – loose association of businesses making the same product

formed in secret – to reduce competition – like keeping product low formed in secret – to reduce competition – like keeping product low to up the price.to up the price.

Horizontal consolidationHorizontal consolidation owning all the owning all the companies at one stage of production companies at one stage of production (Rockefeller). (Rockefeller).

Vertical ConsolidationVertical Consolidation – owning all – owning all phases of the production of a product phases of the production of a product (Carnegie).(Carnegie).


Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Son of poor Scottish immigrants. A a Son of poor Scottish immigrants. A a

true rags to riches story. true rags to riches story. He invested in the Bessemer steel He invested in the Bessemer steel

making machinemaking machine In 1899, Carnegie joined several of his In 1899, Carnegie joined several of his

business interests by forming the business interests by forming the Carnegie Steel Company, which Carnegie Steel Company, which immediately became a leader in the steel immediately became a leader in the steel industry.industry.

In 1901 he sold his business to J.P. In 1901 he sold his business to J.P. Morgan for $400 million and Andrew Morgan for $400 million and Andrew Carnegie retired from business life as Carnegie retired from business life as the richest man in the world. the richest man in the world.

He gave $350 million to provide more He gave $350 million to provide more than 2,500 free public libraries, and than 2,500 free public libraries, and research institutions in Pennsylvania and research institutions in Pennsylvania and Washington DC. Washington DC.


John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller He focused on the oil business (horizontal He focused on the oil business (horizontal

consolidation). consolidation). Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870 Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870 Rockefeller soon dominated the American oil-refining Rockefeller soon dominated the American oil-refining

industry. industry. In 1882 he made the Standard Oil trust. A trust is when In 1882 he made the Standard Oil trust. A trust is when

companies turned over their stocks to a board of companies turned over their stocks to a board of trustees, in return they were promised a share of the trustees, in return they were promised a share of the profits from the new groupprofits from the new group

Like Carnegie he gave generously to the philanthropy Like Carnegie he gave generously to the philanthropy interests. interests. He also founded (1892) the Univ. of Chicago.He also founded (1892) the Univ. of Chicago. Rockefeller Institute for Medical ResearchRockefeller Institute for Medical Research The General Education BoardThe General Education Board The Rockefeller FoundationThe Rockefeller Foundation

Gilded Age Gilded Age Workers and IndustrializationWorkers and Industrialization

SocialismSocialism –philosophy that calls for –philosophy that calls for collective or govt ownership of factories collective or govt ownership of factories and property. To distribute the nations and property. To distribute the nations wealth equally. This was strongly wealth equally. This was strongly influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx.

History of unions:History of unions: National Labor UnionNational Labor Union – in Baltimore – in Baltimore

formed after the CWformed after the CW The Noble Order of the Knights of The Noble Order of the Knights of

LaborLabor - formed in Philly in 1869. They - formed in Philly in 1869. They wanted equal pay for equal work, eight wanted equal pay for equal work, eight hour days, and no child labor. hour days, and no child labor.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)American Federation of Labor (AFL) – – leader was leader was Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers. They tried . They tried to force employers to do to force employers to do collective collective bargainingbargaining where workers negotiate was where workers negotiate was a group with employers.a group with employers.

Gilded Age -The Great StrikesGilded Age -The Great Strikes Haymarket Square- Chicago, Il -1886Haymarket Square- Chicago, Il -1886

Fight btw the workers and the Fight btw the workers and the scabsscabs (the people who work during the (the people who work during the strike so the co can operate). This strike so the co can operate). This fight was broken up by police wand fight was broken up by police wand there were injuriesthere were injuries

The The anarchistsanarchists called for a rally at called for a rally at Haymarket Square that night. Haymarket Square that night. Someone threw a bomb into a Someone threw a bomb into a police formation and seven police police formation and seven police died, and then there was ensuing died, and then there was ensuing riot between all and many deaths. riot between all and many deaths.

Eight anarchists were tried for Eight anarchists were tried for conspiracy and murder and four conspiracy and murder and four were hanged.were hanged.

Gilded Age -The Great StrikesGilded Age -The Great Strikes

Homestead, PA 1892Homestead, PA 1892 A Carnegie factory – there was a A Carnegie factory – there was a

strike over a wage cut strike over a wage cut The The PinkertonsPinkertons (private police (private police

force for breaking strikes) were force for breaking strikes) were called and there was a big fight at called and there was a big fight at night with many deaths on both night with many deaths on both sides. sides.

