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![Page 1: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons & the Origins of Petroleum J. F. Kenney Russian Academy of Sciences - Joint Institute of Physics of the Earth Gas Resources.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e4f5503460f94b46874/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Genesis of Hydrocarbons
& the Origins ofPetroleum
J. F. KenneyRussian Academy of Sciences - Joint Institute of Physics of the EarthGas Resources Corporation
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The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum.
J. F. Kenney, ([email protected])Vladimir A. KutcherovNikolai A. Bendeliani, Vladimir A. Alekseev
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99(17):10976-10981.
http://www.GasResources.net
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Dedication:
In the first instance, this article is dedicated to the memory of Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev, who first enunciated, in 1951(1), what has become the modern Russian-Ukrainian theory of abyssal, abiotic petroleum origins. After Kudryavtsev, all the rest followed.
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This article is dedicated generally to the many geologists, geochemists, geophysicists, and petroleum engineers of the former U.S.S.R. who, during the past half century, developed modern petroleum science. By doing so, they raised their country from being, in 1946, a relatively petroleum-poor one, to the greatest petroleum producing and exporting nation in the world.
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This article is dedicated specifically to the late Academician Emmanuil Bogdanovich Chekaliuk, the greatest statistical thermodynamicist ever to have turned his formidable intellect to the problem of petroleum genesis. In the Summer of 1976, during the depths of the cold war and at immeasurable hazard, Academician Chekaliuk chose to respond, across a gulf of political hostility, to an unsolicited letter from an unknown American chief executive officer of a petroleum company headquartered in Houston, Texas. Thenafter and for almost fifteen years, Academician Chekaliuk was my teacher, my collaborator, and my friend. [JFK]
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0. Overview:1. No more amnesia,-connected with the constraints of thermo-dynamics and “fossil” fuels.2. No more reticence,-
when confronting same, (refer to article).
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I. The constraints of the 2nd law:
, ,
, ,, ,
0c r
i ii
dQ A d
A
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, ,
, ,, ,
0c r
i ii
dQ A d
A
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0
0
i kk
k
i k kk
dS dXF
dt dt
dS F J
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II. The thermodynamic energy spectrum of the H-C system, and the H-C-O system.
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The chemical potentials of the elemental compo-nents of the H-C system, at STP:
Carbon - graphite & diamond
Hydrogen - gas, H2.
1-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Graphite = 0.00 kcal
Diamond = 0.685 kcal
Chemical potentialsof elemental carbon
graphite diamond
Che
mic
al p
oten
tial,
i ,
kca
l/mol
e
Carbon number
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The chemical potentials of the n-alkane series of the H-C system at STP, from CH4, methane, through C20H42, dodecane.
Graphite
Diamond
Chemical potentialsof n-Alkanes @ STP
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-10
0
10
20
30
Met
hane Eth
ane
Pro
pane
But
ane
Pen
tane
Hex
ane
Hep
tane
Oct
ane
Non
ane
Dec
ane
C11
H24
C12
H26
C13
H28
C14
H30
C15
H32
C16
H34
C17
H36
C18
H38
C19
H40
Dod
ecan
e
n-alkanes diamond graphite
Che
mic
al p
oten
tial, i,
(kc
al/m
ole)
Carbon number
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The chemical potentials of all the straight-chain hydrocarbon components of the H-C system at STP: n-alkanes, n-alkenes, and
n-alkynes.
Straight-chainHydrocarbons
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
20
40
60
80
Met
hane
-C
H4
Eth
ane
-C2H
6P
ropa
neB
utan
eP
enta
neH
exan
eH
epta
neO
ctan
eN
onan
eD
ecan
eC
11H
24C
12H
26C
13H
28C
14H
30C
15H
32C
16H
34C
17H
36C
18H
38C
19H
40D
odec
ane
Eth
yne
- C
2H2
Pro
pyne
But
yne
Pen
tyne
Hex
yne
Hep
tyne
Oct
yne
Non
yne
Dec
yne
C11
H20
C12
H22
C13
H24
C14
H26
C15
H28
C16
H30
C17
H32
C18
H34
C19
H36
Dod
ecyn
e
Eth
ene-
C2H
4P
rope
neB
uten
eP
ente
neH
exen
eH
epte
neO
cten
eN
onen
eD
ecen
eC
11H
21C
12H
23C
13H
25C
14H
27C
15H
29C
16H
C17
H33
C18
H35
C19
H37
Dod
ecen
e
alkynes alkenes alkanes
che
mic
al p
ote
ntia
l,
,
Kca
l / m
ole
Carbon number
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The chemical potentials of the straight-chain and cyclic hydro-carbons:
n-alkanes, n-al-kenes, n-al-kynes, cyclo-hexanes, cyclo-pentanes, and alkylbenzenes, at STP.
