The Geography Department Proudly Presents€¦ · Web viewKnow how waterfalls and gorges are...

The Geography Department Proudly Presents...

IGCSE Geography:

The Ultimate Revision Pack

Created especially for you...

so use it!!

IGCSE GEOGRAPHY 2010

Paper 1

1 hour 45 minutesChoose 3 out of 6 questions45% of the total mark

Paper 2

1 hour 30 minutesSkills-based data response questionsAnswer all questions27.5% of the total mark

Paper 4

1 hour 30 minutesAlternative to courseworkAnswer all questions27.5% of the total mark

For Paper 1, choose your questions very carefully

RTFQ

Plan your answers and think before writing anything

Use real world examples where appropriate

Include sketch maps and diagrams to support your answers

Never use bullet points for the higher mark questions (unless

you are running out of time, in which case it’s better than nothing!)

Contents1. How to succeed in Geography exams

2. Templates for revising case studies

3. Tectonic activity

4. Rocks and landscape

5. Rivers

6. Glaciation

7. Coasts

8. Weather and climate

9. Ecosystems

10. Population

11. Settlement

12. Economic Activity: Primary Industry

13. Economic Activity: Secondary Industry

14. Economic Activity: Tertiary Industry

15. Development

16. Practical Skills

How To Succeed In Geography Exams1. Understand the assessment:

- How many exams will you take?

- Which one is which?

- How much time will you have?

- What equipment will you need?

2. Know the work: kind of obvious, but essential!

3. Understand the questions:

- Can you follow instructions?

- Can you decipher exam-speak?

Command Term What they want you to doIdentify/name/state/give A short sentence or word is enough

List Identify a number of features

Complete Finish a graph/map/cross-section/paragraph/sentence

Describe Give a written account of the distinctive features – say what you see. No explanation is necessary

Define The precise meaning of a term is needed, usually 1 or 2 marks

Shade Use pencil or coloured pencils to highlight part of a graph/diagram

Draw Make a sketch – you are often asked to label at the same time

Mark Show a particular point clearly by placing an arrow/line/mark etc.

Label Add names or details to a map/diagram/graph

Annotate Add notes of explanation to a diagram/map – more than just a label

Explain/give reasons for/ suggest reasons why/ account for

Say why something occurs – use full sentences and clear language. You might want to include diagrams and/or case study material to support your answer.

Compare Direct comparison of similarities and differences between two sets of information or places – not two separate accounts

Comment on Give your own views about the information, with a justification

Calculate Work out a numerical answer

With reference to/ illustrate your answer with

Usually needs case study information or examples, or a reference to a map/diagram

Name of case study

How did it happen?

Impact on economyImpact on people

What happened afterwards? (longer-term

physical effects)

What happened? (short-term physical effects)

Where & when?

Implications for the future – prediction, planning,

preparation, management

Impact on environment

Implications for the future?

NAME OF CASE STUDY:

Where and when? How did it happen?

What happened? (Short-term physical effects)

What happened next? (Longer-term physical effects)

Implications for the future: Economic impacts:

Environmental impacts: Human impact:

Additional notes:

Tectonic Activity

Key term DefinitionCollision margin

Conservative margin

Constructive margin

Continental crust

Convection currents

Core

Destructive margin

Epicentre

Focus

Fold mountains

Lava

Magma

Mantle

Mudflows/lahars

Oceanic crust

Richter scale

Subduction zone

Tectonic plate

Tectonic plate

Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly

Sort of understand

Haven’t got a Scooby

The differences between continental and oceanic crust

How tectonic plates move

The differences between construction, collision, destructive and conservative plate margins

The different types of landform found at each type of plate margin

Why earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries

How earthquakes are measured

How people can predict and prepare for earthquakes and volcanoes

How damage from earthquakes and volcanoes can be minimised

Why tectonic evens have different effects in MEDCs and LEDCs

Why people continue to live in areas of tectonic hazard

Specific case studies of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, including:

Causes Long and short-term effects

Rocks & Landscape

Key term DefinitionBedding planes

Biological weathering

Carbonation/ limestone solution

Chemical weathering

Erosion

Exfoliation/ onion-skin weathering

Deflation

Freeze-thaw/ frost-shattering

Igneous rock

Joints and cracks

Metamorphic rock

Permeable/ impermaeable rock

Physical weathering

Porous rock

Quarrying

Sedimentary rock

Weathering


Sort of understand


Know the rock cycle

Know the difference between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks

Understand how physical, chemical and biological weathering processes can break down rock into soil

Understand how climate and geology influence the rate of weathering

Recognise the features of limestone landscapes and explain their formation

Recognise the features of granite landscapes and explain their formation

Recognise the different types of landform found in hot deserts and explain their formation

Understand how geology affects human activity, eg:

Settlement location Tourism Mineral extraction Industry Urban landscapes

RiversKey term Definition

Abrasion/corrasion

Attrition

Confluence

Corrosion

Delta

Deposition

Estuary

Flood

Floodplain

Gorge

Hydraulic action

Levee

Meander

Mouth

Ox-bow lake

Saltation

Solution

Source

Suspension

The river’s long profile

Traction

Tributary

Waterfall

Watershed


Sort of understand


Recognise the features of a drainage basin

Know how the long profile of a river changes from source to mouth

Understand the processes of erosion

Understand the processes of transportation

Know how waterfalls and gorges are formed

Know how meanders and ox-bow lakes are formed

Know how floodplains, deltas and levees are formed

Recognise the main features of a flood hydrograph

Understand the human and physical factors that influence the shape of the hydrograph

Know the causes of a “flashy” hydrograph

Know the causes and effects of flooding

Know what can be done to predict, prevent and prepare for flooding

Case studies of flooding in MEDCs and LEDCs, including:

Causes Long and short-term effects Flood defense for the future

Glaciation

Key term DefinitionAblation

Accumulation

Arete

Boulder clay

Corrie

Drumlins

Erratic

Glacial abrasion

Glacial Till

Glacial trough

Hanging valley

Ice sheet

Misfit stream

Moraine

Plucking

Pyramidal peak

Ribbon lake

Striations

Tarn

Valley glacier


Sort of understand


Understand the processes of glacial accumulation and ablation

Know the difference between a valley glacier and an ice sheet

Know how glacial erosion works

Understand how corries are formed

Know the similarities and differences between an arête and a pyramidal peak

Describe the main features of a glaciated valley

Understand how glacial troughs are formed

Know how glacial deposition occurs

Know the different types of glacial moraine

Describe how drumlins are formed

Explain how ribbon lakes are formed

Human activity in glaciated areas: Tourism Transport

Specific case studies of glaciated areas:

Landforms of erosion Landforms of deposition

Coasts

Key term DefinitionAbrasion (corrosion)

Arch

Attrition

Bar

Bay

Beach

Cave

Cliff

Constructive wave

Corrosion

Destructive wave

Fetch

Headland

Hydraulic action

Longshore drift

Spit

Stack

Tombolo

Wave-cut notch

Wave-cut platform


Sort of understand


Know the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves

Understand how the processes of coastal erosion operate

Understand how cliffs are formed

Understand why some coasts are eroded more quickly than others

Explain formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps

Explain how longshore drift works

Know where and why beaches form

Know and describe the characteristics of a spit

Name and describe different methods of coastal defense

Know and understand the costs and benefits of coastal defense

Human activity in coastal areas: Tourism Settlement Shipping Fishing

Specific case studies of coastal areas: Landforms of erosion Landforms of deposition Coastal management and

defense

Weather and Climate

Key term DefinitionAnticyclone

Atmospheric pressure

Climate

Cold front

Convectional rain

Depression

Drought

Insolation

Isobars

Isotherms

Latitude

Precipitation

Prevailing winds

Relief rain

Synoptic chart

Temperature

Tropical storm

Urban heat island

Warm front

Weather


Sort of understand


Understand the difference between weather and climate

Recognise different types of weather instrument and know how they work

Interpret climate graphs

Know the main factors that influence the climate of a place

Understand the process of insolation and how it affects weather & climate

Understand that seas and ocean currents affect climate

Recognise depressions and anticyclones on a weather map

Explain how the different types of rain occur

Human impact on weather & climate: Climate change Depletion of the ozone layer Acid rain