Gilded Age -The Great StrikesGilded Age -The Great Strikes

Pullman strike 1894Pullman strike 1894 (made RR (made RR sleeping cars) sleeping cars) Workers protesting a wage cut Workers protesting a wage cut

and they got fired. The rest of and they got fired. The rest of the workers called a strike, and the workers called a strike, and then Pullman refused to then Pullman refused to negotiate and closed the plant. negotiate and closed the plant.

Eugene DebsEugene Debs the leader of the the leader of the RR union – convinced 120,000 RR union – convinced 120,000 other RR workers in the area to other RR workers in the area to join the strike. join the strike.

Citing the Sherman Anti trust Citing the Sherman Anti trust act the owners got a court order act the owners got a court order to forbid all union activity on to forbid all union activity on the RR.the RR.

Gilded Age - ImmigrantsGilded Age - Immigrants In 1860 the resident pop of the US was 31.5 In 1860 the resident pop of the US was 31.5

mill – btw 1865-1920 close to 30 million mill – btw 1865-1920 close to 30 million more pop entered the USmore pop entered the US

They could enter through Boston, Philly, They could enter through Boston, Philly, Baltimore, San Fran, or Seattle, but more the Baltimore, San Fran, or Seattle, but more the 70% went through the Golden Door, NYC70% went through the Golden Door, NYC

To deal with this flow To deal with this flow Ellis IslandEllis Island was was opened in 1892.opened in 1892.

Gilded Age - ImmigrantsGilded Age - Immigrants There were three great waves of immigrationThere were three great waves of immigration

cc. 1815-1860----5 million immigrants settled . 1815-1860----5 million immigrants settled permanently in the United States, mainly English, permanently in the United States, mainly English, Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from Irish, Germanic, Scandinavian, and others from northwestern Europe northwestern Europe

cc. 1865-1890----10 million immigrants settled . 1865-1890----10 million immigrants settled permanently in America, again mainly from permanently in America, again mainly from northwestern Europe northwestern Europe

cc. 1890-1914----15 million immigrants journeyed . 1890-1914----15 million immigrants journeyed to the United States, many of whom were Austro-to the United States, many of whom were Austro-Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Hungarian, Turkish, Lithuanian, Russian, Jewish, Greek, Italian, RomanianGreek, Italian, Romanian

Gilded Age - ImmigrantsGilded Age - Immigrants Asian ImmigrantsAsian Immigrants

1882 1882 Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act 1906 1906 Gentleman's AgreementGentleman's Agreement Angel IslandAngel Island

Reactions of "Native" Americans to Immigration:Reactions of "Native" Americans to Immigration: Immigration Restriction LeagueImmigration Restriction League

Although some went west, most settled in the citiesAlthough some went west, most settled in the cities Political Bosses:Political Bosses:

Boss TweedBoss Tweed and and Tammany HallTammany Hall

Angel Island, CA

Progressive EraProgressive Era Progressives were never a unified group with a single objective or goal; instead they Progressives were never a unified group with a single objective or goal; instead they

had many different and sometimes contradictory ideas and views. These included:had many different and sometimes contradictory ideas and views. These included:

Prohibition Prohibition Full government ownership of private utilities Full government ownership of private utilities End to child labor End to child labor Immigration restriction legislation Immigration restriction legislation Anti-trust legislation Anti-trust legislation Rate regulation of private utilities Rate regulation of private utilities Women's suffrage Women's suffrage "Americanization" of immigrants "Americanization" of immigrants Political reform Political reform Destruction of urban political machines Destruction of urban political machines

Progressive EraProgressive Era These changes in public opinion occurred because:These changes in public opinion occurred because:

Unemployment and labor unrest Unemployment and labor unrest Wasteful use of natural resources Wasteful use of natural resources Abuses of corporate power Abuses of corporate power Growing cities magnified problems of poverty, disease, Growing cities magnified problems of poverty, disease,

crime, and corruption crime, and corruption Influx of immigrants and rise Influx of immigrants and rise

of new managerial class upset of new managerial class upset traditional class alignments traditional class alignments

Massive depression (1893-Massive depression (1893-1897) convinced many that 1897) convinced many that equal opportunity was out of equal opportunity was out of reach for many Americansreach for many Americans

Progressive EraProgressive Era MuckrakersMuckrakers – books and articles to change – books and articles to change

societysociety MugwumpsMugwumps – liberal Rep. who exposed – liberal Rep. who exposed

corruptioncorruption

Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy – – Looking BackwardsLooking Backwards a a perfect society in the year 2000 tells perfect society in the year 2000 tells what the govt did to get us there.what the govt did to get us there.