alkynes alkylbenzenes alkenes cyclopentanes cyclohexanes alkanes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
20
40
60
80
Straight-chain & cyclicHydrocarbons
cycloHexanes
cyclopentanes
n-Alkynes
n-Alkenes
n-Alkanes
alkylbenzines
che
mic
al p
ote
ntia
l, ,
(Kca
l / m
ole
)
Carbon number
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The chemical potentials of the naturally oc-curring compo-nents of the H-C system at STP: n-alkanes, n-alkenes, cyclohexanes, cyclopentanes, and alkyl-benzenes.
Naturally occurringstraight-chain & cyclic
hydrocarbons
alkylbenzenes alkenes cyclopentanes cyclohexanes alkanes
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
20
40
60
cycloHexanes
cyclopentanes
n-Alkenes
n-Alkanes
alkylbenzines
che
mic
al p
ote
ntia
l, ,
(Kca
l / m
ole
)
Carbon number
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Chemical potentials of the H-C system, at STP, together with represen-tative com-pounds invol-ving single and multiple states of oxidation, (OH): alcohols and carbohy-drates.
Straight-chain & cyclichydrocarbons, alcohols& carbohydrates
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
500 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Carbon number
Carbohydrates
cycloHexanescycloPentanesn-Alkenes
n-Alkanes
alkylbenzines
alkylbenzenes n-alkenes cyclopentanes cyclohexanes n-alkanes alcohols carbohydrates
chem
ical
pot
entia
l, ,
(Kca
l / m
ole
)
n-Alcohols
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(1.) The H-C system which constitutes natural petroleum is a metastable one. At low pressures, all heavier hydrocarbon molecules are unstable with respect to methane and the stoichiometric quantity of hydrogen. All heavier hydrocarbon molecules are only kinetically stable against decomposition into methane and hydrogen, - similarly as is diamond into graphite.
(2.) Methane, or natural gas, does not polymerize into heavy hydrocarbon molecules at low pressures, at any temperature. Contrarily, increasing temperature at low pressures must increase the rate of decomposition of heavier hydrocarbons.
(3.) Because the chemical potentials of all biotic molecules lie far below that of methane, no hydrocarbon molecule heavier than methane will evolve spontaneously from any biotic molecule, or combination of such.
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An additional complication:No benefit is gained from the predictions of the Le Chatelier - Braun rules:
4 6 14 2
1 5CH C H H
6 6
Increasing pressure does not drive methane to transform into n-hexane and hydrogen.
Increasing temperature, at low pressures, will increase the decomposition of hexane into methane and carbon.
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A further complication:The relative covolumes inhibit hydrocarbon genesis:
SPHCT 34
SPHCT3
6 14 2
CH 17.292 cm
1 5C H H 20.790 cm
6 6
V
V
Both the pressure and Gibbs potential depend upon a third-order singularity in the reduced density: ~ 1/(1-V*/V)3.
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III. Determination of the chemical potentials.
ii V T n
F
nj i
FHG
IKJ
, ,o t
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The theoretical formalism:Q = QrefQvdW
The formalism uses a factored partition function with a reference system.
The reference system used is Scaled Particle Theory [SPT] for mixtures of arbitrary convex, hard-body fluids fluids, which represents an exact statistical mechanical solution.
The mean-field formalism developed for the Simplified Perturbed Hard Chain Theory [SPHCT] formalism is used to account for the attractive, van der Waals component of the inter-particle potential.