Specific case study of a hurricane Causes Long and short-term effects

Ecosystems

Key term DefinitionAdaptation

Biodiversity

Biome

Coniferous woodland

Deciduous woodland

Deforestation

Desert

Desertification

Ecosystem

Equatorial regions

Nutrient cycle

Overcultivation

Overgrazing

Polar regions

Savanna

Slash and burn

Soil

Temperate regions

Tropical rainforest


Sort of understand


Know what an ecosystem is

Understand why vegetation changes with distance from the equator

Understand why vegetation changes with altitude

Describe the main features of the savanna grasslands

Explain how plants and animals adapt to their environment, giving specific examples

Know how desertification can take place in the savanna

Know some of the possible solutions to desertification

Draw a labeled sketch to show the main characteristics of tropical rainforests

Understand how the nutrient cycle changes once the forest has been cleared

Understand how conflict can arise between human development and protecting natural ecosystems

Know what is meant by sustainable management of ecosystems, giving specific examples

Population & Migration

Key term DefinitionCensus

Crude birth rate

Crude death rate

Demographic transition model

Emigration

Fertility rate

Immigration

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy

Migration

Natural increase

Population density

Population distribution

Population policy

Population pyramid

Population structure

Push and pull factors

Refugee

Rural depopulation

Urban to rural migration


Sort of understand


Know the main characteristics of world population distribution

Know the reasons for global population distribution (human & physical)

Know and understand the causes and consequences of overpopulation and under-population

Draw and label the stages of the DTM

Recognise how population pyramids reflect levels of development

Link differently-shaped population pyramids to different stages of the DTM

Understand reasons for population change:

Factors affecting birth rate Factors affecting death rate/infant

mortality rate Factors affecting migration

Understand how development affects birth and death rates

Know the difference between voluntary and forced migration

Understand how push and pull factors can work together to increase migration

Know the advantages and disadvantages of emigration and immigration

Know the advantages and disadvantages of population change

Know the environmental effects of population change

Specific case studies of population policies and change:

Anti-natalist policy Resource conflicts

SettlementKey term Definition

Aspect

Brownfield site

CBD

Commuter/dormitory village

Dry-point site

Green belt

Inner city

Location factors

Rural-urban fringe

Settlement

Settlement function

Settlement hierarchy

Shanty town

Site

Situation

Sphere of influence

Suburbs

Urban morphology

Urban sprawl

Urbanisation

Wet-point site


Sort of understand


Know 5 different physical siting factors for settlement

Know the human factors that influence settlement growth

Understand the settlement hierarchy

Examples of settlements with different functions

Understand how settlement function can change over time

Draw and describe different urban land use models

Know that cities in MEDCs and LEDCs have different structures

Know the problems of cities in MEDCs and LEDCs

Case studies of urban problems in MEDCS - causes, consequences and solutions for: Traffic congestion Urban decay Urban sprawl

Case studies of urban problems in LEDCs: Causes of rapid urban

population growth Consequences:

a) Development of shanty towns

b) Pollutionc) Traffic congestiond) Crime, unemployment and

poverty Solutions for urban problems

Economic Activity: Primary IndustryKey term Definition

Agriculture

Arable farming

Capital

Cash crop

Commercial farming

Common Agricultural PolicyDairy farm

Diversification

Extensive farming

Extractive industries

Fossil fuels

GM crops

Intensive farming

Irrigation

Market gardening

Mining

Monoculture

Nomadic farming

Open-cast mine

Pastoral farming

Plantation

Plantation

Primary industry

Quarrying

Quotas

Resources

Set-aside

Shifting cultivation

Subsistence farming

Yields


Sort of understand


Draw a diagram showing farming as a system

Know the physical and human factors that affect farming

Know the cycle of “slash and burn” subsistence farming

Understand the environmental impacts of intensive agriculture

Know how politics can affect agriculture

Know the causes and effects of soil erosion and hedge removal

Know the costs and benefits of mineral extraction

Case studies of agriculture: Subsistence farming in Amazonia Rice farming in the Philippines Organic farming in the UK Cocoa plantations and

diversification in Ghana Coffee plantations in Costa Rica

Economic Activity: Secondary Industry

Key term DefinitionAppropriate technology

Brownfield site

Child labour

Economies of scale

Footloose industry

Globalisation

Greenfield site

Heavy industry

High-tech industry

Industrial decline

Industrial estate

Industrial systems

Informal sector

Location factors

Newly Industrialising Country (NIC)

