Classes of Hydrocarbons
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Transcript of Classes of Hydrocarbons
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Classes of HydrocarbonsClasses of Hydrocarbons
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic
AlkanesAlkanes AlkynesAlkynesAlkenesAlkenes
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AliphaticAliphatic
AlkanesAlkanes
Alkanes are Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are all of the bonds are singlesingle bonds. bonds.
CC CCHH HH
HH HH
HH HH
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AliphaticAliphatic
AlkenesAlkenes
Alkenes are Alkenes are hydrocarbons that hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-contain a carbon-carbon carbon doubledouble bond. bond.
CC CC
HH HH
HH HH
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AliphaticAliphatic
AlkynesAlkynes
Alkynes are Alkynes are hydrocarbons that hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-contain a carbon-carbon carbon tripletriple bond. bond.
HCHC CHCH
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HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
AromaticAromatic
The most common The most common aromatic hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain are those that contain a benzene ring.a benzene ring.
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH
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Reactive Sites in HydrocarbonsReactive Sites in Hydrocarbons
The Functional GroupThe Functional GroupConceptConcept
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Functional GroupFunctional Group
a structural unit in a molecule responsible for itsa structural unit in a molecule responsible for itscharacteristic chemical behavior and itscharacteristic chemical behavior and its
spectroscopic characteristicsspectroscopic characteristics
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AlkanesAlkanes
functional group is a hydrogen atomfunctional group is a hydrogen atomthe reaction that takes place is the reaction that takes place is termed a substitutiontermed a substitutionone of the hydrogens is substitutedone of the hydrogens is substitutedby some other atom or group, Xby some other atom or group, X
R—R—HH R—R—XX
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AlkanesAlkanes
functional group is a hydrogenfunctional group is a hydrogenthe reaction that takes place is substitutionthe reaction that takes place is substitution
one of the hydrogens is substitutedone of the hydrogens is substitutedby some other atom or groupby some other atom or group
R—R—HH R—R—XX
+ + ClCl22CC CCHH HH
HH HH
HH HH
+ + HHClClCC CCHH ClCl
HH HH
HH HH
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Functional Groups in HydrocarbonsFunctional Groups in Hydrocarbons
alkanesalkanes RHRH
alkenesalkenes RH, double bond RH, double bond
alkynesalkynes RH, triple bond RH, triple bond
aromaticsaromatics ArH, double bondArH, double bond
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Some Key Functional GroupsSome Key Functional Groups
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Families of organic compounds and Families of organic compounds and their functional groupstheir functional groups
AlcoholsAlcohols ROHROH
Alkyl halidesAlkyl halides RX (X = F, Cl, Br, I)RX (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
AminesAmines primary amine: RNHprimary amine: RNH22
secondary amine: Rsecondary amine: R22NHNH
tertiary amine: Rtertiary amine: R33NN
EthersEthers RORROR
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
Acyl groupAcyl group
RR
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
AldehydeAldehyde
RR HH
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
KetoneKetone
RR R'R'
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acid
RR OHOH
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
EsterEster
RR OR'OR'
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Many classes of organic compounds Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl groupcontain a carbonyl group
OO
CC
Carbonyl groupCarbonyl group
OO
CC
AmideAmide
RR NHNH22
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Introduction to Alkanes: Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, CHMethane, CH44
Ethane, CEthane, C22HH66
Propane, CPropane, C33HH88
CCnnHH22nn+2+2
General formula for an alkaneGeneral formula for an alkane
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The simplest alkanes The simplest alkanes
Methane (CHMethane (CH44) ) CHCH44
Ethane (CEthane (C22HH66)) CHCH33CHCH33
Propane (CPropane (C33HH88)) CHCH33CHCH22CHCH33
bp -160°Cbp -160°C bp -89°Cbp -89°C bp -42°Cbp -42°C
No isomers possible for C1, C2, CNo isomers possible for C1, C2, C33 hydrocarbons hydrocarbons
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Isomeric Alkanes: Isomeric Alkanes: The ButanesThe Butanes
CC44HH1010
General formula for any butaneGeneral formula for any butane
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nn-Butane-Butane Isobutane Isobutane
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33 (CH(CH33))33CHCH
bp -0.4°Cbp -0.4°C bp -10.2°Cbp -10.2°C
CC44HH1010
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Higher Higher nn-Alkanes -Alkanes Pentane (CPentane (C55HH1212) and Beyond) and Beyond
CCnnHH22nn+2+2
n > 4n > 4
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CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
nn-Pentane-Pentane
nn-Hexane-Hexane
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
nn-Heptane-Heptane
CCnnHH22nn+2+2
n > 4n > 4
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The CThe C55HH1212 Isomers Isomers
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nn-Pentane-Pentane
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
IsopentaneIsopentane
(CH(CH33))22CHCHCHCH22CHCH33
NeopentaneNeopentane
(CH(CH33))44CC
CC55HH1212
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The number of isomeric alkanes increases The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase.as the number of carbons increase.There is no simple way to predict how many There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular isomers there are for a particular molecular formula.formula.