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Application of the formalism of the factored partition function:
refIG hc vdW
IG hc vdW
ref vdW
i i i i
p p p p
F F F
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Statistical mechanical analysis:The exact SPT equation of state for a mixture of hard-body particles of Boublík is used for the reference system :
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2ref
2 2
32
BoublikIG hc
2
1
1 1
1 2 5
3 1
in which
, , ,
,
i i i i i ii i i
i i i ii i
rs
p
qs rs
p p
r x R q x R s x S
xV xV
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2
2
3
and
i i i ii i
i ii
i ii
i ii
x R x S
xV
x R
x R
The following compositional variables are defined:
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The pressure and Gibbs free enthalpy of the reference system:
2 3ref 1 2 3
3
3 2ref
33
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3
1 2
11
and
ln ln 11
in which
3 1, 3 1 2, 1 6 5
2 6 1 1
1 13 3 5 21 7 4
2 21
3 3 36
i i
ii
c c cp
n I J KG N x c
V
c c c
I c c
J c c c
K c c
3
13 1 1
2c
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The van der Waals components of pressure and chemical po-tential, from SPHCT:pvdW, vdW
pN T
V
cZ
Y
TcZ YY
m
m
vdW B
vdWB
k
k
FHG
IKJ
UV||
W||
1
11
1
/
ln //
bgc hb g bgc h
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At low pressures, me-thane and the H-C sys-tem are robustly stable against genesis of alkane compounds.At 10kbar, methane is
most stable against the genesis of heavier H-C compounds.At approximately
40kbar, the stability of the system inverts, and methane becomes unstable relative to alkanes and hydrogen.
CH4
1/nCnH2n+1 + (n-1)/nH2
G(1/10C10
H22
+ 9/10H2)
G(1/6C6H
14 + 5/6H
2)
G(1/4C4H
10 + 3/4H
2)
G(1/2C2H
6 + 1/2H
2)
G(CH4)
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000-200
-100
0
100
200
Gib
bs fr
ee e
ntha
lpy,
kJ
pressure, bar
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Gibbs free enthalpy of methane & n-alkane + hydrogen at transition of genesis.
G(1/10C10
H22
+ 9/10H2)
G(1/6C6H
14 + 5/6H
2)
G(1/4C4H
10 + 3/4H
2)
G(1/2C2H
6 + 1/2H
2)
G(CH4)
25000 30000 35000 4000025
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Gib
bs fr
ee e
ntha
lpy,
kJ
pressure, bar
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IV. Experimentalinvestigations:
The spontaneous high-pressure genesis of hydro-carbons. Reagents:
FeO, CaCO3, H2O.
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The reagents were placed into a high-pressure cell, brought to pressures up to 50 kbar, and 2000K. Pressure was maintained while temperature was reduced rapidly to ambient.
The volatile products present in the cell were analysed by gas chromatograph.
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Experimental observation of high-pressure genesis of hydro-carbons:
C2H
6
C3H
8
C4H
10
C5H
12
C6H
14
600 800 1000 12000.0
2.0x103
4.0x103
6.0x103
8.0x103
1.0x104
p = 40 kbar
0.0
2.0x104
4.0x104
6.0x104
8.0x104
1.0x105
1.2x105
Cum
ulat
ive
n-al
kane
abu
ndan
ce
Temperature, C
CH4
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IV. Significance of the theoretical & experimentalresults:
The pressures required for the spontaneous genesis of hydrocarbons determines the depth for such.
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Average lapse rates of pressure and temperature with depth of the Earth.
pressure
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
50
100
150
200
250pressure,
kbar
depth, km
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Tem
pera
ture
, K
temperature
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“Every ten or fifteen years since the late 1800’s, ‘experts’ have predic-ted that oil reserves would last only ten more years. These experts have predicted nine out of the last zero oil-reserve exhaustions.”
C. Maurice and C. Smithson, Doomsday Mythology: 10,000 Years of Economic Crisis, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1984.
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“Five generations of imbecility are enough.”( ) Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.,Buck vs. Bell, (1927), 274 U.S., 200, 47 S. CT. 584. (writing for the majority).
“No more B.S.”J. F. Kenney