Henry Demarest LloydHenry Demarest Lloyd – exposed the – exposed the Standard oil Co. called Standard oil Co. called Wealth against Wealth against the Commonwealth.the Commonwealth. Showed how Showed how ruthless Rockefeller was ruthless Rockefeller was

Jacob RiisJacob Riis – – How the other half livesHow the other half lives – – about the slums of NYC. It was very about the slums of NYC. It was very gross and graphic got people interested gross and graphic got people interested in helping. in helping.

Progressive EraProgressive EraMagazines :Magazines : McClureMcClure’’ss – – Ida TarbellIda Tarbell wrote for them to wrote for them to

expose the Standard Oil Co. her dad had expose the Standard Oil Co. her dad had worked for them and gotten screwed. worked for them and gotten screwed. Joseph Flynt wrote about corruption in the Joseph Flynt wrote about corruption in the NYC police dept. NYC police dept.

CosmopolitanCosmopolitan – David Graham Phillips – David Graham Phillips wrote about corruption in the senate wrote about corruption in the senate showed their bribes.showed their bribes.

ColliersColliers – – Dr. Harvey WileyDr. Harvey Wiley wrote about wrote about the medicines of the time and the things the medicines of the time and the things that they had in them drugs – like Coke, that they had in them drugs – like Coke, MotherMother’’s helpers – opium – (story from s helpers – opium – (story from the History museum. )the History museum. )

Progressive EraProgressive EraAuthors:Authors: Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair – – The JungleThe Jungle – about the meat packaging – about the meat packaging

industry in Chicago, putting all sorts of bad stuff in it, industry in Chicago, putting all sorts of bad stuff in it, rats, the filth that is in the food that you eat. rats, the filth that is in the food that you eat.

Frank NorrisFrank Norris – – The OctopusThe Octopus – About the RR and how – About the RR and how they strangle the farmers.they strangle the farmers.

John Spargo-John Spargo- the Bitter Cry of the Childrenthe Bitter Cry of the Children – about the – about the sweat shop kids their high death rate, TB etc.sweat shop kids their high death rate, TB etc.

Ray Stannard BakerRay Stannard Baker – – Following the Following the Color LineColor Line – Blacks in the south – Blacks in the south shows that 90% of US blacks who shows that 90% of US blacks who lived in the south were poor beyond lived in the south were poor beyond belief, no plumbing, 1/3 illiterate; this belief, no plumbing, 1/3 illiterate; this motivated the NAACP and Urban motivated the NAACP and Urban league. league.

Marie & Bessie Van VorstMarie & Bessie Van Vorst – – The The Woman who ToilsWoman who Toils – this was directed – this was directed and the richer women who did not and the richer women who did not work to tell them about their poorer work to tell them about their poorer counterparts and their hard lives and counterparts and their hard lives and mothers and workers.mothers and workers.

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Settlement housesSettlement houses Jane AddamsJane Addams Hull HouseHull House – had actives and programs, cultural – had actives and programs, cultural

exhibits, child care centers, clubs and summer exhibits, child care centers, clubs and summer

camps, health care clinicscamps, health care clinics

Progressive EraProgressive EraTemperance ReformTemperance Reform 1874 – 1874 – WCTUWCTU delegation in delegation in

Cleveland OH they were Cleveland OH they were affiliated with Protestantism and affiliated with Protestantism and Nativism. They thought that the Nativism. They thought that the new immigrants drank too much new immigrants drank too much alcohol. alcohol.

1895 – 1895 – Anti Saloon LeagueAnti Saloon League – – started by a man named Francis started by a man named Francis Willard. A woman named Carrie Willard. A woman named Carrie Nation went around smashing Nation went around smashing saloons in Kansas.saloons in Kansas.

In 1903 on Kansas and Maine In 1903 on Kansas and Maine were dry but by 1916 2/3 of the were dry but by 1916 2/3 of the states were dry states were dry

1919 1919 18th Amendment18th Amendment – and the – and the Volstead ActVolstead Act in 1920 gave the in 1920 gave the national Govt power to enforce. national Govt power to enforce.

Progressive Era - WomenProgressive Era - Women’’s Suffrages Suffrage Over 70 yrs had passed since the meeting in Seneca Falls Over 70 yrs had passed since the meeting in Seneca Falls Anti-Suffrage movement started to grow. They had points- the women Anti-Suffrage movement started to grow. They had points- the women

were powerful enough w/o the vote, it would blur the sexes making them were powerful enough w/o the vote, it would blur the sexes making them more masculine, women voters would pass prohibition. more masculine, women voters would pass prohibition.