Quaternary industry

Science park

Sweat-shop

Transnational corporation (TNC)

Knowledge checklist Understand perfectly

Sort of understand


Explain industry as a system

Understand what is meant by the term “footloose industry”

Know the human and physical factors that affect industrial location

Know some of the characteristics of TNCs

Know the benefits and disadvantages of globalization

Understand how improvements in transport and communications have promoted globalization

Understand why many NICs are in East Asia

Know the difference between a brownfield site and a Greenfield site

Know the difference between an industrial estate and a science park

Understand the reasons for the decline of heavy industries in MEDCs

Know how employment structures can reflect levels of development

Economic Activity: Tertiary Industry

Key term DefinitionDay-tripper

Ecotourism

Finance and banking industries

Footpath erosion

Game parks/reserves

Honeypot site

Leakage

Long-haul flights

Mini-break

Multiplier effect

National Park

Out-of-town shopping centre

Package holiday

Purpose-built amenities

Resort

Retail park

Services

Sustainable tourism

Tourist


Sort of understand


Know the reasons for the growth of the tourist industry

Know the difference between domestic and international tourism

Understand the social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism

Understand the concept of sustainable tourism

Know the reasons why National Parks and reserves have been established

Recognise the need for careful management of areas of great natural beauty and/or historical significance

Case studies of tourism: Tamarindo, Costa Rica Costa Rica’s National Parks

Understand the different stages of Butler’s Life Cycle Model of Tourism

Understand the different stages of Rostow’s Model of Economic Development

Know how and why employment structures in MEDCs have shifted towards tertiary industries

Understand the locational factors for an out-of-town shopping centre

Case study of an out-of-town shopping centre:

Multiplaza, San Jose

Development

Key term DefinitionAdult literacy

Economic indicators

Free trade

GDP per capita

GNP per capita

HDI

Indicators of development

Interdependence

International aid

Multilateral aid

Product dependency

Quality of life

Real GNP per capita

Short-term & long-term aidSocial indicators

Sustainable development

Tied aid

Trade balance

Trade deficit

Trade surplus


Sort of understand


Know that there is a North-South divide in terms of economic development

Understand that development is not just about money

Recognise how health, nutrition, literacy, access to clean water and housing can influence development

Know the social, historical and physical reason why some countries are less developed than others

Understand the causes and consequences of product dependency

Understand how some countries are caught in a “poverty trap” of indebtedness

Know the general patterns of world trade

Know what is meant by interdependence

Know how trade groupings can remove barriers to trade, or protect their own interests

Know the causes and consequences of the imbalance of trade between MEDCs and LEDCS

Understand the difference between short-term and long-term aid

Know the benefits and disadvantages of the different types of aid

Practical Skills Checklist

Skills Understand Perfectly

Sort of understand


Draw and interpret line graphs

Draw and interpret bar graphs

Draw and interpret triangular graphs

Draw and interpret divided bar graphs

Draw and interpret scatter graphs

Draw and interpret pie charts

Draw and interpret isoline graphs

Draw and interpret choropleth maps

Draw and interpret flood hydrographs

Construct a cross-section of a river from a map

Identify river and valley landforms on a map

Identify coastal landforms on a map

Draw and label diagrams of river landforms

Draw and label diagrams of coastal landforms

Draw and label diagrams of volcanic landforms

Draw and label diagrams of desert landforms

Construct and interpret population pyramids

Calculate natural increase

Calculate dependency ratios

Use a map to describe and interpret: Patterns of settlement Site and situation of a settlement Location and shape of a

settlement Different zones of land use within

an urban area

Use an OS map to describe and/or interpret:

Distances Physical features Land use Compass bearings General locations (4-figure grid

references) Exact locations (6-figure grid

references) Slope gradients Features of settlement, industry,

transport and communication

Use photographs to describe and/or interpret human and physical landscapes

Link photographic material to OS maps

Draw and interpret annotated field sketches

Formulate hypotheses

Describe fieldwork activities to test hypotheses

Read and interpret weather instruments

Link data to theory in support or denial of a fieldwork hypothesis

The Geography Department Proudly Presents€¦ · Web viewKnow how waterfalls and gorges are...

Documents

Transcript of The Geography Department Proudly Presents€¦ · Web viewKnow how waterfalls and gorges are...