How many isomers?How many isomers?
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Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric AlkanesNumber of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes
CHCH44 11
CC22HH66 11
CC33HH88 11
CC44HH1010 22
CC55HH1212 33
CC66HH1414 55
CC77HH1616 99
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Table 2.3 Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric AlkanesNumber of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes
CHCH44 11 C C88HH1818 1818
CC22HH66 11 C C99HH2020 3535
CC33HH88 11 C C1010HH2222 7575
CC44HH1010 22 C C1515HH3232 4,3474,347
CC55HH1212 33 C C2020HH4242 366,319366,319
CC66HH1414 55 C C4040HH8282 62,491,178,805,83162,491,178,805,831
CC77HH1616 99
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C6H6 Isomers
How many isomers with the composition
C6H6 can you draw?
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C6H6 Isomers: How many isomers with the composition
C6H6 can you draw?
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Structure and Bonding in Structure and Bonding in AlkenesAlkenes
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Structure of EthyleneStructure of Ethylene
bond angles: bond angles: H-C-H = 117°H-C-H = 117°
H-C-C = 121°H-C-C = 121°
bond distances: bond distances: C—H = 110 pmC—H = 110 pm
C=C = 134 pmC=C = 134 pm
planarplanar
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Bonding in EthyleneBonding in Ethylene
Framework of Framework of bonds bondsEach carbon is Each carbon is spsp22 hybridized hybridized
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Bonding in EthyleneBonding in Ethylene
Each carbon has a half-filled Each carbon has a half-filled pp orbitalorbital
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Bonding in EthyleneBonding in Ethylene
Side-by-side overlap of half-filled Side-by-side overlap of half-filled pp orbitals gives a orbitals gives a bond bond
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Isomerism in AlkenesIsomerism in Alkenes
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IsomersIsomers
Isomers are different compounds thatIsomers are different compounds thathave the same molecular formulahave the same molecular formula
(composition).(composition).
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IsomersIsomers
StereoisomersStereoisomersConstitutional isomersConstitutional isomers
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IsomersIsomers
StereoisomersStereoisomersConstitutional isomersConstitutional isomers
different connectivitydifferent connectivitysame connectivity;same connectivity;
different arrangementdifferent arrangementof atoms in spaceof atoms in space
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IsomersIsomers
StereoisomersStereoisomersConstitutional isomersConstitutional isomers
consider the isomeric alkenes of consider the isomeric alkenes of molecular formula Cmolecular formula C44HH88
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2-Methylpropene2-Methylpropene1-Butene1-Butene
cis-cis-2-Butene2-Butene trans-trans-2-Butene2-Butene
CC CC
HH
HH HH
CHCH22CHCH33
HH33CC
CC CC
CHCH33
HH
HHHH
CHCH33
CC CC
HH33CC
HH
CC CC
HH
HHHH33CC
HH33CC
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2-Methylpropene2-Methylpropene1-Butene1-Butene
cis-cis-2-Butene2-Butene
CC CC
HH
HH HH
CHCH22CHCH33
HH
CHCH33
CC CC
HH33CC
HH
CC CC
HH
HHHH33CC
HH33CC
Constitutional isomersConstitutional isomers
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2-Methylpropene2-Methylpropene1-Butene1-Butene
trans-trans-2-Butene2-Butene
CC CC
HH
HH HH
CHCH22CHCH33
HH33CC
CC CC
CHCH33
HH
HH
CC CC
HH
HHHH33CC
HH33CC
Constitutional isomersConstitutional isomers
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cis-cis-2-Butene2-Butene trans-trans-2-Butene2-Butene
HH33CC
CC CC
CHCH33
HH
HHHH
CHCH33
CC CC
HH33CC
HH
StereoisomersStereoisomers
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Molecular Chirality: Molecular Chirality: EnantiomersEnantiomers
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A molecule is A molecule is chiralchiral if its two mirror image if its two mirror image forms forms are not are not superposable upon one another. superposable upon one another.
A molecule is A molecule is achiralachiral if its two mirror image if its two mirror image forms forms areare superposable. superposable.
ChiralityChirality
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BrBrClCl
HH
FF
It cannot be It cannot be superposed point superposed point for point on its for point on its mirror image.mirror image.
Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiralBromochlorofluoromethane is chiral
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BrBrClCl
HH
FF
HH
ClClBrBr
FFTo show nonsuperposability, To show nonsuperposability, rotate this model 180° rotate this model 180° around a vertical axis.around a vertical axis.
Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiralBromochlorofluoromethane is chiral
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BrBrClCl
HH
FF
HH
ClClBrBr
FF
Bromochlorofluoromethane is chiralBromochlorofluoromethane is chiral
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Another lookAnother look
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are enantiomers with respect to each otherare enantiomers with respect to each other
andand
nonsuperposable mirror images are nonsuperposable mirror images are called enantiomerscalled enantiomers
EnantiomersEnantiomers
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stereoisomersstereoisomersconstitutionalconstitutionalisomersisomers
IsomersIsomers
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stereoisomersstereoisomersconstitutionalconstitutionalisomersisomers
geometric isomersgeometric isomers(cis/trans)(cis/trans)
enantiomersenantiomers(optical)(optical)
IsomersIsomers
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ChlorodifluoromethaneChlorodifluoromethaneis is achiralachiral
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The two structures The two structures are mirror images, are mirror images, but are not but are not enantiomers, enantiomers, because they can because they can be superposed on be superposed on each other.each other.
ChlorodifluoromethaneChlorodifluoromethaneis is achiralachiral
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Symmetry in Achiral Symmetry in Achiral StructuresStructures
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Symmetry tests for Symmetry tests for achiralachiral structures structures
Any molecule with a plane of symmetryAny molecule with a plane of symmetrymust be achiral.must be achiral.
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A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. Chlorodifluoromethane mirror image halves. Chlorodifluoromethane
has a plane of symmetry.has a plane of symmetry.
Plane of symmetryPlane of symmetry
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A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves. Chlorodifluoromethane mirror image halves. Chlorodifluoromethane
has a plane of symmetry.has a plane of symmetry.
Plane of symmetryPlane of symmetry
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A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves.mirror image halves.
1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a plane1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a planeof symmetry.of symmetry.
Plane of symmetryPlane of symmetry
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A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two A plane of symmetry bisects a molecule into two mirror image halves.mirror image halves.
1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a plane1-Bromo-1-chloro-2-fluoroethene has a planeof symmetry.of symmetry.
Plane of symmetryPlane of symmetry
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Physical Properties ofPhysical Properties ofAlkanes and CycloalkanesAlkanes and Cycloalkanes
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increase with increasing number of carbonsincrease with increasing number of carbons
more atoms, more electrons, more more atoms, more electrons, more opportunities for induced dipole-inducedopportunities for induced dipole-induceddipole forces dipole forces
decrease with chain branchingdecrease with chain branching
branched molecules are more compact withbranched molecules are more compact withsmaller surface area—fewer points of contactsmaller surface area—fewer points of contactwith other molecules with other molecules
Boiling PointsBoiling Points
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increase with increasing number of carbonsincrease with increasing number of carbons
more atoms, more electrons, more more atoms, more electrons, more opportunities for induced dipole-inducedopportunities for induced dipole-induceddipole forces dipole forces
Boiling PointsBoiling Points
HeptaneHeptanebp 98°Cbp 98°C
OctaneOctanebp 125°Cbp 125°C
NonaneNonanebp 150°Cbp 150°C
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decrease with chain branchingdecrease with chain branching
branched molecules are more compact withbranched molecules are more compact withsmaller surface area—fewer points of contactsmaller surface area—fewer points of contactwith other molecules with other molecules
Boiling PointsBoiling Points Octane: bp 125°COctane: bp 125°C 2-Methylheptane: bp 118°C2-Methylheptane: bp 118°C
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane: bp 107°C2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane: bp 107°C
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Boiling Points of AlkanesBoiling Points of Alkanes
governed by strength of intermolecular governed by strength of intermolecular attractive forcesattractive forcesalkanes are nonpolar, so dipole-dipole and alkanes are nonpolar, so dipole-dipole and dipole-induced dipole forces are absentdipole-induced dipole forces are absentonly forces of intermolecular attraction are only forces of intermolecular attraction are induced dipole-induced dipole forcesinduced dipole-induced dipole forces
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++––++ ––
two nonpolar moleculestwo nonpolar moleculescenter of positive charge and center of negative center of positive charge and center of negative charge coincide in eachcharge coincide in each
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++––++ ––
movement of electrons creates an movement of electrons creates an instantaneous dipole in one molecule (left)instantaneous dipole in one molecule (left)
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++––++ ––
temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule a complementary dipole in other molecule (right)(right)
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++––++ ––
temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces temporary dipole in one molecule (left) induces a complementary dipole in other molecule a complementary dipole in other molecule (right)(right)
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++––++ ––
the result is a small attractive force between the result is a small attractive force between the two moleculesthe two molecules
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Induced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forcesInduced dipole-Induced dipole attractive forces
++–– ++ ––
the result is a small attractive force between the result is a small attractive force between the two moleculesthe two molecules
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Straight chain hydrocarbonStraight chain hydrocarbon Branched hydrocarbonBranched hydrocarbon
Lots of intermolecularLots of intermolecularcontactscontacts
Fewer intermolecularFewer intermolecularcontactscontacts