In the beginning there were there two groups:In the beginning there were there two groups: 1) 1) American WomenAmerican Women’’s Suffrage Associations Suffrage Association - go state by state to get - go state by state to get

the vote. the vote. 2) 2) National WomenNational Women’’s Suffrages Suffrage – they wanted a constitutional – they wanted a constitutional

Amendment Amendment

Progressive Era - WomenProgressive Era - Women’’s Suffrages Suffrage In 1890 they combined into the In 1890 they combined into the National American WomenNational American Women’’s Suffrage s Suffrage

AssociationAssociation Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt and and Alice PaulAlice Paul – took over in 1913 and organized a – took over in 1913 and organized a

5000 parade in DC the day before Wilson5000 parade in DC the day before Wilson ’’s inauguration very successful.s inauguration very successful. As WWI started and women were helping as much as men. Also Congress As WWI started and women were helping as much as men. Also Congress

adopted the 18th Amendment banning liquor that was one more reason adopted the 18th Amendment banning liquor that was one more reason down. down.

In 1918 congress finally proposed a suffrage amendment, bowing to public In 1918 congress finally proposed a suffrage amendment, bowing to public pressure and the embarrassment Paul had suffered in jail.pressure and the embarrassment Paul had suffered in jail.

After a battle in Tennessee the After a battle in Tennessee the 19th Amendment19th Amendment was ratified!! was ratified!!

Progressive Era – Local ReformProgressive Era – Local Reform

ClevelandCleveland –Tom Johnson was the mayor. –Tom Johnson was the mayor. ToledoToledo – Samuel – Samuel ““Golden ruleGolden rule”” Jones Jones NYCNYC – Seth Low – Seth Low

Tom JohnsonSeth Low Samuel Jones

Progressive Era – State ReformProgressive Era – State Reform Wisconsin –Wisconsin –Gov. Gov. ““FightingFighting”” Bob LaFollette Bob LaFollette

direct primary direct primary secret ballotsecret ballot

Illinois - Child Labor Laws (Florence Kelly)Illinois - Child Labor Laws (Florence Kelly) New ideas:New ideas:

ReferendumReferendum – people vote directly on laws. – people vote directly on laws. RecallRecall – if a public official who is not doing good job before the term – if a public official who is not doing good job before the term

is over, people can sign a petition and have a special election – this is is over, people can sign a petition and have a special election – this is an impeachment on a local levelan impeachment on a local level

InitiativeInitiative – people propose a law.– people propose a law.

Bob LaFolletteBob LaFollette

Florence Florence KellyKelly

Progressive Era – State ReformProgressive Era – State Reform

16th Amendment – graduated income tax16th Amendment – graduated income tax 17th Amendment – direct election of senators17th Amendment – direct election of senators 18th Amendment – Prohibition (1919)18th Amendment – Prohibition (1919) 19th Amendment – Women the vote19th Amendment – Women the vote

Progressive Era PresidentsProgressive Era PresidentsWilliam McKinley 1897 -William McKinley 1897 -

1901 1901 1896 election: McKinley (R) and William Jennings 1896 election: McKinley (R) and William Jennings Bryan (D) Bryan (D)

Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War (1898) (1898) We get Cuba, Philippine Islands, Guam, and Puerto We get Cuba, Philippine Islands, Guam, and Puerto

Rico. Rico. 1900 election: McKinley again defeated Bryan1900 election: McKinley again defeated Bryan

September 1901 McKinley September 1901 McKinley was assassinated by a crazed was assassinated by a crazed anarchist named anarchist named CzolgoszCzolgosz and and Vice President Vice President Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt became president became president

Progressive Era PresidentsProgressive Era Presidents Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

The presidency is "a The presidency is "a bully pulpitbully pulpit." ." His stick was the His stick was the ““Square DealSquare Deal”” which was the which was the

3 C3 C’’s: s: Control the trustsControl the trusts ConservationConservation Consumer protectionConsumer protection


Control the TrustsControl the Trusts:: Northern Securities Railroad trust - J.P. Morgan Northern Securities Railroad trust - J.P. Morgan Elkins ActElkins Act (1903) – no more secret RR rebates (1903) – no more secret RR rebates Hepburn ActHepburn Act (1906) - strengthened the Interstate (1906) - strengthened the Interstate

Commerce Commission Commerce Commission During his administrations the Department of During his administrations the Department of

Justice instituted 43 suits. And dissolved the Justice instituted 43 suits. And dissolved the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

1902 Anthracite Coal strike1902 Anthracite Coal strike 50,000 United Mine Workers of northern 50,000 United Mine Workers of northern

Pennsylvania walked out in May, demanding Pennsylvania walked out in May, demanding a 10-20% raise, recognition of their union, an a 10-20% raise, recognition of their union, an eight-hour workday, and fringe benefits. eight-hour workday, and fringe benefits.

Roosevelt called the UMW and the coal Roosevelt called the UMW and the coal operators to the White House for a meetingoperators to the White House for a meeting

Teddy threatened "to seize and operate a Teddy threatened "to seize and operate a major industrymajor industry““. This threat did resolve the . This threat did resolve the Anthracite Coal issue. Anthracite Coal issue.


Consumer Protection:Consumer Protection: Pure Food and Drug actPure Food and Drug act – this limited that amount of filth in food (i.e. – this limited that amount of filth in food (i.e.

no coke and opium – this is a spin off of the Progressive writers Dr. no coke and opium – this is a spin off of the Progressive writers Dr. Harvey Wiley).Harvey Wiley).

Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act – which followed a federal investigation of – which followed a federal investigation of packing- house conditions prompted by revelations made in Upton packing- house conditions prompted by revelations made in Upton Sinclair's novel. Sinclair's novel.

He added the Dept of Labor and Dept. of Commerce to the CabinetHe added the Dept of Labor and Dept. of Commerce to the Cabinet


Conservation: Conservation: National Conservation Commission 1908 National Conservation Commission 1908 Newlands ActNewlands Act - this stated which govt land could be - this stated which govt land could be

sold and the $ would go to preservation and reclaiming sold and the $ would go to preservation and reclaiming land. land.

Antiquities ActAntiquities Act – certain public land preserved for – certain public land preserved for national parks national parks

US Forest ServiceUS Forest Service – Gifford Pinchot.– Gifford Pinchot.

Progressive Era PresidentsProgressive Era PresidentsWilliam Taft William Taft 1909-1913 1909-1913

Dollar DiplomacyDollar Diplomacy 1) there is US money over seas we can increase our influence. 1) there is US money over seas we can increase our influence. 2) We will commit troops to help protect US money. 2) We will commit troops to help protect US money.

Trust buster Trust buster –there were 90 investigations under his presidency. –there were 90 investigations under his presidency. PaynePayne--Aldrich TariffAldrich Tariff Ballinger-PinchotBallinger-Pinchot affair affair

Bureau of the mines –Ballinger Bureau of the mines –Ballinger Fires Gifford Pinchot (USFS)Fires Gifford Pinchot (USFS)

Progressive Era PresidentsProgressive Era PresidentsElection of 1912Election of 1912

Republican Party was split over many issues in Taft's administration. Republican Party was split over many issues in Taft's administration. StandpattersStandpatters – The conservatives – called for high tariffs and progressive – The conservatives – called for high tariffs and progressive

reform reform ProgressivesProgressives – called for low tariffs, more progressive reform. Teddy – called for low tariffs, more progressive reform. Teddy

Roosevelt openly sided with the progressivesRoosevelt openly sided with the progressives The election:The election:

Progressive PartyProgressive Party also called the also called the Bull Moose PartyBull Moose Party - Teddy Roosevelt - Teddy Roosevelt ran again with a platform called the New Nationalismran again with a platform called the New Nationalism

The regular Republican convention had nominated TaftThe regular Republican convention had nominated Taft Democratic Party nominated Governor Democratic Party nominated Governor Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson whose whose

platform was called the New Freedom.platform was called the New Freedom.

Blue – TaftYellow – TeddyRed - Wilson

Progressive Era PresidentsProgressive Era Presidents Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 1913-1921

Clayton Anti Trust actClayton Anti Trust act – –recognize unions, collective recognize unions, collective bargaining; the owners cannot bargaining; the owners cannot just get an injunction, just get an injunction, outlawed interlock outlawed interlock directorates.directorates.

Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission - - investigate and prevent unfair investigate and prevent unfair methods of business methods of business competitioncompetition

Underwood TariffUnderwood Tariff – 1913 - general decrease in the Payne-Aldrich tariff and – 1913 - general decrease in the Payne-Aldrich tariff and an income tax to bring in money to compensate for any loss in national an income tax to bring in money to compensate for any loss in national revenue. revenue.

Federal Reserve Act of Federal Reserve Act of 19131913 - The 1st real national bank set up with a - The 1st real national bank set up with a Federal Reserve Board with regional banks around the country to control Federal Reserve Board with regional banks around the country to control interest, print money, all commercial banks were part of the reserve - interest, print money, all commercial banks were part of the reserve - Greenspan Greenspan

The Gilded Age Gilded Age is what is used to describe the era after Reconstruction 1877-1900....

Documents

Transcript of The Gilded Age Gilded Age is what is used to describe the era after Reconstruction 1877-1900....